Atopic dermatitis, cognitive function and psychiatric comorbidities across early childhood and adolescence in a population-based UK birth cohort.

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) may affect cognitive function, but studies are limited and inconsistent. The effect of AD severity on cognition remains underexplored and few previous studies have examined clinically validated or repeated measures of cognition throughout childhood. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship of AD activity and severity with validated measures of general cognition in a longitudinal birth cohort. METHODS: We conducted cross-sectional analyses using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), a UK cohort of 14 975 individuals followed prospectively since their birth in 1991-92. AD was assessed 11 times between the age of 6 and 166 months. Mothers were asked if their child had an 'itchy, dry skin rash in the joints and creases', and AD status was time-updated accordingly as 'never', 'maybe', 'inactive', 'active/mild' or 'active/moderate-severe'. General cognition [i.e. intelligence quotient (IQ)] was measured at 18, 49, 103 and 186 months of age using the Griffiths Mental Development Scales (GMDS), Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI), respectively. Multivariable linear regression was used to compare IQ with respect to nearest time-updated AD status. Secondary analyses were stratified by the presence or absence of psychiatric or learning disorders. An exploratory longitudinal analysis of IQ across all four outcome assessments was conducted using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: No significant associations between AD status and full-scale IQ scores on the GMDS, WPPSI, WISC and WASI were observed after adjustment for sociodemographic factors, atopic comorbidities and sleep characteristics. However, at 8 years of age, WISC Performance IQ was slightly, although statistically significantly, lower among children with active/moderate-severe AD [ß coefficient -2.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) -4.12 to -0.19] and Verbal IQ was slightly, but statistically significantly, higher among those with inactive AD (ß coefficient 1.31, 95% CI 0.28-2.34) compared with those without AD. Analyses stratified by psychiatric or learning disorders, and exploratory longitudinal analyses of cognition revealed similar findings. CONCLUSIONS: We did not find any clinically meaningful associations between AD activity and severity and general cognitive function during early childhood and adolescence. Future studies should incorporate objective measures of AD severity and investigate outcomes beyond IQ.

Neurodevelopmental and behavioral outcomes of very preterm infants: latent profile analysis in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program.

BACKGROUND: Very preterm infants are at high risk for neurodevelopmental impairments. We used a child-centered approach (latent profile analysis [LPA]) to describe 2-year neurobehavioral profiles for very preterm infants based on cognitive, motor, and behavioral outcomes. We hypothesized that distinct outcome profiles would differ in the severity and co-occurrence of neurodevelopmental and behavioral impairment. METHODS: We studied children born <33 weeks' gestation from the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes Program with at least one neurobehavioral assessment at age 2 (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Child Behavior Checklist, Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, cerebral palsy diagnosis). We applied LPA to identify subgroups of children with different patterns of outcomes. RESULTS: In 2036 children (52% male; 48% female), we found four distinct neurobehavioral profiles. Most children (~85%) were categorized into one of two profiles characterized by no/mild neurodevelopmental delay and a low prevalence of behavioral problems. Fewer children (~15%) fell into one of two profiles characterized by severe neurodevelopmental impairments. One profile consisted of children (5%) with co-occurring neurodevelopmental impairment and behavioral problems. CONCLUSION: Child-centered approaches provide a comprehensive, parsimonious description of neurodevelopment following preterm birth and can be useful for clinical and research purposes. IMPACT: Most research on outcomes for children born very preterm have reported rates of impairment in single domains. Child-centered approaches describe profiles of children with unique combinations of cognitive, motor, and behavioral strengths and weaknesses. We capitalized on data from the nationwide Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes Program to examine these profiles in a large sample of children born <33 weeks gestational age. We found four distinct neurobehavioral profiles consisting of different combinations of cognitive, motor, and behavioral characteristics. This information could aid in the development of clinical interventions that target different profiles of children with unique developmental needs.

Impulsivity profiles across five harmonized longitudinal childhood preventive interventions and associations with adult outcomes.

