Development and Validation of Automated Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index 2.0 to Distinguish Progressive Supranuclear Palsy-Parkinsonism From Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Differentiating progressive supranuclear palsy-parkinsonism (PSP-P) from Parkinson's disease (PD) is clinically challenging. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop an automated Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index 2.0 (MRPI 2.0) algorithm to distinguish PSP-P from PD and to validate its diagnostic performance in two large independent cohorts. METHODS: We enrolled 676 participants: a training cohort (n = 346; 43 PSP-P, 194 PD, and 109 control subjects) from our center and an independent testing cohort (n = 330; 62 PSP-P, 171 PD, and 97 control subjects) from an international research group. We developed a new in-house algorithm for MRPI 2.0 calculation and assessed its performance in distinguishing PSP-P from PD and control subjects in both cohorts using receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: The automated MRPI 2.0 showed excellent performance in differentiating patients with PSP-P from patients with PD and control subjects both in the training cohort (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.93 [95% confidence interval, 0.89-0.98] and AUC = 0.97 [0.93-1.00], respectively) and in the international testing cohort (PSP-P versus PD, AUC = 0.92 [0.87-0.97]; PSP-P versus controls, AUC = 0.94 [0.90-0.98]), suggesting the generalizability of the results. The automated MRPI 2.0 also accurately distinguished between PSP-P and PD in the early stage of the diseases (AUC = 0.91 [0.84-0.97]). A strong correlation (r = 0.91, P < 0.001) was found between automated and manual MRPI 2.0 values. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides an automated, validated, and generalizable magnetic resonance biomarker to distinguish PSP-P from PD. The use of the automated MRPI 2.0 algorithm rather than manual measurements could be important to standardize measures in patients with PSP-P across centers, with a positive impact on multicenter studies and clinical trials involving patients from different geographic regions. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Progressive supranuclear palsy with marked ventricular dilatation mimicking normal pressure hydrocephalus.

BACKGROUND: Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) patients can show ventricular enlargement mimicking normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). The aim of this study was to distinguish PSP patients with marked ventricular dilatation (PSP-vd) from those with normal ventricular system and to evaluate the coexistence of NPH in PSP-vd patients. METHODS: One hundred three probable PSP patients, 18 definite NPH patients, and 41 control subjects were enrolled in the study. Evans index (EI) > 0.32 associated with callosal angle (CA) < 100° was used to identify PSP-vd patients. Automated ventricular volumetry (AVV) and Magnetic Resonance Hydrocephalic Index (MRHI) were performed on T1-weighted MR images to evaluate the presence of NPH in PSP-vd patients. RESULTS: Twelve (11.6%) out of 103 PSP patients had both abnormal EI and CA values (PSP-vd). In two of these 12 patients, AVV and MRHI values suggested PSP + NPH. In the remaining 10 PSP-vd patients, AVV and MRHI values were higher than PSP patients with normal ventricular system and controls, but lower than PSP + NPH and NPH patients, suggesting a non-hydrocephalic ventricular enlargement. DISCUSSION: Our study provides evidence that the combination of EI and CA biomarkers allowed to identify PSP patients with marked ventricular dilatation mimicking NPH. Only a few of these patients had PSP + NPH. Recognition of these PSP patients with enlarged ventricles can positively impact the care of this disease, helping clinicians to identify patients with PSP + NPH who could benefit from shunt procedure and avoid surgery in those with enlarged ventricles without NPH.

Incidental evidence of hypointensity in brain grey nuclei on routine MR imaging: when to suspect a neurodegenerative disorder?

Deep grey nuclei of the human brain accumulate minerals both in aging and in several neurodegenerative diseases. Mineral deposition produces a shortening of the transverse relaxation time which causes hypointensity on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The physician often has difficulties in determining whether the incidental hypointensity of grey nuclei seen on MR images is related to aging or neurodegenerative pathology. We investigated the hypointensity patterns in globus pallidus, putamen, caudate nucleus, thalamus and dentate nucleus of 217 healthy subjects (ages, 20-79 years; men/women, 104/113) using 3T MR imaging. Hypointensity was detected more frequently in globus pallidus (35.5%) than in dentate nucleus (32.7%) and putamen (7.8%). A consistent effect of aging on hypointensity (p < 0.001) of these grey nuclei was evident. Putaminal hypointensity appeared only in elderly subjects whereas we did not find hypointensity in the caudate nucleus and thalamus of any subject. In conclusion, the evidence of hypointensity in the caudate nucleus and thalamus at any age or hypointensity in the putamen seen in young subjects should prompt the clinician to consider a neurodegenerative disease.

