[The body hurts, and what about social pain? Does it hurts too?] / El cuerpo duele, y el dolor social ¿duele también?

This paper studies the concept of «social pain¼ and its relationship with physical pain. An in-depth review of its physiology has been carried out, including similarities and differences in processing with relation to physical pain, as well as the interactions between both processes. Social pain is defined as an unpleasant emotional experience which is triggered when the individual feels excluded or rejected by people or social groups with whom they wish have a relationship. This perceived situation produces the same feelings of suffering as that of physical pain. This kind of pain is processed in the same brain areas as physical pain in its affective dimension. It may be revived mentally, even though the interpersonal conflictive situation may have ended long ago. Both types of pain are sources of stress. The confluence of both situations in the same individual adds complications and more pressure to that which is already exerted separately by both stressing factors. This circumstance must be taken into account when dealing with patients with chronic pain.

Comparative sensitivity of commercial tests for hepatitis E genotype 3 virus antibody detection.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) acute infection is often diagnosed only by anti-HEV IgM ELISA methods, whose sensitivity varies, according to different reports. Reports assessing the specificity of commercial assays for anti-HEV IgG testing are scarce, and estimates of sensitivity and specificity are both controversial. The aim of this work is to assess the sensitivity of different commercial techniques for HEV genotype 3 antibody (anti-HEV) IgM and IgG detection in entirely specific sample panels including both high and low antibody concentrations. The anti-HEV IgM and IgG ELISA methods compared were: DSI, Mikrogen, Wantai, Euroimmun, MP, and Dia.pro. The rapid test All Diag was also included in the anti-HEV IgM comparison. Our results show that low anti-HEV IgM concentrations were better detected by DSI, Mikrogen, and All Diag, these tests being the most sensitive in our study. Euroimmun, MP and Dia.pro gave concordant results, showing lower sensitivity than the others. Regarding anti-HEV IgG our results revealed similar anti-HEV IgG sensitivity. Furthermore, there was a striking overall lack of concordance among the results. We present a thorough review of previous comparative reports, with particular reference to the anti-HEV IgG comparison, since published results differ from ours. This discrepancy may be related to the improved versions of the tests for MP and Dia.pro that we employed.

Efficacy of Manual Therapy and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in Cervical Mobility and Endurance in Subacute and Chronic Neck Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Neck pain is a frequent health problem. Manual therapy (MT) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) are recommended techniques for treatment of mechanical neck disorders (MND) in Spanish Public Primary Care Physiotherapy Services. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of MT versus TENS in active mobility and endurance in cervical subacute or chronic neck pain. Ninety patients with MND were randomly allocated to receive ten 30-min sessions of either MT or TENS, in a multi-centered study through 12 Primary Care Physiotherapy Units in the Madrid community. Active cervical range of motion (CD-ROM) and endurance (Palmer and Epler test) were evaluated pre- and post-intervention and at 6-month follow-up. A generalized linear model of repeated measures was constructed for the analysis of differences. Post-intervention MT yielded a significant improvement in active mobility and endurance in patients with subacute or chronic MND, and at 6-month follow-up the differences were only significant in endurance and in sagittal plane active mobility. In the TENS group, no significant improvement was detected. With regard to other variables, MT improved mobility and endurance more effectively than TENS at post-intervention and at 6-month follow-up in the sagittal plane. Only MT generated significant improvements in cervical mobility and endurance in the three movement planes.

Effectiveness of dry needling for chronic nonspecific neck pain: a randomized, single-blinded, clinical trial.

Chronic neck pain attributed to a myofascial pain syndrome is characterized by the presence of muscle contractures referred to as myofascial trigger points. In this randomized, parallel-group, blinded, controlled clinical trial, we examined the effectiveness of deep dry needling (DDN) of myofascial trigger points in people with chronic nonspecific neck pain. The study was conducted at a public Primary Health Care Centre in Madrid, Spain, from January 2010 to December 2014. A total of 130 participants with nonspecific neck pain presenting with active myofascial trigger points in their cervical muscles were included. These participants were randomly allocated to receive: DDN plus stretching (n = 65) or stretching only (control group [n = 65]). Four sessions of treatment were applied over 2 weeks with a 6-month follow-up after treatment. Pain intensity, mechanical hyperalgesia, neck active range of motion, neck muscle strength, and perceived neck disability were measured at baseline, after 2 sessions of intervention, after the intervention period, and 15, 30, 90, and 180 days after the intervention. Significant and clinically relevant differences were found in favour of dry needling in all the outcomes (all P < 0.001) at both short and long follow-ups. Deep dry needling and passive stretching is more effective than passive stretching alone in people with nonspecific neck pain. The results support the use of DDN in the management of myofascial pain syndrome in people with chronic nonspecific neck pain.

El cuerpo duele, y el dolor social... ¿duele también? / The body hurts, and what about social pain? Does it hurts too?

En este trabajo se habla del concepto de dolor social relacionándolo con el dolor físico, y se hace una revisión profunda sobre su fisiología, vías comunes y diferenciales de procesamiento con el dolor físico, e interacciones entre ambos. El dolor social se define como una experiencia emocional desagradable desencadenada al percibirse el individuo como excluido o rechazado por parte de personas o grupos con los que desea relacionarse, lo que produce los mismos sentimientos de sufrimiento que el dolor físico. Se procesa en las mismas áreas cerebrales que el dolor físico en su dimensión afectiva. Puede revivirse mentalmente, aunque la situación conflictiva interpersonal haya terminado hace tiempo. Ambos tipos de dolor son fuentes de estrés. La confluencia en el sujeto de ambos complica y suma más presión a la que ejercen ambos estresores por separado. Esto debe ser tenido en cuenta a la hora de abordar a pacientes con dolor crónico

This paper studies the concept of «social pain» and its relationship with physical pain. An in-depth review of its physiology has been carried out, including similarities and differences in processing with relation to physical pain, as well as the interactions between both processes. Social pain is defined as an unpleasant emotional experience which is triggered when the individual feels excluded or rejected by people or social groups with whom they wish have a relationship. This perceived situation produces the same feelings of suffering as that of physical pain. This kind of pain is processed in the same brain areas as physical pain in its affective dimension. It may be revived mentally, even though the interpersonal conflictive situation may have ended long ago. Both types of pain are sources of stress. The confluence of both situations in the same individual adds complications and more pressure to that which is already exerted separately by both stressing factors. This circumstance must be taken into account when dealing with patients with chronic pain