This study aimed to parse between-person heterogeneity in growth of impulsivity across childhood and adolescence among participants enrolled in five childhood preventive intervention trials targeting conduct problems. In addition, we aimed to test profile membership in relation to adult psychopathologies. Measurement items representing impulsive behavior across grades 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 10, and aggression, substance use, suicidal ideation/attempts, and anxiety/depression in adulthood were integrated from the five trials (N = 4,975). We applied latent class growth analysis to this sample, as well as samples separated into nonintervention (n = 2,492) and intervention (n = 2,483) participants. Across all samples, profiles were characterized by high, moderate, low, and low-increasing impulsive levels. Regarding adult outcomes, in all samples, the high, moderate, and low profiles endorsed greater levels of aggression compared to the low-increasing profile. There were nuanced differences across samples and profiles on suicidal ideation/attempts and anxiety/depression. Across samples, there were no significant differences between profiles on substance use. Overall, our study helps to inform understanding of the developmental course and prognosis of impulsivity, as well as adding to collaborative efforts linking data across multiple studies to better inform understanding of developmental processes.

Demographic and health characteristics associated with fish and n-3 fatty acid supplement intake during pregnancy: results from pregnancy cohorts in the ECHO programme.

OBJECTIVE: n-3 fatty acid consumption during pregnancy is recommended for optimal pregnancy outcomes and offspring health. We examined characteristics associated with self-reported fish or n-3 supplement intake. DESIGN: Pooled pregnancy cohort studies. SETTING: Cohorts participating in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) consortium with births from 1999 to 2020. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 10 800 pregnant women in twenty-three cohorts with food frequency data on fish consumption; 12 646 from thirty-five cohorts with information on supplement use. RESULTS: Overall, 24·6 % reported consuming fish never or less than once per month, 40·1 % less than once a week, 22·1 % 1-2 times per week and 13·2 % more than twice per week. The relative risk (RR) of ever (v. never) consuming fish was higher in participants who were older (1·14, 95 % CI 1·10, 1·18 for 35-40 v. <29 years), were other than non-Hispanic White (1·13, 95 % CI 1·08, 1·18 for non-Hispanic Black; 1·05, 95 % CI 1·01, 1·10 for non-Hispanic Asian; 1·06, 95 % CI 1·02, 1·10 for Hispanic) or used tobacco (1·04, 95 % CI 1·01, 1·08). The RR was lower in those with overweight v. healthy weight (0·97, 95 % CI 0·95, 1·0). Only 16·2 % reported n-3 supplement use, which was more common among individuals with a higher age and education, a lower BMI, and fish consumption (RR 1·5, 95 % CI 1·23, 1·82 for twice-weekly v. never). CONCLUSIONS: One-quarter of participants in this large nationwide dataset rarely or never consumed fish during pregnancy, and n-3 supplement use was uncommon, even among those who did not consume fish.

A Universal Program to Improve Mental Health among Youth from Low-Income Predominantly Minority Communities: Implementation of Advocates 4 ALL Youth (ALLY).

Disparities in mental health care and access to care disproportionately affect youth from minoritized and low-income communities. School-based prevention programs have the potential to offer a non-stigmatized approach to mental health care as well as the ability to reach many students simultaneously. Advocates 4 All Youth (ALLY) is a program developed for 5-6th grade students aimed at improving self-efficacy and resilience via individualized sessions with a trusted adult (ALLYs). The feasibility of delivering ALLY in a racially and minoritized low-income community is discussed and modifications required to implement the program documented. Students completed questionnaires and sessions with an ALLY. Aspects of program delivery deemed feasible included training ALLYs to delivery program, stakeholder buy-in regarding missing class time, and students attending the sessions. Further modifications included adjustments to materials due to lower reading level and health literacy related-educational needs. Programs designed in one demographic setting may not work in a different setting.

Latent Class Analysis of Prenatal Substance Exposure and Child Behavioral Outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: To predict behavioral disruptions in middle childhood, we identified latent classes of prenatal substance use. STUDY DESIGN: As part of the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes Program, we harmonized prenatal substance use data and child behavior outcomes from 2195 women and their 6- to 11-year-old children across 10 cohorts in the US and used latent class-adjusted regression models to predict parent-rated child behavior. RESULTS: Three latent classes fit the data: low use (90.5%; n = 1986), primarily using no substances; licit use (6.6%; n = 145), mainly using nicotine with a moderate likelihood of using alcohol and marijuana; and illicit use (2.9%; n = 64), predominantly using illicit substances along with a moderate likelihood of using licit substances. Children exposed to primarily licit substances in utero had greater levels of externalizing behavior than children exposed to low or no substances (P = .001, d = .64). Children exposed to illicit substances in utero showed small but significant elevations in internalizing behavior than children exposed to low or no substances (P < .001, d = .16). CONCLUSIONS: The differences in prenatal polysubstance use may increase risk for specific childhood problem behaviors; however, child outcomes appeared comparably adverse for both licit and illicit polysubstance exposure. We highlight the need for similar multicohort, large-scale studies to examine childhood outcomes based on prenatal substance use profiles.

