Codeine Plus Acetaminophen for Pain After Photorefractive Keratectomy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Add-On Trial.

BACKGROUND: Pain after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) is significant, and the analgesic efficacy and safety of oral opioids in combination with acetaminophen has not been fully investigated in PRK trials. PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy and safety of the combination of codeine plus acetaminophen (paracetamol) versus placebo as an add-on therapy for pain control after PRK. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: Single tertiary center. METHODS: One eye was randomly allocated to the intervention, whereas the fellow eye was treated with a placebo. Eyes were operated 2 weeks apart. The participants were adults older than 20 years with refractive stability for ≥1 year, who underwent PRK for correction of myopia or myopic astigmatism. Codeine (30 mg) plus acetaminophen (500 mg) was given orally 4 times per day for 4 days after PRK. The follow-up duration was 4 months. The study outcomes included pain scores at 1 to 72 hours, as measured by the visual analog scale, McGill Pain Questionnaire, and Brief Pain Inventory, as well as adverse events and corneal wound healing. RESULTS: Of the initial 82 eyes, 80 completed the trial (40 intervention, 40 placebo). Median (interquartile range) pain scores as measured by the visual analog scale were statistically and clinically lower during treatment with codeine/acetaminophen compared with the placebo: 1 hour: 4 (2-4) versus 6 (3-6), P < 0.001; 24 hours: 4 (3-6) versus 7 (6-9), P < 0.001; 48 hours: 1 (0-2) versus 3 (2-5), P < 0.001; and 72 hours: 0 (0-0) versus 0 (0-2), P = 0.001. Virtually identical results were obtained by the McGill Pain Questionnaire and Brief Pain Inventory scales. The most common adverse events with codeine/acetaminophen were drowsiness (42%), nausea (18%), and constipation (5%). No case of delayed epithelial healing was observed in both treatment arms. CONCLUSIONS: When added to the usual care therapy, the oral combination of codeine/acetaminophen was safe and significantly superior to the placebo for pain control after PRK. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02625753.

TNF-alpha and IL-6 in the diagnosis of bacterial and aseptic meningitis in children.

The objective of this study was to analyze the usefulness of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 cerebrospinal fluid concentrations for the differential diagnosis between bacterial and aseptic meningitis in children and in the prognostic evaluation. A cross-sectional study was performed on 35 children between 1 month and 12 years of age with suspected meningitis. Cytokines determination was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. The Mann-Whitney test and Spearman's correlation coefficients were used for statistical analysis. Six children presented bacterial meningitis, 13 aseptic, and 16 had no meningitis. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations were significantly higher in the bacterial meningitis group as compared with the aseptic group (P = 0.001) and among groups with and without meningitis (P = 0.000). There was correlation between tumor necrosis factor-alpha and cerebrospinal fluid leukocytes (P = 0.019), protein (P = 0.000), and glucose (P = 0.038). There was no association between cytokines and complications of the meningitis. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid were useful markers for distinguishing bacterial from aseptic meningitis and were demonstrated to be useful in evaluating the intensity of the inflammatory process in the central nervous system.

Predictors of Early Postoperative Pain After Photorefractive Keratectomy.

PURPOSE: To compare the profiles of postoperative photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) pain between both eyes under the same conditions and to verify the preoperative predictors of pain such as gender, anxiety, knowledge of the procedure, and spherical equivalent refractive error (SERE). METHODS: This prospective study included 86 eyes of 43 patients with myopia who underwent PRK in both eyes at an interval of 14 days between the procedures. Before surgery, subjects answered the State Anxiety Inventory. After surgery, usual PRK pain treatment was given. Subjects answered the Visual Analog Scale, the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), and the McGill Pain Questionnaire at 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after surgery. Pain scores and anxiety were compared between each eye using the Wald test and paired Student t test, respectively. The Wald test was performed for gender and SERE for each eye separately. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between both eyes for all time points regarding the Visual Analog Scale, BPI, and McGill Pain Questionnaire-Pain Rating Index pain scores. Subjects were less anxious on average before the second surgery compared with before the first surgery (P < 0.001); however, it was not related to pain ratings after surgery. Gender did not significantly affect any scale of pain, and the SERE between -3 diopters (D) and -5 D (P = 0.035) revealed effects on the BPI. CONCLUSIONS: The profiles of postoperative pain after PRK were similar between both eyes under the same conditions. In this study, a high SERE was the only predictor for increased pain after PRK.

