Double-patch repair by a bilateral ventriculotomy for postinfarction ventricular septal defect.

OBJECTIVES: Repair of a postinfarction ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a challenging procedure with a high risk of postoperative residual shunt and subsequent mortality. This retrospective study aimed to assess a modified infarct exclusion technique with a biventricular approach. METHODS: Nineteen consecutive patients who underwent the infarct exclusion procedure for VSD between 2002 and 2011 were reviewed. A biventricular approach (B group: 6 patients) and a left ventricular approach (L group: 13 patients) were studied by univariate analysis. RESULTS: The overall 30-day mortality was 15.8%, and was not different between the two groups (p=0.94). Postoperative residual shunt was not observed in the B group (p=0.21). The overall five-year survival rate was 79%, and there were no late deaths in the B group (p=0.14). CONCLUSION: The repair of postinfarction VSD can be safely performed by the infarct exclusion technique with a biventricular approach. This technique seems to reduce surgical mortality and prevents recurrence of the VSD.

Left ventricular restoration for cardiac sarcoidosis: report of two cases.

Although sarcoidosis may involve the myocardium, there is little available information on its treatment, especially in cases requiring surgery, such as left ventricular restoration or mitral valve repair. This report presents two surgical cases with cardiac sarcoidosis treated by left ventricular restoration and mitral valve repair for a ventricular aneurysm and dilated cardiomyopathy with mitral regurgitation.

False aneurysm with an aorto-superior vena cava fistula after replacement of the ascending aorta: report of a case.

A 58-year-old female presenting with congestive heart failure due to a fistula between an aortic false aneurysm and the superior vena cava (SVC) is described. She had a history of Takayasu's arteritis (TA) and she had undergone aortic valve and ascending aorta replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting 6 years before. The false aneurysm had occurred 1 year after the surgery, and she had been conservatively managed. The operation revealed that the cause of the false aneurysm was the detachment of the two proximal saphenous vein anastomoses to the ascending aortic graft. After the surgery, the patient made an uneventful recovery. A false aneurysm of the ascending aorta is one of the most serious complications after replacement of the ascending aorta for patients with TA (Miyata et al. in J Vasc Surg 27:438-445, 1998). We herein present the exceptional case of a fistula between an aortic false aneurysm and the SVC that occurred after ascending aorta graft replacement.

Mid-term echocardiographic comparison of chordal preservation method of mitral valve replacement in patients with mitral stenosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: The efficacy of chordal-preserved mitral valve replacement (MVR) on left ventricular function was investigated in patients with mitral stenosis. METHODS: Eighty patients (25 males, 55 females; mean age 64.5 +/- 8.7 years) with pure mitral stenosis who underwent MVR between January 1999 and May 2008 were studied retrospectively. Of these patients, 20 had total chordal-preserved MVR (group I), 36 had posterior leaflet-preserved MVR (group II), and 24 had MVR without chordal preservation (group III). Echocardiographic assessments were performed preoperatively and at four years postoperatively. RESULTS: Both, preoperatively and intraoperatively, there were no significant differences between the three groups. Mid-term echocardiography showed significant improvements in the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of the chordal preservation groups (group I, 55 +/- 12% to 60 +/- 7%, p = 0.017; group II, 56 +/-10% to 61 +/- 8%, p = 0.025), whereas the LVEF was significantly decreased after non-chordal-preserved MVR (group III, 56 +/- 7% to 49 +/- 11%, p = 0.036). Furthermore, the non-chordal preservation group demonstrated a significant increase in left ventricular volumes (end-diastolic volume, from 92 +/- 15 ml/m2 to 107 +/- 23 ml/m2, p = 0.005, end-systolic volume, from 43 +/- 7 ml/m2 to 58 +/- 20 ml/m2, p < 0.001) and a spherical change in left ventricular geometry (sphericity index, from 1.6 +/- 0.2 to 1.3 +/- 0.2, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Chordal preservation during MVR resulted in an improved ejection performance and the maintenance of left ventricular volume in mitral stenosis. However, these hemodynamic advantages were similar after total chordal preservation and posterior leaflet preservation.