Mental health and HIV risk differs by co-occurring structural vulnerabilities among women who sell sex.

Female sex workers (FSW) experience many structural vulnerabilities (SV; e.g., violence, economic insecurity) which contribute to increased risk of HIV and mental distress. However, little research has examined how SV co-occur to shape HIV risk, and none have studied mental distress. Among FSW (n = 385) in Baltimore, Maryland, latent class analysis of five binary indicators (housing insecurity; financial dependence on others; client-perpetrated physical or sexual violence; food insecurity) determined classes of SV and differential HIV risk behavior and mental health outcomes. A 3-class model fit the data best: minimal SV (i.e., low probabilities of all indicators); material needs (i.e., housing, food insecurity); and high SV (i.e., high probability of all indicators). Compared to minimal SV, high SV and material needs had significantly greater adjusted probability of drug injection and poorer adjusted depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and mental distress scores. The high SV class had significantly higher probability of reporting condomless sex with clients compared to material needs and minimal SV. Results show the deleterious effect of co-occurring SV on HIV risk behaviors among FSW with particular emphasis on co-occurring food and housing insecurities. This is the first study of co-occurring SV on mental health outcomes in this key population.

Self-control in first grade predicts success in the transition to adulthood.

Childhood self-control has been linked with better health, criminal justice, and economic outcomes in adulthood in predominately white cohorts outside of the United States. We investigated whether self-control in first grade predicted success in the transition to adulthood in a longitudinal cohort of first graders who participated in a universal intervention trial to prevent poor achievement and reduce aggression in Baltimore schools. We also explored whether the intervention moderated the relationship between self-control and young adult outcomes. Teachers rated self-control using the Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptation-Revised. Study outcomes were on-time high school graduation, college participation, teen pregnancy, substance use disorder, criminal justice system involvement, and incarceration (ages 19-26). Latent profile analysis was used to identify classes of childhood self-control. A high self-control class (n = 279, 48.1%), inattentive class (n = 201, 35.3%), and inattentive/hyperactive class (n = 90, 16.6%) were identified. Children with better self-control were more likely to graduate on time and attend college; no significant class differences were found for teen pregnancy, substance use disorder, criminal justice system involvement, or incarceration. A classroom-based intervention reduced criminal justice system involvement and substance use disorder among children with high self-control. Early interventions to promote child self-control may have long-term individual and social benefits.

A latent class approach to understanding patterns of emotional and behavioral problems among early adolescents across four low- and middle-income countries.

Early adolescents (ages 10-14) living in low- and middle-income countries have heightened vulnerability to psychosocial risks, but available evidence from these settings is limited. This study used data from the Global Early Adolescent Study to characterize prototypical patterns of emotional and behavioral problems among 10,437 early adolescents (51% female) living in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Malawi, Indonesia, and China, and explore the extent to which these patterns varied by country and sex. LCA was used to identify and classify patterns of emotional and behavioral problems separately by country. Within each country, measurement invariance by sex was evaluated. LCA supported a four-class solution in DRC, Malawi, and Indonesia, and a three-class solution in China. Across countries, early adolescents fell into the following subgroups: Well-Adjusted (40-62%), Emotional Problems (14-29%), Behavioral Problems (15-22%; not present in China), and Maladjusted (4-15%). Despite the consistency of these patterns, there were notable contextual differences. Further, tests of measurement invariance indicated that the prevalence and nature of these classes differed by sex. Findings can be used to support the tailoring of interventions targeting psychosocial adjustment, and suggest that such programs may have utility across diverse cross-national settings.

What children do while they wait: The role of self-control strategies in delaying gratification.

Self-control plays an essential role in children's emotional and behavioral adjustment. A central behavioral indicator of self-control is the ability to delay gratification. Few studies have focused on understanding the heterogeneity of self-control behaviors that underlie children's ability to delay gratification. Therefore, we examined the role of spontaneous self-control behaviors (fidgeting, vocalizations, and anticipation/attentional focus toward a reward) in relation to 5-year old children's delay ability using Mischel's delay task (N = 144; Mage = 5.4 years, SD = 0.29). Latent mixture modeling was used to derive three distinct classes of self-control behaviors observed during the delay task: (1) Passive (low fidgeting, low vocalizations, but moderate anticipation), (2) Active (moderate fidgeting, moderate vocalizations, but high anticipation), and (3) Disruptive (high fidgeting, high vocalizations, and high anticipation). Children in the Passive class were more likely to delay the full task time compared with children in the Active class (odds ratio = 1.50, 95 % confidence interval = 1.28-1.81). There were no other differences in delay ability by self-control class. Children whose level of fidgeting and vocalizations matched their level of anticipation (i.e., Passive and Disruptive regulators) were able to delay more successfully than children who were mostly driven by anticipation (Active regulators). Some variation in children's delay ability and use of self-control strategies was explained by sociodemographic differences, specifically maternal age. Findings suggest probing processes underlying children's self-control to identify potential targets for intervention.