Improved Evaluation of Postoperative Pain After Photorefractive Keratectomy.

PURPOSE: Postoperative pain remains an important limiting factor to the selection of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). There is a consensus in neurology pain research that pain should be evaluated as a multidimensional concept, which differs from current practice in ophthalmology. The purpose of this paper was to validate the use of multidimensional questionnaires, such as the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), to provide an improved analysis of pain after PRK and to better describe its temporal profile. METHODS: This prospective study included 43 eyes of 43 myopic patients who underwent unilateral PRK. After surgery, usual pain treatment was administered. All of the participants responded to the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the BPI and the MPQ 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after surgery. The internal consistency was evaluated, different postoperative periods were compared, and convergent validity was assessed using correlation testing. RESULTS: The Cronbach alpha test showed high internal consistency for each of the questionnaire subscales. Patients reported higher postoperative pain values at the first measurement of the VAS (4.93 ± 2.38), MPQ-pain rating index (26.95 ± 10.58), BPI-pain severity index (14.53 ± 7.36), and BPI-pain interference index (22.30 ± 15.13). Almost all of the scales and subscales showed a statistically significant direct correlation with the VAS at all of the evaluation periods. CONCLUSIONS: This study validated the utility of multidimensional questionnaires to expand the assessment of the PRK postoperative pain profile, including intensity and other qualitative aspects.

Advances in femtosecond laser technology.

Femtosecond laser technology has become widely adopted by ophthalmic surgeons. The purpose of this study is to discuss applications and advantages of femtosecond lasers over traditional manual techniques, and related unique complications in cataract surgery and corneal refractive surgical procedures, including: LASIK flap creation, intracorneal ring segment implantation, presbyopic treatments, keratoplasty, astigmatic keratotomy, and intrastromal lenticule procedures.

Quality of vision in refractive and cataract surgery, indirect measurers: review article.

Visual acuity is the measurement of an individual's ability to recognize details of an object in a space. Visual function measurements in clinical ophthalmology are limited by factors such as maximum contrast and so it might not adequately reflect the real vision conditions at that moment as well as the subjective aspects of the world perception by the patient. The objective of a successful vision-restoring surgery lies not only in gaining visual acuity lines, but also in vision quality. Therefore, refractive and cataract surgeries have the responsibility of achieving quality results. It is difficult to define quality of vision by a single parameter, and the main functional-vision tests are: contrast sensitivity, disability glare, intraocular stray light and aberrometry. In the current review the different components of the visual function are explained and the several available methods to assess the vision quality are described.

Wavefront analysis, contrast sensitivity, and depth of focus after cataract surgery with aspherical intraocular lens implantation.

PURPOSE: To determine whether implantation of an aspherical intraocular lens (IOL) results in reduced ocular aberrations and improved contrast sensitivity after cataract surgery without critical reduction of depth of focus. DESIGN: Double-blinded, randomized, prospective study. METHODS: In an intraindividual study of 25 patients with bilateral cataract, an aspherical IOL (Akreos Advanced Optic [AO]; Bausch & Lomb, Inc., Rochester, New York, USA) was implanted in one eye and a spherical IOL (Akreos Fit; Bausch & Lomb, Inc) in the fellow eye. Higher-order aberrations with a 5- and 6-mm pupil were measured with a dynamic retinoscopy aberrometer at 1 and 3 months after surgery. Uncorrected and best-corrected visual acuity and contrast sensitivity under mesopic and photopic conditions also were measured. Distance-corrected near and intermediate visual acuity were studied as a measurement of depth of focus. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between eyes in uncorrected and best-corrected visual acuity at 1 and 3 months after surgery. There was a statistically significant between-group difference in contrast sensitivity under photopic conditions at 12 cycles per degree and under mesopic conditions at all spatial frequencies. The Akreos AO group obtained statistically significant lower values of higher-order aberrations and spherical aberration with 5- and 6-mm pupils compared with the Akreos Fit group (P < .05). There was no significant difference in distance-corrected near and intermediate visual acuity between both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Aspherical aberration-free Akreos AO IOL induced significantly less higher-order aberrations and spherical aberration than the Akreos Fit. Contrast sensitivity was better under mesopic conditions with the Akreos AO with similar results of depth of focus.