A New MRI Measure to Early Differentiate Progressive Supranuclear Palsy From De Novo Parkinson's Disease in Clinical Practice: An International Study.

BACKGROUND: Enlargement of the third ventricle has been reported in atypical parkinsonism. We investigated whether the measurement of third ventricle width could distinguish Parkinson's disease (PD) from progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). METHODS: We assessed a new MR T1-weighted measurement (third ventricle width/internal skull diameter) in a training cohort of 268 participants (98 PD, 73 PSP, 98 controls from our center) and in a testing cohort of 291 participants (82 de novo PD patients and 133 controls from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative, 76 early-stage PSP from an international research group). PD diagnosis was confirmed after a 4-year follow-up. Diagnostic performance of the third ventricle/internal skull diameter was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve with bootstrapping; the area under the curve of the training cohort was compared with the area under the curve of the testing cohort using the De Long test. RESULTS: In both cohorts, third ventricle/internal skull diameter values did not differ between PD and controls but were significantly lower in PD than in PSP patients (P < 0.0001). In PD, third ventricle/internal skull diameter values did not change significantly between baseline and follow-up evaluation. Receiver operating characteristic analysis accurately differentiated PD from PSP in the training cohort (area under the curve, 0.94; 95% CI, 91.1-97.6; cutoff, 5.72) and in the testing cohort (area under the curve, 0.91; 95% CI, 87.0-97.0; cutoff,: 5.88), validating the generalizability of the results. CONCLUSION: Our study provides a new reliable and validated MRI measurement for the early differentiation of PD and PSP. The simplicity and generalizability of this biomarker make it suitable for routine clinical practice and for selection of patients in clinical trials worldwide. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Analysis of the LRP10 gene in patients with Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies from Southern Italy.

Recently, the LRP10 gene has been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of mutations of the LRP10 gene in patients with PD or DLB from Southern Italy. Sequencing analysis revealed only 2 missense and 3 synonymous variants in patients and control subjects and a rare variant p.L622F in a PD case. These results suggest that LRP10 mutations are not a frequent cause of PD and DLB in Southern Italy.

Automated MRI Classification in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: A Large International Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index is listed as one of the most reliable imaging morphometric markers for diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). However, the use of this index in diagnostic workup has been limited until now by the low generalizability of published results because of small monocentric patient cohorts, the lack of data validation in independent patient series, and manual measurements used for index calculation. The objectives of this study were to investigate the generalizability of Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index performance validating previously established cutoff values in a large international cohort of PSP patients subclassified into PSP-Richardson's syndrome and PSP-parkinsonism and to standardize the use of the automated Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index by providing a web-based platform to obtain homogenous measures around the world. METHODS: In a retrospective international multicenter study, a total of 173 PSP patients and 483 non-PSP participants were enrolled. A web-based platform (https://mrpi.unicz.it) was used to calculate automated Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index values. RESULTS: Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index values showed optimal performance in differentiating PSP-Richardson's syndrome and PSP-parkinsonism patients from non-PSP participants (93.6% and 86.5% of accuracy, respectively). The Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index was also able to differentiate PSP-Richardson's syndrome and PSP-parkinsonism patients in an early stage of the disease from non-PSP participants (90.1% and 85.9%, respectively). The web-based platform provided the automated Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index calculation in 94% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides the first evidence on the generalizability of automated Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index measures in a large international cohort of PSP-Richardson's syndrome and PSP-parkinsonism patients. The web-based platform enables widespread applicability of the automated Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index to different clinical and research settings. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers Distinguish Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus From Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and PSP share several clinical and radiological features, making differential diagnosis, at times, challenging. OBJECTIVES: To differentiate idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus from PSP using MR volumetric and linear measurements. METHODS: Twenty-seven idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients, 103 probable PSP patients, and 43 control subjects were consecutively enrolled. Automated ventricular volumetry was performed using Freesurfer 6 on MR T1 -weighted images. Linear measurements, such as callosal angle and a new measure, termed MR Hydrocephalic Index, were calculated on MR T1 -weighted images. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were used for differentiating between patient groups. Generalizability and reproducibility of the results were validated, dividing each participant group in two cohorts used as training and testing subsets. RESULTS: Ventricular volumes and linear measurements (callosal angle and Magnetic Resonance Hydrocephalic Index) revealed greater ventricular enlargement in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus than in PSP patients and controls. PSP patients had ventricular volume larger than controls. Automated ventricular volumetry and Magnetic Resonance Hydrocephalic Index were the most accurate measures (98.5%) in differentiating patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus from PSP patients, whereas callosal angle misclassified several PSP patients and showed low positive predictive value (70.0%) in differentiating between these two diseases. All measurements accurately differentiated idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients from controls. Accuracy values obtained in the training set (automated ventricular volumetry, 98.4%; Magnetic Resonance Hydrocephalic Index, 98.4%; callosal angle, 87.5%) were confirmed in the testing set. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that AVV and Magnetic Resonance Hydrocephalic Index were the most accurate measures for differentiation between idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and PSP patients. Magnetic Resonance Hydrocephalic Index is easy to measure and can be used in clinical practice to prevent misdiagnosis and ineffective shunt procedures in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus mimics. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Track density imaging in progressive supranuclear palsy: A pilot study.