Co-Occurring Mental Health Symptoms in Urban Adolescents: Comorbidity Profiles and Correlates.

OBJECTIVE: To identify subgroups of urban youth based on their self- and teacher-reported mental health symptoms, and to explore characteristics of these subgroups. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from 426 eighth-grade students (Mage = 13.22 years; 70.1% Black/African American; 58.7% female) across 20 Baltimore City public schools were analyzed using latent profile analysis and latent regressions. Variables for latent profile analysis included self-reported symptoms (i.e., anxiety, depression, trauma, interpersonal issues, social problems, and behavioral dysfunction) and teacher-reported symptoms (i.e., externalizing, internalizing, and problems in social and emotional competence). Regressions used profile membership to predict trauma exposure, coping mechanisms, and substance use. RESULTS: A 3-profile solution was found from the latent profile analysis. The profile with high student- and teacher-reported symptoms had more trauma exposures, greater use of maladaptive coping mechanisms, and higher substance use. CONCLUSIONS: The current study may help in the identification of urban youth who are at risk of developing multiple co-occurring psychological disorders to target for prevention efforts.

Prenatal Substance Exposure: Associations with Neurodevelopment in Middle Childhood.

OBJECTIVE: Single-substance exposure effects on neurodevelopmental outcomes, such as problem behavior and intelligence quotient (IQ), have been studied in children for decades. However, the long-term consequences of polysubstance exposure are poorly understood. STUDY DESIGN: Longitudinal neurodevelopmental data were gathered from cohorts across the United States through the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Program. Data on prenatal exposure to opioids, nicotine, marijuana, and alcohol were collected from children ages 6 to 11 years (N = 256). Problem behavior was assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (school-age version), and verbal IQ (VIQ) and performance IQ (PIQ) were assessed using the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition. We first identified latent profiles in the overall sample, then evaluated differences in profile membership for children with and without prenatal substance exposure. RESULTS: Latent profile analysis identified two mutually exclusive categories: average VIQ and PIQ, with typical problem behavior, and below-average VIQ with average PIQ and clinically significant problem behavior. Children with prenatal nicotine and polysubstance exposures were more likely to be classified in the below-average VIQ, elevated problem behavior profile compared with children without prenatal nicotine exposure. CONCLUSION: The presence of clinically significant behavior problems in children with average PIQ, but below-average VIQ, could represent a unique endophenotype related to prenatal nicotine exposure in the context of other prenatal substance exposures. KEY POINTS: · The neurodevelopmental consequences of prenatal polysubstance exposure are poorly understood.. · Children with prenatal polysubstance exposure exhibited reduced IQ and elevated problem behavior.. · We found significant behavior problems in children with average PIQ and below-average VIQ.. · This may represent a unique endophenotype related to prenatal nicotine exposure..

Introduction to the Special Issue on Innovations and Applications of Integrative Data Analysis (IDA) and Related Data Harmonization Procedures in Prevention Science.

This paper serves as an introduction to the special issue of Prevention Science entitled, "Innovations and Applications of Integrative Data Analysis (IDA) and Related Data Harmonization Procedures in Prevention Science." This special issue includes a collection of original papers from multiple disciplines that apply individual-level data synthesis methodologies, including IDA, individual participant meta-analysis, and other related methods to harmonize and integrate multiple datasets from intervention trials of the same or similar interventions. This work builds on a series of papers appearing in a prior Prevention Science special issue, entitled "Who Benefits from Programs to Prevent Adolescent Depression?" (Howe, Pantin, & Perrino, 2018). Since the publication of this prior work, the use of individual-level data synthesis has increased considerably in and outside of prevention. As such, there is a need for an update on current and future directions in IDA, with careful consideration of innovations and applications of these methods to fill important research gaps in prevention science. The papers in this issue are organized into two broad categories of (1) evidence synthesis papers that apply best practices in data harmonization and individual-level data synthesis and (2) new and emerging design, psychometric, and methodological issues and solutions. This collection of original papers is followed by two invited commentaries which provide insight and important reflections on the field and future directions for prevention science.