Infant growth during the first year of life / Crescimento de lactentes durante o primeiro ano de vida

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe and analyse the profile of growth in normal infants during the first year of life, including their patterns of weight and length, and the duration of breastfeeding METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted based on 85 records of infants who met the inclusion criteria. The total duration of breastfeeding was recorded along with weight and length at three ages: birth, 6 and 12 months. The data were analysed as Z-scores based on WHO (2006) using the software products MedCalc 12.0 and GraphPad Prism 6.0 RESULTS: Although 76.5% of the infants showed a growth pattern compatible with WHO references at 12 months of age, the others presented as overweight as at risk of being overweight. A significant correlation was observed between birth weight and BMI Z-score at two ages: 6 months (r = 0.26; p = 0.01) and 12 months (r = 0.32; p = 0.002). A correlation between birth weight and length Z-score was also found at 6 months (r = 0.4034; p = 0.0001) and 12 months (r = 0.3309; p = 0.002). Birth length was also correlated with length Z-score at 6 months (r = 0.4829; p < 0.0001) and 12 months (r = 0.3407; p = 0.0014). Breastfeeding duration did not show any correlation with anthropometric data at 6 and 12 months of age CONCLUSION: The growth pattern of the sample during the first year of life was found to be appropriate or faster than normal. Growth pattern also seems to be influenced by anthropometric characteristics at birth, which does not depend on breastfeeding duration.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil do crescimento durante o primeiro ano de vida em lactentes normais e suas relações com o peso e o comprimento ao nascer e com o aleitamento materno MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva com levantamento de dados de prontuários de 85 crianças que preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Registrou-se com peso e comprimento ao nascer, aos 6 e 12 meses de vida, e o tempo total de aleitamento materno. Os dados de crescimento foram analisados em escores z com base na referência da OMS (2006), utilizando os softwares MedCalc 12.0 e GraphPad Prism 6.0 RESULTADOS: Aos 12 meses de vida 76,5% dos lactentes apresentavam valores de crescimento compatíveis com o referencial da OMS, enquanto os demais estavam em risco de sobrepeso e sobrepeso. Observou-se correlação entre o peso de nascimento e o escore z do Índice de Massa Corporal aos 6 meses (r = 0,26; p= 0,01) e aos 12 meses (r = 0,32; p = 0,002) e também com o escore z do comprimento para idade aos 6 (r = 0,4034; p = 0,0001) e 12 meses (r = 0,3309; p = 0,0020). O comprimento ao nascer também mostrou correlação com o escore z de comprimento aos 6 (r = 0,4829; p < 0,0001) e 12 meses (r = 0,3407; p = 0,0014). A duração do aleitamento materno não evidenciou correlação com os dados antropométricos dos 6 e 12 meses de idade CONCLUSÃO: O crescimento alcançado durante o primeiro ano foi adequado ou acima do mesmo, sendo influenciado pelas características antropométricas ao nascer, independentemente da duração do aleitamento materno.(AU)

Crescimento de lactentes durante o primeiro ano de vida / Infant growth during the first year of life

The aim of this study was to describe and analyse the profile of growth in normal infants during the first year of life, including their patterns of weight and length, and the duration of breastfeeding METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted based on 85 records of infants who met the inclusion criteria. The total duration of breastfeeding was recorded along with weight and length at three ages: birth, 6 and 12 months. The data were analysed as Z-scores based on WHO (2006) using the software products MedCalc 12.0 and GraphPad Prism 6.0 RESULTS: Although 76.5% of the infants showed a growth pattern compatible with WHO references at 12 months of age, the others presented as overweight as at risk of being overweight. A significant correlation was observed between birth weight and BMI Z-score at two ages: 6 months (r = 0.26; p = 0.01) and 12 months (r = 0.32; p = 0.002). A correlation between birth weight and length Z-score was also found at 6 months (r = 0.4034; p = 0.0001) and 12 months (r = 0.3309; p = 0.002). Birth length was also correlated with length Z-score at 6 months (r = 0.4829; p < 0.0001) and 12 months (r = 0.3407; p = 0.0014). Breastfeeding duration did not show any correlation with anthropometric data at 6 and 12 months of age CONCLUSION: The growth pattern of the sample during the first year of life was found to be appropriate or faster than normal. Growth pattern also seems to be influenced by anthropometric characteristics at birth, which does not depend on breastfeeding duration.