Free-radical scavenger edaravone inhibits both formation and development of abdominal aortic aneurysm in rats.

OBJECTIVE: An ideal pharmaceutical treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is to prevent aneurysm formation and development (further dilatation of pre-existing aneurysm). Recent studies have reported that oxidative stress with reactive oxygen species (ROS) is crucial in aneurysm formation. We hypothesized that edaravone, a free-radical scavenger, would attenuate vascular oxidative stress and inhibit AAA formation and development. METHODS: An AAA model induced with intraluminal elastase and extraluminal calcium chloride was created in 42 rats. Thirty-six rats were divided three groups: a low-dose (group LD; 1 mg/kg/d), high-dose (group HD; 5 mg/kg/d), and control (group C, saline). Edaravone or saline was intraperitoneally injected twice daily, starting 30 minutes before aneurysm preparation. The remaining six rats (group DA) received a delayed edaravone injection (5 mg/kg/d) intraperitoneally, starting 7 days after aneurysm preparation to 28 days. AAA dilatation ratio was calculated. Pathologic examination was performed. ROS expression was semi-quantified by dihydroethidium staining and the oxidative product of DNA induced by ROS, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: At day 7, ROS expression and 8-OHdG-positive cells in aneurysm walls were decreased by edaravone treatment (ROS expression: 3.0 ± 0.5 in group LD, 1.7 ± 0.3 in group HD, and 4.8 ± 0.7 in group C; 8-OHdG-positive cells: 106.2 ± 7.8 cells in group LD, 64.5 ± 7.7 cells in group HD, and 136.6 ± 7.4 cells in group C; P < .0001), compared with group C. Edaravone treatment significantly reduced messenger RNA expressions of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in aneurysm walls (MMP-2: 1.1 ± 0.5 in group LD, 0.6 ± 0.1 in group HD, and 2.3 ± 0.4 in group C; P < .001; MMP-9: 1.2 ± 0.1 in group LD, 0.2 ± 0.6 in group HD, and 2.4 ± 0.2 in group C; P < .001). At day 28, aortic walls in groups LD and HD were less dilated, with increased wall thickness and elastin content than those in group C (dilatation ratio: 204.7% ± 16.0% in group C, 156.5% ± 6.6% in group LD, 136.7% ± 2.0% in group HD; P < .0001). Delayed edaravone administration significantly prevented further aneurysm dilatation, with increased elastin content (155.2% ± 2.9% at day 7, 153.1% ± 11.6% at day 28; not significant). CONCLUSIONS: Edaravone inhibition of ROS can prevent aneurysm formation and expansion in the rat AAA model. Free-radical scavenger edaravone might be an effective pharmaceutical agent for AAA in clinical practice.

A true aneurysm of posterior tibial artery.

True aneurysms of tibial artery are uncommon. We report a case of a 47-year-old woman who suffered from a distal embolism in the left toes. The surgical intervention involved an aneurysmectomy and the interposition of the posterior tibial artery using the saphenous vein graft. She has been doing well 22 months after the operation.

Rapid expansion of mycotic aneurysm of left coronary sinus of Valsalva causing myocardial ischemia: report of a case.

We described a 71-year-old female of aneurysm of the left sinus of Valsalva from mycotic origin. She underwent aortic valve replacement 11 years ago. Repeated CT scans showed rapidly growing aneurysm below the left coronary ostium. On sixth day after the admission, she suddenly developed myocardial ischemia complicated with ventricular fibrillation. The patient was treated with emergent aortic root replacement and she recovered. We recommend emergent surgical repair of mycotic saccular aneurysm of the left sinus of Valsalva because a delay of surgery could be fatal.

Surgical strategy for aortic prosthetic graft infection with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography.

A 30-year-old man with Marfan syndrome who underwent Crawford type II extension aneurysm repair about 9 years ago was referred to our hospital with persistent fever. Computed tomography (CT) showed air around the mid-descending aortic prosthetic graft. Because the air did not disappear in spite of intravenous antibiotics, (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) was performed. FDG-PET/CT revealed four high-uptake lesions. After dissecting the aortic graft particularly focusing on the high-uptake lesions, this patient underwent in situ graft re-replacement of descending aortic graft with a rifampicin-bonded gelatin-impregnated Dacron graft and omentopexy. The patient remains well without recurrent infection at 3 months after surgery.