Using Epigenetic Clocks to Characterize Biological Aging in Studies of Children and Childhood Exposures: a Systematic Review.

Biological age, measured via epigenetic clocks, offers a unique and useful tool for prevention scientists to explore the short- and long-term implications of age deviations for health, development, and behavior. The use of epigenetic clocks in pediatric research is rapidly increasing, and there is a need to review the landscape of this work to understand the utility of these clocks for prevention scientists. We summarize the current state of the literature on the use of specific epigenetic clocks in childhood. Using systematic review methods, we identified studies published through February 2023 that used one of three epigenetic clocks as a measure of biological aging. These epigenetic clocks could either be used as a predictor of health outcomes or as a health outcome of interest. The database search identified 982 records, 908 of which were included in a title and abstract review. After full-text screening, 68 studies were eligible for inclusion. While findings were somewhat mixed, a majority of included studies found significant associations between the epigenetic clock used and the health outcome of interest or between an exposure and the epigenetic clock used. From these results, we propose the use of epigenetic clocks as a tool to understand how exposures impact biologic aging pathways and development in early life, as well as to monitor the effectiveness of preventive interventions that aim to reduce exposure and associated adverse health outcomes.

Psychosis Symptom Trajectories Across Childhood and Adolescence in Three Longitudinal Studies: An Integrative Data Analysis with Mixture Modeling.

Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are common throughout childhood, and the presence of these experiences is a significant risk factor for poor mental health later in development. Given the association of PLEs with a broad number of mental health diagnoses, these experiences serve as an important malleable target for early preventive interventions. However, little is known about these experiences across childhood. While these experiences may be common, longitudinal measurement in non-clinical settings is not. Therefore, in order to explore longitudinal trajectories of PLEs in childhood, we harmonized three school-based randomized control trials with longitudinal follow-up to identify heterogeneity in trajectories of these experiences. In an integrative data analysis (IDA) using growth mixture modeling, we identified three latent trajectory classes. One trajectory class was characterized by persistent PLEs, one was characterized by high initial probabilities but improving across the analytic period, and one was characterized by no reports of PLEs. Compared to the class without PLEs, those in the improving class were more likely to be male and have higher levels of aggressive and disruptive behavior at baseline. In addition to the substantive impact this work has on PLE research, we also discuss the methodological innovation as it relates to IDA. This IDA demonstrates the complexity of pooling data across multiple studies to estimate longitudinal mixture models.

Latent classes of aggression and peer victimization: Measurement invariance and differential item functioning across sex, race-ethnicity, cohort, and study site.

Peer victimization is common and linked to maladjustment. Prior research has typically identified four peer victimization subgroups: aggressors, victims, aggressive-victims, and uninvolved. However, findings related to sex and racial-ethnic differences in subgroup membership have been mixed. Using data collected in September of 2002 and 2003, this study conducted confirmatory latent class analysis of a racially-ethnically diverse sample of 5415 sixth graders (49% boys; 50.6% Black; 20.9% Hispanic) representing two cohorts from 37 schools in four U.S. communities to replicate the four subgroups and evaluate measurement invariance of latent class indicators across cohort, sex, race-ethnicity, and study site. Results replicated the four-class solution and illustrated that sociodemographic differences in subgroup membership were less evident after accounting for differential item functioning.

Trajectories of depressive symptoms among mothers of preterm and full-term infants in a national sample.

To examine postpartum depressive symptom trajectories from birth to age 5 and their risk factors in a national sample of mothers of preterm and full-term infants. The racially and ethnically diverse sample comprised 11,320 maternal participants (Mage = 29; SD = 5.9) in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program in the USA with data on newborn gestational age at birth (≥ 22 weeks) and maternal depression symptoms during the first 5 years following childbirth. Growth mixture models determined the number and trajectory of postpartum depression classes among women in the preterm and full-term groups, and we examined predictors of class membership. Five trajectories described depressive symptoms for both groups; however, notable differences were observed. One in 5 mothers of preterm infants developed clinically relevant depressive symptoms over time compared with 1 in 10 mothers of full-term infants. Among women who delivered preterm compared with those who delivered full-term, symptoms were more likely to increase over time and become severe when offspring were older. Distinct subgroups describe mothers' depressive symptom trajectories through 5 years following childbirth. Mild to moderate depressive symptoms may onset or persist for many women beyond the initial postpartum period regardless of newborn gestational age at birth. For women with preterm infants, initially mild symptoms may increase to high levels of severity during the preschool and toddler years.