Analisar o perfil do crescimento durante o primeiro ano de vida em lactentes normais e suas relações com o peso e o comprimento ao nascer e com o aleitamento materno MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva com levantamento de dados de prontuários de 85 crianças que preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Registrou-se com peso e comprimento ao nascer, aos 6 e 12 meses de vida, e o tempo total de aleitamento materno. Os dados de crescimento foram analisados em escores z com base na referência da OMS (2006), utilizando os softwares MedCalc 12.0 e GraphPad Prism 6.0 RESULTADOS: Aos 12 meses de vida 76,5% dos lactentes apresentavam valores de crescimento compatíveis com o referencial da OMS, enquanto os demais estavam em risco de sobrepeso e sobrepeso. Observou-se correlação entre o peso de nascimento e o escore z do Índice de Massa Corporal aos 6 meses (r = 0,26; p= 0,01) e aos 12 meses (r = 0,32; p = 0,002) e também com o escore z do comprimento para idade aos 6 (r = 0,4034; p = 0,0001) e 12 meses (r = 0,3309; p = 0,0020). O comprimento ao nascer também mostrou correlação com o escore z de comprimento aos 6 (r = 0,4829; p < 0,0001) e 12 meses (r = 0,3407; p = 0,0014). A duração do aleitamento materno não evidenciou correlação com os dados antropométricos dos 6 e 12 meses de idade CONCLUSÃO: O crescimento alcançado durante o primeiro ano foi adequado ou acima do mesmo, sendo influenciado pelas características antropométricas ao nascer, independentemente da duração do aleitamento materno.

Spatial analysis of hospitalizations for pneumonia in the Vale do Paraíba region of Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To identify spatial patterns in hospitalizations for pneumonia in infants under one year of age in the Vale do Paraíba region of Brazil. METHODS: This was an ecological exploratory study using a georeferencing technique based on data from the Information Technology Department of the Brazilian Unified Health Care System on the number of hospitalizations for pneumonia among infants under one year of age in the Vale do Paraíba region between 2004 and 2005. Based on the distribution of the rates of hospitalizations for pneumonia per 1,000 live births, thematic maps were created. Moran's spatial autocorrelation coefficient was estimated, and the cities with the highest rates were identified using box maps. RESULTS: During the study period, 2,227 infants under one year of age were hospitalized for pneumonia. Moran's coefficient was 0.37 (p = 0.02), demonstrating a spatial autocorrelation for these hospitalizations. Eight cities deserving special attention for future interventions were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The spatial analysis was successful in determining the spatial autocorrelation, as well as in identifying the cities in which an intervention is necessary regarding the number of hospitalizations for pneumonia in infants under one year of age.

[Evaluation of optical performance of soft contact lenses in myopic correction]. / Avaliação da qualidade óptica de lentes de contato gelatinosas na correção de miopia.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the optical performance of eyes fitted with two different soft contact lenses: Acuvue 2 (Vistacon J&J Vision Care Inc., USA) and World Vision Disposable Asférica Wave Front (World Vision Ophthalmic, Brazil). METHODS: An interventional prospective clinical trial studied a sample of 40 myopic patients (-0.75D to -4.50D, with or without astigmatism up to -0.75D). Each patient had one eye randomized to visual performance evaluation including high and low contrast visual acuities, wavefront analysis and contrast sensitivity. RESULTS: The Nidek OPD Scan detected a residual refraction (hypercorrection) for both contact lenses. High contrast visual acuity was significantly higher for World Vision soft contact lenses. Low contrast visual acuity was similar for both soft contact lenses. Contrast sensitivity improved significantly at 1.5; 3; 6 e 18 spatial frequencies for both soft contact lenses, but no difference was found between them. Regarding wavefront analysis, no difference was found between both soft contact lenses. There were not significantly differences in the Strehl indices and MTF for both soft contact lenses. CONCLUSION: World Vision Disposable Asférica Wave Front soft contact lenses had a better performance regarding high contrast visual acuity. However, low contrast visual acuity, wavefront analysis and contrast sensitivity were similar for both soft contact lenses.