Surgery for gastric cancer combined with cardiac and aortic surgery.

HYPOTHESIS: Therapeutic strategies for patients who require procedures for both cardiac or aortic diseases and gastric cancer are controversial. Prognostic factors for them should be clearly identified. DESIGN: Retrospective review of 14 patients who underwent surgical intervention for both gastric cancer and cardiac or aortic diseases between January 1, 2000, and June 30, 2004. SETTING: Tertiary referral university hospital. PATIENTS: Cardiac and aortic diseases included coronary artery disease in 5 patients, thoracic aortic aneurysms in 3 patients, and abdominal aortic aneurysms in 6 patients. Coronary artery bypass graftings were performed with an off-pump procedure, and aneurysms were replaced with prosthetic grafts in all of the cases. The surgical stages of gastric cancers were stage I in 8 patients, stage II in 2 patients, stage III in 3 patients, and stage IV in 1 patient. According to our original therapeutic strategies, 4 patients underwent simultaneous procedures and 10 received staged procedures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Overall survival rates. RESULTS: There was 1 hospital death caused by multiple organ failure. No prosthetic graft infection was noted. Thirteen patients were discharged, and 3 died of cancer recurrence during an average follow-up period of 26.3 months. The cumulative survival rate was 76.6% at 1 year and 68.1% at 3 years. One-year survival rates were 90.0% in stages I and II gastric cancer and 50.0% in stages III and IV gastric cancer. CONCLUSION: Prognosis of patients who underwent surgical intervention for both gastric cancer and cardiac or aortic diseases was mainly limited by the clinical stage of gastric cancer.

Mid-Term Results of Valve-Sparing Aortic Root Replacement in Patients With Expanded Indications.

BACKGROUND: The mid-term results of valve-sparing aortic root reimplantation (VSRR) for various indications were investigated. METHODS: From 2000 to 2013, 183 consecutive patients undergoing VSRR were enrolled. Expanded indications, defined as a patient on the marginal operative indication, included age 65 years or older (n = 33), age 15 years or younger (n = 4), acute type A aortic dissection (AAAD) (n = 21), aortitis (n = 8), reoperative root replacement (n = 11), cusp prolapse (n = 67), large aortoventricular junction of greater than 28 mm (AVJ) (n = 42), preoperative severe aortic regurgitation (AR) (n = 89), left ventricular ejection fraction 0.40 or less (n = 12), LV dilation (n = 66), New York Heart Association class III or greater (n = 5), need for total arch replacement (n = 29), and concomitant mitral valve repair (n = 12). RESULTS: The overall survival at 5 years was 96.6%. Freedom from greater than mild AR and reoperation at 5 years was 85.8% and 92.9%, respectively. Cox proportional hazard model revealed that AAAD, cusp prolapse, AVJ 28 mm or greater, and operation before 2009 were at risk for late AR recurrence (p = 0.015, p = 0.0041, p = 0.032, and p = 0.014, respectively). After 2009, freedom from late AR in the cusp prolapse group improved (p = 0.055, versus control). Both freedom from recurrent AR and reoperation were worse as the number of expanded indications increased (log-rank trend p = 0.00017 and p = 0.00067, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical outcomes of VSRR in these patient cohorts were satisfactory with some room for improvement in patients with cusp prolapse. Although the indications for VSRR are being expanded, a larger number of expanded indications were associated with poor outcomes in terms of longevity of valve function.

Pseudoaneurysms of peroneal artery: treatment with transcatheter platinum coil embolization.

This report describes two cases of pseudoaneurysms of the peroneal artery which were successfully treated by transluminal platinum coil embolization. A pseudoaneurysm developed following a penetrating wound of the calf, and another did following thromboembolectomy of the occluded femoropopliteal bypass with a Fogarty balloon catheter. The coils were guided and released into the proximal peroneal arteries via the placed catheters on the ipsilateral and contralateral femoral arteries, respectively. The pseudoaneurysms disappeared in both cases and the patients have been doing well until now.