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by white matter (WM) changes in different supra- and infratentorial brain structures. We used track density imaging (TDI) to characterize WM microstructural alterations in patients with PSP-Richardson's Syndrome (PSP-RS). Moreover, we investigated the diagnostic utility of TDI in distinguishing patients with PSP-RS from those with Parkinson's disease and healthy controls (HC). Twenty PSP-RS patients, 21 PD patients, and 23 HC underwent a 3 T MRI diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging. Then, we combined constrained spherical deconvolution and WM probabilistic tractography to reconstruct track density maps by calculating the number of WM streamlines traversing each voxel. Voxel-wise analysis was performed to assess group differences in track density maps. A support vector machine (SVM) approach was also used to evaluate the performance of TDI for discriminating between groups. Relative to PD patients, decreases in track density in PSP-RS patients were found in brainstem, cerebellum, thalamus, corpus callosum, and corticospinal tract. Similar findings were obtained between PSP-RS patients and HC. No differences in TDI were observed between PD and HC. SVM approach based on whole-brain analysis differentiated PD patients from PSP-RS with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.82. The AUC reached a value of 0.98 considering only the voxels belonging to the superior cerebellar peduncle. This study shows that TDI may represent a useful approach for characterizing WM alterations in PSP-RS patients. Moreover, track density decrease in PSP could be considered a new feature for the differentiation of patients with PSP-RS from those with PD.

Refining initial diagnosis of Parkinson's disease after follow-up: A 4-year prospective clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study.

BACKGROUND: No prospective study of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) has investigated the appearance of vertical gaze abnormalities, a feature suggestive of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). OBJECTIVE: To identify, within a cohort of patients with an initial diagnosis of PD, those who developed vertical gaze abnormalities during a 4-year follow-up, and to investigate the performance of new imaging biomarkers in predicting vertical gaze abnormalities. METHODS: A total of 110 patients initially classified as PD and 74 controls were enrolled. All patients underwent clinical assessment at baseline and every year up to the end of the follow-up. The pons/midbrain area ratio 2.0 and the Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index 2.0 were calculated. RESULTS: After 4-year follow-up, 100 of 110 patients maintained the diagnosis of PD, whereas 10 PD patients (9.1%) developed vertical gaze abnormalities, suggesting an alternative diagnosis of PSP-parkinsonism. At baseline, the Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index 2.0 was the most accurate biomarker in differentiating PD patients who developed vertical gaze abnormalities from those who maintained an initial diagnosis of PD. At the end of follow-up, both of these biomarkers accurately distinguished PSP-parkinsonism from PD. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that a number of patients with an initial diagnosis of PD developed vertical gaze abnormalities during a 4-year follow-up, and the diagnosis was changed from PD to PSP-parkinsonism. In PD patients, baseline Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index 2.0 showed the best performance in predicting the clinical evolution toward a PSP-parkinsonism phenotype, enabling PSP-parkinsonism patients to be identified at the earliest stage of the disease for promising disease-modifying therapies. © 2019 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

The embodiment of language in tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease patients.