Epi-LASIK e PRK: um ano de estudo comparativo em olhos contralaterais / Epi-LASIK e PRK: one-year comparative study on contralateral eyes

Objetivo: Comparar as técnicas de PRK e Epi-LASIK com relação à recuperação visual e sintomatologia pós-operatória. Métodos: Série de casos intervencionista que incluiu 38 olhos de 19 pacientes com miopia até 5DE e astigmatismo até 1DC. Foram selecionados pacientes com erros refracionais semelhantes nos dois olhos, realizando-se, no mesmo tempo cirúrgico, PRK em um olho e Epi-LASIK no olho contralateral. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por um ano, avaliando-se a eficácia refracional e grau de desconforto pós-operatório. Resultados: Durante as primeiras 12 horas, 79,9% dos pacientes (p=0,0003) referiram dor mais intensa no olho operado com a técnica Epi-LASIK. Após 24 horas, 63,2% dos pacientes (p=0,012) ainda referiam mais dor neste olho e apenas 10,5% no olho contralateral. A acuidade visual não corrigida foi melhor nos olhos do grupo PRK no primeiro dia (p=0,034). Nos demais dias não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos. Houveopacidade corneana grau 0,5 (Fantes) em três olhos do grupo PRK e em dois no grupo Epi-LASIK. Conclusão: Ambos os grupos apresentaram resultado visual refracional satisfatório, porém o grupo Epi-LASIK apresentou maior desconforto no pós-operatório imediato.

Objective: Compare PRK and Epi-LASIK techniques regarding postoperative visual recovery and symptoms. Methods: Interventional case series study including 38 eyes of 19 patients with myopia up to 5DE and astigmatism up to 1DC. Study included patients with similar refractive errors to be submitted to PRK in one eye and Epi-LASIK in the fellow eye at the same time. Follow-up was 1 year and included refractive error analysis and postoperative discomfort. Results: During the first 12 hours after surgery, 79% (P=0,0003) of patients reported more pain and discomfort in the eye submitted to Epi-LASIK. Twenty-four hours after surgery 63,2% (P=0,012) of patients still referred more pain in the eye submitted to Epi-LASIK and only 10,5% in the contralateral eye. Uncorrected visual acuity was better on the PRK group at the 1th day (p=0.034). No difference was observed at the other postoperative days after surgery. Postoperative corneal haze 0,5 (Fantes) was observed in three eyes of the PRK group and in two days of the Epi-LASIK group. Conclusion: Both groups presented good visual refractive results, but the Epi-LASIK group presented more discomfort immediately after surgery.

Quality of vision in refractive and cataract surgery, indirect measurers: review article / Qualidade visual em cirurgia refrativa e catarata, medidores indiretos: artigo de revisão

Visual acuity is the measurement of an individual's ability to recognize details of an object in a space. Visual function measurements in clinical ophthalmology are limited by factors such as maximum contrast and so it might not adequately reflect the real vision conditions at that moment as well as the subjective aspects of the world perception by the patient. The objective of a successful vision-restoring surgery lies not only in gaining visual acuity lines, but also in vision quality. Therefore, refractive and cataract surgeries have the responsibility of achieving quality results. It is difficult to define quality of vision by a single parameter, and the main functional-vision tests are: contrast sensitivity, disability glare, intraocular stray light and aberrometry. In the current review the different components of the visual function are explained and the several available methods to assess the vision quality are described.

Qualidade Visual é a medida da capacidade individual de reconhecer detalhes de um objeto no espaço. Medições de função visual na clínica oftalmológica são limitadas por vários fatores, tal como máximo contraste e assim podem não refletir adequadamente as condições visuais reais, bem como os aspectos subjetivos da percepção do mundo pelo paciente. O sucesso em uma cirurgia está não apenas em restaurar linhas de visão, mas sim qualidade visual. Portanto, as cirurgias refrativas e de catarata têm a responsabilidade de alcançar resultados de qualidade. É difícil definir qualidade visual por um único parâmetro, sendo os principais testes de função visual: sensibilidade ao contraste; glare; dispersão intraocular da luz e aberrometria. Nesta revisão os diferentes componentes da função visual são explicados e os diversos métodos disponíveis para se avaliar a qualidade de visão são descritos.

Relato de um caso de neutropenia congênita grave em um lactente jovem / A case report of severe congenital neutropenia in a young infant