Papillary muscle rupture following acute myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVES: Papillary muscle rupture following acute myocardial infarction (AMI), which rarely occurs, leads to catastrophic outcomes. We reviewed 6 patients who were diagnosed as having papillary muscle rupture. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Between February 1986 and September 2002, 6 consecutive patients underwent mitral valve replacement (MVR) for acute mitral regurgitation due to postinfarction papillary muscle rupture (4 men and 2 women, mean age 67 years). Preoperatively, all were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV. All patients had intraaortic balloon pumping, and one needed additional percutaneous cardiopulmonary support. Operations were performed within 1 to 19 days (mean 6.8) after the onset of AMI, and within 24 hours after papillary muscle rupture. Complete ruptures were found in 5 of 6 patients. Four patients had posterior papillary rupture and 2 patients anterior. All patients underwent MVR to preserve the posterior mitral leaflet. Concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting was performed in 5 of 6 patients (mean 1.6 grafts per person) and pulmonary venous isolation for atrial fibrillation in one patient. RESULTS: The cardiopulmonary bypass time ranged from 178 to 325 minutes (mean 236), and the aortic cross clamp time from 123 to 196 minutes (mean 155). Two patients died of low cardiac output syndrome. Of 4 operative survivors, 3 patients were in NYHA class I and one in class II. The mean follow-up term was 21 months. One patient with the pulmonary venous isolation has been in sinus rhythm. All survivors have been doing well without any valve related complications. CONCLUSION: Six patients underwent MVR for the papillary muscle rupture following AMI and the perioperative mortality rate was 33%. All survivors have been well with no cardiac events. We propose that in papillary muscle rupture following AMI emergent surgery should be undertaken as soon as possible, and that concomitant surgery should be performed as thoroughly as possible.

The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) predicts early and late outcomes of cardiovascular operations in patients with liver cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate the severity of cirrhosis as a predictor of early and late outcomes after cardiovascular operations. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent cardiovascular operations in our institute between October 1999 and April 2009. The severity of liver cirrhosis was assessed using the Child-Pugh classification and the Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score. RESULTS: Liver cirrhosis was identified in 32 consecutive patients. Averages of Child-Pugh and MELD scores were 7.2 ± 1.9 and 11.5 ± 5.1, respectively: 14 patients were classified as Child-Pugh class A, 14 as class B, and 4 as class C. The MELD score was less than 10 (category 1) in 10 patients, between 10 and 14.9 (category 2) in 14, and 15 or higher (category 3) in 8. The hospital mortality rate was 16% (5 of 32). Hospital mortality increased significantly as the MELD score category increased: category 1, 0%; category 2, 7%; and category 3, 50% (p = 0.005). There was no significant association between hospital mortality and Child-Pugh classification: class A, 7%; class B, 21%; and class C, 0% (p = 0.60). Overall survival was 72% ± 8% at 5 years and 47% ± 13% at 10 years. The survival rate decreased significantly as the MELD score category increased (p = 0.004). No relationship was found between the Child-Pugh classification and long-term survival. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the MELD score is useful to predict hospital death and long-term survival after cardiac operations for patients with liver cirrhosis.

Results of cardiac surgery in advanced liver cirrhosis.