According to embodied cognition, processing language with motor content involves a simulation of this content by the brain motor system. Patients with brain lesions involving the motor system are characterized by deficits in action verbs processing in the absence of dementia. We sought to assess whether action verbs interfere with the motor behavior of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) having tremor dominant symptoms. PD tremor is considered to result from dysfunction of cortical-subcortical motor circuits driven by dopamine depletion. In addition, PD tremor is reduced during active movement execution. Therefore, likewise movement execution, the motor simulation of bodily actions predicted by the embodiment may show to be effective in modifying tremor by interfering with a dysfunctional motor system. Here, we asked to simply read and repeat words expressing a hand-related bodily action. Abstract verbs served as control. Changes in tremor kinematics were evaluated using a monoaxial accelerometer. Seventeen PD patients with rest tremor of the upper limbs were enrolled. Tremor amplitude was significantly smaller when reading action verbs as compared to abstract verbs. We provide empirical evidence supporting the embodied cognition theory by showing that circuits mediating tremor of PD patients are distinctively affected by processing action language.

Structural connectivity differences in motor network between tremor-dominant and nontremor Parkinson's disease.

Motor phenotypes of Parkinson's disease (PD) are recognized to have different prognosis and therapeutic response, but the neural basis for this clinical heterogeneity remains largely unknown. The main aim of this study was to compare differences in structural connectivity metrics of the main motor network between tremor-dominant and nontremor PD phenotypes (TD-PD and NT-PD, respectively) using probabilistic tractography-based network analysis. A total of 63 PD patients (35 TD-PD patients and 28 NT-PD patients) and 30 healthy controls underwent a 3 T MRI. Next, probabilistic tractography-based network analysis was performed to assess structural connectivity in cerebello-thalamo-basal ganglia-cortical circuits, by measuring the connectivity indices of each tract and the efficiency of each node. Furthermore, dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography (DAT-SPECT) with 123 I-ioflupane was used to assess dopaminergic striatal depletion in all PD patients. Both PD phenotypes showed nodal abnormalities in the substantia nigra, in agreement with DAT-SPECT evaluation. In addition, NT-PD patients displayed connectivity alterations in nigro-pallidal and fronto-striatal pathways, compared with both controls and TD-PD patients, in which the same motor connections seemed to be relatively spared. Of note, in NT-PD group, rigidity-bradykinesia score correlated with fronto-striatal connectivity abnormalities. These findings demonstrate that structural connectivity alterations occur in the cortico-basal ganglia circuit of NT-PD patients, but not in TD-PD patients, suggesting that these anatomical differences may underlie different motor phenotypes of PD. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4716-4729, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Alterations of putaminal shape in de novo Parkinson's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Several neuroimaging studies have been carried out to gain insight on the pathological processes that cause PD, but literature findings are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to combine information carried by functional imaging with DA transporter ligands and structural MRI. METHODS: Forty-two untreated, de novo-PD patients and 30 control subjects were involved in this study. Patients were divided in subgroups according to the presence of uni- or bilateral reduction of ligand uptake in the putamen, as observed on DA transporter single-photon emission tomography: 12 patients had abnormal uptake in the right putamen and 11 in the left, whereas 19 had bilateral abnormal uptake. Voxel-based morphometry and shape analysis were used to compare healthy subjects to all de novo-PD or to patients with either right or left abnormal uptake. RESULTS: Shape analysis identified significant differences between de novo-PD and controls in putaminal regions. In patients with unilateral abnormal uptake, only the medial surface of the structure was involved. When patients with bilateral uptake reduction were also considered, changes extended from the medial to the lateral surface of putamina. Voxel-based morphometry showed similar results to those detected with shape analysis, but it failed to identify the putaminal subfield involved in patients with asymmetric or symmetric damage on DA transporter single-photon emission tomography. CONCLUSIONS: Shape analysis in de novo-PD patients suggested a progressive medial-to-lateral involvement of the putamina that paralleled an asymmetric-to-bilateral distribution of DA transporter depletion. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

A network centred on the inferior frontal cortex is critically involved in levodopa-induced dyskinesias.