Adverse childhood experiences and comorbidity in a cohort of people who have injected drugs.

BACKGROUND: Childhood adversity is associated with the onset of harmful adult substance use and related health problems, but most research on adversity has been conducted in general population samples. This study describes the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences in a cohort of people who have injected drugs and examines the association of these adverse experiences with medical comorbidities in adulthood. METHODS: Six hundred fifty three adults were recruited from a 30-year cohort study on the health of people who have injected drugs living in and around Baltimore, Maryland (Median age = 47.5, Interquartile Range = 42.3-52.3 years; 67.3% male, 81.1% Black). Adverse childhood experiences were assessed retrospectively in 2018 via self-report interview. Lifetime medical comorbidities were ascertained via self-report of a provider diagnosis. Multinomial logistic regression with generalized estimating equations was used to examine the association between adversity and comorbid conditions, controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS: Two hundred twelve participants (32.9%) reported 0-1 adverse childhood experiences, 215 (33.3%) reported 2-4, 145 (22.5%) reported 5-9, and 72 (11.1%) reported ≥10. Neighborhood violence was the most commonly reported adversity (48.5%). Individuals with ≥10 adverse childhood experiences had higher odds for reporting ≥3 comorbidities (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.2 - 6.8, p = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Among people who have injected drugs, adverse childhood experiences were common and associated with increased occurrence of self-reported medical comorbidities. Findings highlight the persistent importance of adversity for physical health even in a population where all members have used drugs and there is a high burden of comorbidity.

More than meets the eye: Examining physiological and behavioral regulation during delay of gratification task.

Children continually encounter situations where they must regulate impulsive responses to achieve a goal, requiring both self-control (SC) and delay of gratification. We examined concurrent behavioral SC strategies (fidgeting, vocalizations, anticipation) and physiological regulation (heart rate [HR], respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA]) in 126 children (M (SD) = 5.4 (0.29) years) during a standard delay of gratification task. Latent variable models derived latent SC classes and examined the moderating role of HR/RSA on SC and delay ability. Three classes of SC were identified: passive: low fidgeting and vocalizations, moderate anticipation; active: moderate fidgeting, low vocalizations, and high anticipation; and disruptive: moderate fidgeting, high vocalizations, and high anticipation. Children in the active class had the lowest odds of delaying full task time, compared to children in the passive (OR = 0.67, z = -5.25, p < .001) and disruptive classes (OR = 0.76, z = -2.03, p = .04). RSA changes during the task moderated the relationship between SC class and delay ability for children in the active class (aOR = 0.92, z = -3.1, p < .01). Within the group who struggled to delay gratification (active class), a subset exhibiting appropriate autonomic regulation was able to delay. The findings suggest probing congruency of observed behavioral and unobserved physiological regulation.

The Relationship Between Latinxs' Acculturative Experiences and Mental and Behavioral Disorder in the National Latino and Asian American Study.

Mental and behavioral disorders are among the leading contributors to disability among US-residing Latinxs. When treated as a homogeneous group, important disparities in the prevalence of such disorders among Latinx subgroups (e.g., by ethnic heritage) are obscured. However, Latinxs may also be characterized by their acculturative experiences while living in the USA, such as discrimination, neighborhood context and family conflict. Latent Profile Analysis with distal outcomes was used to estimate differences in psychiatric disorder prevalence across acculturative subgroups. Data from 2,541 Latinx participants (age 18 +) in the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS) were used to estimate differences in the proportion of three categories of DSM-IV disorder: depressive, anxiety and substance use by four latent subgroups of Latinxs based on their acculturative experiences. Latinxs reporting more positive acculturative experiences had the lowest prevalence of all three disorders (14.8%, 13.6% and 7.1%, respectively). Those whose lives were characterized by high levels of family conflict and discrimination combined with low levels of social cohesion and neighborhood safety had the highest disorder prevalence (34.0%, 26.6% and 22.5%; all p < 0.01 compared to positive experiences subgroup). Latinxs with moderate levels of discrimination and conflict, along with those with high conflict and cohesion, were better off as compared to those with high negative experiences and low cohesion. These latent subgroups of Latinxs according to their acculturative experiences hold important implications for identifying high-risk groups for developing a psychiatric disorder. Findings also point to the protective role of family and neighborhood cohesion when facing high levels of adversity, which may inform prevention and intervention efforts.