OBJETIVO:Relatar um caso de neutropenia congênita grave e alertar os pediatras sobre tal diagnóstico em pacientes jovens, com infecções recorrentes. DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO: Lactente jovem com 45 dias de vida, com história de febre alta, letargia, recusa alimentar e hemogramas repetidos com leucopenia importante à custa de polimorfonucleares. A hipótese diagnóstica foi confirmada pelo aspirado de medula óssea, que mostrou hipoplasia de série granulocítica e completa ausência de neutrófilos maduros. Foi introduzida antibioticoterapia de largo espectro e estimulador da formação de colônias de granulócitos. O paciente evoluiu para óbito em decorrência de complicações infecciosas após 21 dias de internação. COMENTÁRIOS: Trata-se de um lactente jovem, portador de uma rara desordem congênita que leva à intensa neutropenia, deixando-o vulnerável a infecções graves e potencialmente fatais. À internação, o paciente apresentava sinais e sintomas sugestivos de sepse, sendo introduzido antibioticoterapia de amplo espectro, necessária por se tratar de lactente jovem, neutropênico e febril. A hipótese diagnóstica se baseou na história clínica e nos leucogramas alterados, sendo posteriormente confirmada pelo aspirado de medula óssea. Foi introduzido o estimulador da formação de colônias de granulócitos, que geralmente é efetivo, porém, nesse caso, não houve sucesso e o paciente evoluiu para óbito devido à grave infecção.

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of severe congenital neutropenia and alert pediatricians about its diagnosis in young patients with recurrent infectious diseases. CASE DESCRIPTION: Young infant with 45 days of life, with a history of high fever, lethargy, poor feeding and repeated blood counts showing significant leucopenia due to a significant decrease of polymorphonuclear cells. The diagnosis was confirmed by bone marrow aspirate showing hypoplasia of the granulocytic series and complete absence of mature neutrophils. Treatment was started with broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, but the patient died due to infectious complications 21 days after hospital admission. COMMENTS: This is a young infant with a rare congenital disorder that leads to severe neutropenia and, therefore, susceptible to potentially fatal infections. In the hospital the infant showed signs and symptoms of sepsis. The diagnosis was based on the clinical history and the presence of repeated altered white cell counts and it was confirmed by bone marrow aspirate. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is generally effective, but, in this case, the patient died with a severe infection.

Análise espacial das internações por pneumonia na região do Vale do Paraíba (SP) / Spatial analysis of hospitalizations for pneumonia in the Vale do Paraíba region of Brazil

OBJETIVO: Identificar padrões espaciais nas internações por pneumonia em menores de um ano de idade e identificar os municípios com prioridade para intervenção no Vale do Paraíba (SP). MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico e exploratório utilizando-se de técnica de geoprocessamento com dados do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde sobre o número de internações por pneumonia em menores de um ano de idade no Vale do Paraíba paulista nos anos 2004 e 2005. Foram obtidas taxas por 1.000 nascidos vivos e, a partir das distribuições dessas, foram criados mapas temáticos. Estimou-se o coeficiente de autocorrelação espacial de Moran e identificaram-se os municípios com altas taxas através de box map. RESULTADOS: No período do estudo, 2.227 crianças com menos de um ano de idade foram internadas por pneumonia. O coeficiente de Moran foi de 0,37 (p = 0,02), o que demonstrou a existência de uma autocorrelação espacial para essas internações. Foram identificados oito municípios que merecem uma atenção especial para possíveis intervenções. CONCLUSÕES: A análise espacial foi utilizada com sucesso para determinar a autocorrelação espacial e para identificar os municípios onde é necessária uma intervenção em relação ao número de internações por pneumonia em menores de um ano de idade.

OBJECTIVE: To identify spatial patterns in hospitalizations for pneumonia in infants under one year of age in the Vale do Paraíba region of Brazil. METHODS: This was an ecological exploratory study using a georeferencing technique based on data from the Information Technology Department of the Brazilian Unified Health Care System on the number of hospitalizations for pneumonia among infants under one year of age in the Vale do Paraíba region between 2004 and 2005. Based on the distribution of the rates of hospitalizations for pneumonia per 1,000 live births, thematic maps were created. Moran's spatial autocorrelation coefficient was estimated, and the cities with the highest rates were identified using box maps. RESULTS: During the study period, 2,227 infants under one year of age were hospitalized for pneumonia. Moran's coefficient was 0.37 (p = 0.02), demonstrating a spatial autocorrelation for these hospitalizations. Eight cities deserving special attention for future interventions were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The spatial analysis was successful in determining the spatial autocorrelation, as well as in identifying the cities in which an intervention is necessary regarding the number of hospitalizations for pneumonia in infants under one year of age.