PURPOSE: Cardiac surgery for the patients with advanced liver cirrhosis is still challenging. High mortality has been reported in the literature. We evaluate the clinical outcome of cardiac surgery in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis. METHODS: Patients with advanced liver cirrhosis who underwent cardiac surgery between October 1999 and April 2009 were reviewed. The severity of liver cirrhosis was assessed using Child-Pugh class, Child-Pugh score, and MELD score. Advanced liver cirrhosis was defined as Child-Pugh class B or C. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was carried out at higher flow rate (2.4-3.2 L/min/m(2)), and hematocrit (25-30 %). Moderate and more tricuspid regurgitation were aggressively treated. Dilutional ultrafiltration was performed at the termination of CPB. RESULTS: Eighteen patients (mean age 70 years, male:female = 14:4) were identified. Twelve patients had hepatitis virus infection and 6 cases were alcohol-related. Fourteen patients were graded as Child-Pugh class B and 4 in class C. Seventeen patients underwent cardiac surgery with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass, and 1 patient underwent off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. The overall mortality rate was 17 % (3 of 18). The cause of death was liver failure, esophageal variceal bleeding and bacteremia. The mortality of redo surgery was high (50 %). The incidence of postoperative liver failure was 11 % (2 of 18). Child-Pugh class or score was not correlated with hospital mortality. MELD score was significantly higher in hospital mortality (10.8 ± 4.0 vs. 17.3 ± 2.1, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although the mortality of redo surgery was high, cardiac surgery could be safely performed in selected patients with advanced liver cirrhosis.

Long-term results of bioprosthetic tricuspid valve replacement: an analysis of 25 years of experience.

BACKGROUND: Current knowledge in long-term results of tricuspid valve replacement is limited. Present study reviews our experience from a consecutive series. METHODS: We retrospectively studied the early and late results of 32 consecutive patients (7 male and 25 female; mean age 60.2 ± 18.1 years) undergoing bioprosthetic tricuspid valve replacement between 1985 and 2010. The etiology is rheumatic in 38 %, congenital in 3 %, endocarditis in 9 %, and functional in 50 %. Patients underwent isolated valve replacement. The remaining underwent combined aortic and tricuspid (n = 5, 16 %), mitral tricuspid (n = 15, 47 %), and aortic, mitral, and tricuspid (n = 1, 3 %) valve replacement. Preoperative liver dysfunction was evaluated using Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score. Mean follow-up was 5.6 ± 6.8 years (ranging from 0 to 25.0 years). RESULTS: Hospital mortality was 19 %. On univariate logistic regression analysis, NYHA class IV (p = 0.039, odds ratio 11.3, 95 % confidence interval 1.2-112.5), MELD score (>10) (p = 0.011, odds ratio 21.0, 95 % confidence interval 12.0-222.0) and congestive liver (p = 0.05, odds ratio 9.4, 95 % confidence interval 1.0-93.5) were incremental risk factors for hospital death. The 15- and 25-year actuarial survival were 56.5 ± 10.3 % and 45 ± 13.0 %, respectively. Multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazard model showed MELD score (p = 0.024, hazard ratio 7.0, 95 % confidence interval 2.1-23.9) and postoperative pulmonary hypertension (p = 0.012, hazard ratio 4.4, 95 % confidence interval 1.4-14.1) were significantly associated with decreased survival. At 15 years, freedom rates from tricuspid valve reoperation, anticoagulation-related bleeding, and valve related events were 85.7 ± 13.2 %,95.7 ± 4.3 % and 81.8 ± 13.2 %, respectively. The linearized incidence of structural valve deterioration was 0.50 %/patient-year, anticoagulation-related bleeding was 0.94 %/patient-year, and valve-related events were 1.52 %/patient-year. CONCLUSION: Preoperative hepatic congestion and liver dysfunction which were indicated by the MELD score >10 were associated with poor outcome for patients undergoing tricuspid valve replacement. The MELD score is useful to predict the morality among these patients.

Aortic root reimplantation for isolated sinus of valsalva aneurysm in the patient with Marfan's syndrome.

We describe an isolated extracardiac unruptured acquired aneurysm in the right coronary sinus of Valsalva, which was seen in a 55-year-old woman with Marfan's syndrome. The patient underwent aortic root replacement using a reimplantation technique. Pathologic examination revealed absence of the medial elastic fiber of the aortic wall of the normal sinus of Valsalva. This result supports the preference of entire root replacement instead of patch repair of the affected sinus for the isolated aneurysm in 1 sinus of Valsalva in a patient with Marfan's syndrome.

Lack of neurologic improvement after aortic repair for acute type A aortic dissection complicated by cerebral malperfusion: predictors and association with survival.

BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment of acute type A aortic dissection complicated by cerebral malperfusion remains challenging. This study evaluated predictors of lack of neurologic improvement after aortic repair for acute type A dissection complicated by cerebral malperfusion and assessed relationship with survival. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 41 consecutive patients operated on between 1999 and 2008 for acute type A dissection complicated by cerebral malperfusion. Lack of postoperative neurologic improvement was defined as a difference between baseline and postoperative National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores of 3 points or less. RESULTS: Lack of neurologic improvement was seen in 15 patients (37%). Logistic regression analysis, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (odds ratio, 6.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-32.4; P = .02), and time to surgery (odds ratio, 14.6; 95% confidence interval, 2.7-8.5; P = .002) were significantly associated with lack of neurologic improvement. In receiver operating characteristic analysis, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score greater than 11 and time to surgery longer than 9.1 hours were best cutoffs for predicting lack of neurologic improvement. Thirty-day mortality was 14.6%. All early deaths were caused by large hemispheric infarction. Postoperative computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging revealed cerebral infarction in 21 patients (51%). Five-year survival was significantly lower in patients without neurologic improvement (33% ± 12% vs 84% ± 7%, log-rank P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: Time to surgery and baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score were predictors of lack of improvement, which was associated with poor survival.

Successful surgical management for aortic and mitral stenosis in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a case report.

A 72-year-old woman with a known history of homozygous familial hyperlipidemia (IIa) was referred to our hospital for an operation necessitated by aortic and mitral stenosis and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Computed tomography and cardiac catheterization revealed a heavily calcified aortic root and mitral annulus as well as a high-grade stenosis of the left anterior descending and right coronary arteries. Double aortic and mitral valve replacement concomitant with replacement of ascending aorta, maze III procedure, and coronary artery bypass were performed. Temporary hypothermic arrest was employed to reduce the risk of cerebral emboli.

Patch annulo-aortoplasty in an adult patient with congenital supravalvular aortic stenosis and a small aortic annulus.

A 39-year-old woman with familial homozygous hypercholesterolemia had supravalvular and valvular aortic stenosis. Modified Nick's procedure and aortic valve replacement was performed to relieve both the supravalvular and annular stenoses. At surgery, the ascending aorta was found to be narrowing at the level of the sinotubular junction, which was compatible with congenital supravalvular aortic stenosis. Histological examination of the aortic cusps showed sclerotic change due to hypercholesterolemia. These findings indicated that familial homozygous hypercholesterolemia caused valvular aortic stenosis and exacerbated congenital supravalvular aortic stenosis.

Long-term follow-up of acute type B aortic dissection: ulcer-like projections in thrombosed false lumen play a role in late aortic events.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with Stanford type B dissection treated medically during the acute phase have a risk of surgery and aortic rupture during the chronic phase. We investigated the predictors for late aortic events by focusing on the false lumen status with computed tomography. METHODS: A total of 160 patients were enrolled in the study, with a mean follow-up interval of 44.6 ± 25.4 months. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to the false lumen status at the time of onset: group T, thrombosed in 49 patients (30.6%); group U, thrombosed with ulcer-like projections in 52 patients (32.5%); and group P, patent in 59 patients (36.9%). RESULTS: The mean aortic enlargement rate of groups U and P was greater than that of group T (0.40 ± 0.91 mm/month in group U, 0.44 ± 0.49 mm/month in group P, and -0.016 ± 0.23 mm/month in group T). The event-free rate in groups U and P was lower than in group T: 5-year event-free rates of 67.4% ± 8.2% in group U and 57.7% ± 10.9% in group P versus 95.0% ± 4.9% in group T (group T vs group U: P = .0011, group U vs group P: P = .96, group P vs group T: P = .0004). Cox regression analysis revealed that the false lumen status (patent or ulcer-like projections) (P = .029), maximum aortic diameter at onset (P < .0001), and patient age (P = .0069) were predictors of the late aortic events. CONCLUSIONS: In type B aortic dissection, a thrombosed false lumen with ulcer-like projections and a patent false lumen had an influence on late aortic dilation and late aortic events.