cnvHap: an integrative population and haplotype-based multiplatform model of SNPs and CNVs.

Although genome-wide association studies have uncovered single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with complex disease, these variants account for a small portion of heritability. Some contribution to this 'missing heritability' may come from copy-number variants (CNVs), in particular rare CNVs; but assessment of this contribution remains challenging because of the difficulty in accurately genotyping CNVs, particularly small variants. We report a population-based approach for the identification of CNVs that integrates data from multiple samples and platforms. Our algorithm, cnvHap, jointly learns a chromosome-wide haplotype model of CNVs and cluster-based models of allele intensity at each probe. Using data for 50 French individuals assayed on four separate platforms, we found that cnvHap correctly detected at least 14% more deleted and 50% more amplified genotypes than PennCNV or QuantiSNP, with an 82% and 115% improvement for aberrations containing <10 probes. Combining data from multiple platforms additionally improved sensitivity.

Accurate single-nucleotide polymorphism allele assignment in trisomic or duplicated regions by using a single base-extension assay with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

BACKGROUND: The accurate assignment of alleles embedded within trisomic or duplicated regions is an essential prerequisite for assessing the combined effects of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genomic copy number. Such an integrated analysis is challenging because heterozygotes for such a SNP may be one of 2 genotypes-AAB or ABB. Established methods for SNP genotyping, however, can have difficulty discriminating between the 2 heterozygous trisomic genotypes. We developed a method for assigning heterozygous trisomic genotypes that uses the ratio of the height of the 2 allele peaks obtained by mass spectrometry after a single-base extension assay. METHODS: Eighteen COL6A2 (collagen, type VI, alpha 2) SNPs were analyzed in euploid and trisomic individuals by means of a multiplexed single-base extension assay that generated allele-specific oligonucleotides of differing M(r) values for detection by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Reference data (mean and SD) for the allele peak height ratios were determined from heterozygous euploid samples. The heterozygous trisomic genotypes were assigned by calculating the z score for each trisomic allele peak height ratio and by considering the sign (+/-) of the z score. RESULTS: Heterozygous trisomic genotypes were assigned in 96.1% (range, 89.9%-100%) of the samples for each SNP analyzed. The genotypes obtained were reproduced in 95 (97.5%) of 97 loci retested in a second assay. Subsequently, the origin of nondisjunction was determined in 108 (82%) of 132 family trios with a Down syndrome child. CONCLUSIONS: This approach enabled reliable genotyping of heterozygous trisomic samples and the determination of the origin of nondisjunction in Down syndrome family trios.