Avaliação da qualidade óptica de lentes de contato gelatinosas na correção de miopia / Evaluation of optical performance of soft contact lenses in myopic correction

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade óptica de olhos adaptados com dois tipos diferentes de lentes de contato gelatinosas: Acuvue® 2 (Vistacon J&J Vision Care Inc., EUA) e World Vision Disposable Asférica Wave Front® (World Vision Ophthalmic, Brasil). MÉTODOS: Estudo clínico e prospectivo com intervenção em amostra constituída por 40 indivíduos portadores de miopia entre -0,75D e -4,50D, sem ou com astigmatismo até -0,75D. Um olho de cada paciente foi sorteado para avaliação a qual incluiu acuidade visual de alto e baixo contraste, aberrometria e teste de sensibilidade ao contraste. RESULTADOS: A sobre-refração objetiva realizada pelo Nidek OPD-Scan detectou hipercorreção significativa para ambas as lentes de contato gelatinosas. A avaliação da AV logMAR de alto e baixo contraste mostrou diferença significativa favorável das lentes de contato gelatinosas em relação aos óculos e na comparação entre as lentes de contato gelatinosas, apenas em relação à AV logMAR de alto contraste, houve melhor desempenho da LC World Vision Disposable Asférica Wave Front® . A avaliação de sensibilidade ao contraste detectou melhor desempenho das lentes de contato gelatinosas em relação aos óculos para as freqüências espaciais de 1,5; 3; 6 e 18. Não houve diferença significativa entre os dois tipos de lentes de contato gelatinosas nas freqüências espaciais avaliadas. A análise de frentes de onda não identificou diferença significativa do índice de Strehl, função de transferência modular (MTF) e das aberrações de alta ordem (aberrações totais, coma, trefoil, quadrifoil, esférica e astigmatismo secundário) sem e com as lentes de contato gelatinosas, bem como na comparação entre elas. CONCLUSÃO: Houve melhor desempenho óptico da lente de contato gelatinosa World Vision Disposable Asférica Wave Front® na medida de AV logMAR de alto contraste. Não houve diferença entre as lentes de contato gelatinosas nas avaliações de acuidade visual logMAR de baixo contraste, sensibilidade...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the optical performance of eyes fitted with two different soft contact lenses: Acuvue® 2 (Vistacon J&J Vision Care Inc., USA) and World Vision Disposable Asférica Wave Front® (World Vision Ophthalmic, Brazil). METHODS: An interventional prospective clinical trial studied a sample of 40 myopic patients (-0.75D to -4.50D, with or without astigmatism up to -0.75D). Each patient had one eye randomized to visual performance evaluation including high and low contrast visual acuities, wavefront analysis and contrast sensitivity. RESULTS: The Nidek OPD Scan detected a residual refraction (hypercorrection) for both contact lenses. High contrast visual acuity was significantly higher for World Vision soft contact lenses. Low contrast visual acuity was similar for both soft contact lenses. Contrast sensitivity improved significantly at 1.5; 3; 6 e 18 spatial frequencies for both soft contact lenses, but no difference was found between them. Regarding wavefront analysis, no difference was found between both soft contact lenses. There were not significantly differences in the Strehl indices and MTF for both soft contact lenses. CONCLUSION: World Vision Disposable Asférica Wave Front® soft contact lenses had a better performance regarding high contrast visual acuity. However, low contrast visual acuity, wavefront analysis and contrast sensitivity were similar for both soft contact lenses.

Hemangioendotelioma kaposiforme e síndrome de Kasabach-Merritt / Kaposiform haemangioendothelioma and Kasabach-Merritt syndrome

OBJETIVO: Descrever a apresentação e a evolução de um caso de hemangioendotelioma kaposiforme complicado por síndrome de Kasabach-Merritt. DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO: Lactente masculino de 45 dias, com febre, irritabilidade e choro, associados ao aparecimento de nodulações em tronco e membros. Evoluiu rapidamente com coagulopatia de consumo e queda do estado geral, necessitando de internação em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (UTIP). Tomografia computadorizada revelou condensações parenquimatosas intra e extrapulmonares compatíveis com hemangiomas múltiplos e ausência de lesões em crânio e abdome. Houve complicação para síndrome Kasabach-Merritt em conseqüência de uma hemangiomatose kaposiforme. Optado por iniciar tratamento conservador, associando terapia de suporte com concentrado de glóbulos vermelhos, criopreciptado, plasma fresco, concentrado de plaquetas e uso das seguintes drogas: ácido tranexâmico e dexametasona. Após 20 dias em UTIP, já se encontrava em bom estado geral, em processo de remissão dos hemangiomas e normalização dos exames laboratoriais, sendo transferido para a enfermaria. Recebeu alta em tratamento com ácido tranexâmico e prednisona, com acompanhamento ambulatorial e laboratorial semanal. COMENTÁRIOS: A doença apresenta curso clínico rápido e grave, com necessidade de diagnóstico e tratamento precoces, para melhor prognóstico e sobrevida.