Levodopa-induced dyskinesias are disabling motor complications of long-term dopamine replacement in patients with Parkinson's disease. In recent years, several alternative models have been proposed to explain the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this hyperkinetic motor disorder. In particular, our group has shed new light on the role of the prefrontal cortex as a key site of interest, demonstrating that, among other areas, the inferior frontal cortex is particularly characterized by altered patterns of anatomical and functional changes. However, how neural activity varies depending on levodopa treatment in patients with dyskinesias and whether the reported prefrontal abnormalities may have a critical role in dyskinesias is debated. To answer these questions we performed independent functional magnetic resonance imaging and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation studies. In the first experiment we applied resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging on 12 patients with Parkinson's disease with levodopa-induced dyskinesias and 12 clinically matched patients without dyskinesias, before and after administration of levodopa. Functional connectivity of brain networks in the resting state was assessed in both groups. We chose the right inferior frontal cortex as the seed region given the evidence highlighting the role of this region in motor control. In a second experiment, we applied different forms of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the right inferior frontal cortex in a new group of dyskinetic patients who were taking a supramaximal dose of levodopa, to verify the clinical relevance of this area in controlling the development of hyperkinetic movements. The resting state functional imaging analysis revealed that in patients with levodopa-induced dyskinesias connectivity of the right inferior frontal cortex was decreased with the left motor cortex and increased with the right putamen when compared to patients without levodopa-induced dyskinesias. This abnormal pattern of connectivity was evident only during the ON phase of levodopa treatment and the degree of such alteration correlated with motor disability. The repetitive TMS experiments showed that a session of continuous but not intermittent or sham theta burst stimulation applied over the inferior frontal cortex was able to reduce the amount of dyskinesias induced by a supramaximal single dose of levodopa, suggesting that this area may play a key role in controlling the development of dyskinesias. Our combined resting state functional magnetic resonance and transcranial magnetic stimulation studies demonstrate that pathophysiological mechanisms underlying levodopa-induced dyskinesias may extend beyond the 'classical' basal ganglia dysfunctions model, including the modulation performed by the neural network centred on the inferior frontal cortex.

The motor inhibition system in Parkinson's disease with levodopa-induced dyskinesias.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease is primarily a disorder of response initiation characterized by an excessive motor inhibition, whereas levodopa-induced dyskinesias are clearly a clinical expression of disinhibition of movements. OBJECTIVE: That levodopa-induced dyskinesias are linked to dysfunctions of inhibitory brain network has recently been proposed, but no investigation of behavioral performance during action inhibition task in these patients has been published. METHODS: Twenty-four Parkinson's disease patients with or without levodopa-induced dyskinesias tested on or off their medications underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation during the execution of a stop-signal inhibition task. In particular, we were interested in evaluating the neural correlates of stop-related conditions: StopInhibit task (in which patients had to successfully inhibit their responses) and StopRespond task (Stop trials with erroneous button press). Both tasks were compared against Go trials. RESULTS: Levodopa intake in dyskinetic patients tended to worsen inhibitory control during the StopInhibit task, while significantly affecting the ability to monitor motor responses when patients failed to stop (StopRespond task). Functional analysis showed that, during the StopInhibit task, dyskinetic patients were characterized by decreased activity of the right inferior frontal cortex after levodopa intake, whereas patients without dyskinesias showed a reverse effect. A similar group × levodopa interaction effect was detected in the medial frontal cortex during the execution of the StopRespond task, in which dyskinetic patients showed increased activity after dopaminergic therapy CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that levodopa intake in dyskinetic patients tends to alter the functioning of some parts of the neural network involved in motor inhibition.

Magnetic resonance support vector machine discriminates between Parkinson disease and progressive supranuclear palsy.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the current study was to distinguish patients with Parkinson disease (PD) from those with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) at the individual level using pattern recognition of magnetic resonance imaging data. METHODS: We combined diffusion tensor imaging and voxel-based morphometry in a support vector machine algorithm to evaluate 21 patients with PSP and 57 patients with PD. RESULTS: The automated algorithm correctly distinguished patients who had PD from those who had PSP with 100% accuracy. This accuracy value was obtained when white matter atrophy was considered. Diffusion parameters combined with gray matter atrophy exhibited 90% sensitivity and 96% specificity. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that automated pattern recognition can help distinguish patients with PSP from those with PD on an individual basis.