To describe the clinical presentation of kaposiform hemangioendothelioma that was complicated by Kasabach-Merritt syndrome. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 45-day-old male infant presented fever, irritability and crying associated with the eruption of nodules in trunk and members. Soon after admission, the patient developed a consumptive coagulopathy, requiring admission in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Computed tomography scans showed intra and extrapulmonary condensations suggestive of multiple thoracic hemangiomas, without the central nervous system and abdominal lesions. The diagnosis of Kasabach-Merritt syndrome in consequence of kaposiform hemagioendothelioma was established. Treatment option was conservative, including red blood cells, cryoprecipited, fresh frozen plasma and platelets transfusions associated to tranexamic acid and dexamethasone. After 20 days, patient recovered and he was discharged from PICU with significant remission of the hemangiomas. The child continued to receive tranexamic acid and prednisone at home, with weekly follow-up. COMMENTS: The disease presents quick and severe clinical course. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment are needed to improve the outcome.

Análise espacial da mortalidade perinatal no Vale do Paraíba - São Paulo - Brasil (2004-2008) / Spatial analysis of perinatal mortality in the Paraiba Valley, Sao Paulo, Brazil (2004-2008)

OBJETIVO: Visualizar padrões espaciais de mortalidade perinatal e identificar os municípios com prioridade para intervenção no Vale do Paraíba, São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo ecológico e exploratório utilizando técnica de geoprocessamento com dados do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde sobre mortalidade perinatal no Vale do Paraíba nos anos de 2004 a 2008. Foram obtidas taxas por 1.000 nascimentos e, a partir das distribuições dessas, foram criados mapas temáticos. Foi utilizado o índice de Moran, que estima autocorrelação espacial e foram identificados os municípios com alta prioridade de intervenção pelo diagrama de espalhamento de Moran, representado em forma de box map. Foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman para estudar a variável social IPRS (Índice Paulista de Responsabilidade Social) dos municípios estudados e o coeficiente de mortalidade perinatal. RESULTADOS: No período estudado foram incluídos 141.293 nascidos vivos, com 2244 óbitos perinatais, coeficiente médio de mortalidade de 20,4 (DP 6,8) e mediana de 18,9. O índice de Moran identificou dependência espacial entre os municípios analisados quanto à mortalidade neonatal precoce (p < 0,05), sendo que para a mortalidade fetal e perinatal não houve significância estatística, apesar do mapa de distribuição espacial do coeficiente de mortalidade perinatal ter identificado um aglomerado de municípios com coeficientes mais elevados. Nas variáveis estudadas observamos contribuição maior da gestação na adolescência na mortalidade perinatal. Foram identificados cinco municípios com alta prioridade para intervenções. CONCLUSÃO: A análise espacial foi um instrumento útil para identificar os municípios onde há necessidade de intervenção em relação à mortalidade perinatal...

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to analyze spatial standards of perinatal mortality and identify the priority cities for intervention in the Paraiba Valley, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: This is an ecological and exploratory study using a technique of geoprocessing with data of the Informatics Department of the Single Health System on perinatal mortality in the years of 2004 to 2008. Rates per 1000 births were obtained and, starting from the distribution of these rates, thematic maps were created. The global Moran index, which estimates the spatial autocorrelation was used, and the cities with high priority for intervention were identified according to the Moran scattering diagram, represented in box map. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to study the socioeconomic variable IPRS (Social Responsibility Index of Sao Paulo State) of the cities studied and the perinatal mortality coefficient. RESULTS: During the study period, 141.293 live births were included, with 2244 perinatal deaths, with average coefficient of 20,4 and median of 18,9. The global Moran index was 0,24 (p < 0,05) for early neonatal mortality, demonstrating a spatial autocorrelation among the cities for these coefficient, while fetal and perinatal mortality have no statistical significance, despite the spatial distribution map of perinatal mortality coefficient have identified a cluster of cities with higher coefficients. In the variables studied, we observed a greater contribution of the variable adolescent pregnant. Five cities deserving special attention for future interventions were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The spatial analysis was a useful tool in identifying the cities in which an intervention is necessary regarding the perinatal mortality...