Subthalamic nucleus stimulation reverses spinal motoneuron activity in parkinsonian patients.

Although a cardinal symptom of Parkinsonian disease, up to now, rigidity has been investigated much less than spasticity in hemiplegic patients. Many pathophysiological mechanisms may at least theoretically contribute to Parkinsonian rigidity, from altered viscoelastic muscle properties to inability of parkinsonian patients to relax. However, as demonstrated many years ago, motoneuron responses to muscle afferent volleys are involved in rigidity since afferent volleys are suppressed after dorsal root section. To our knowledge, homosynaptic depression (i.e. the fact that motoneuron responses to Ia afferent volleys exhibit a frequency-related depression) has not been studied in parkinsonian disease, despite the fact that in spastic patients, changes in homosynaptic depression are significantly correlated at wrist and ankle levels with the severity of spasticity. Thus, in the present series of experiments, we investigated in parkinsonian patients with chronic implantation of both subthalamic motor nuclei, the amount of homosynaptic depression at wrist and ankle levels on and off deep brain stimulation. Off deep brain stimulation, the frequency-related depression disappeared, the patients became rigid and the amount of homosynaptic depression was significantly correlated with the severity of rigidity. On deep brain stimulation, the frequency-related depression was restored and the rigidity suppressed, suggesting that homosynaptic depression is one of the mechanisms underlying rigidity in Parkinson's disease. Moreover, the unexpected finding that changes in the rigidity score and the amount of homosynaptic depression are time-locked to the onset of deep brain stimulation leads us to reconsider the mechanisms underlying changes in homosynaptic depression.

[Brain biopsy in systemic diseases]. / La biopsie cérébrale dans les maladies systémiques.

In systemic diseases, brain biopsy is an exceptional diagnostic procedure which must be restricted to those rare forms involving only the central nervous system, at least clinically, and when a treatable disease is suspected the treatment of which requires a precise histological diagnosis. According to the clinical presentation and radiological appearance, an open biopsy or a stereotactic biopsy under radiological control will be proposed. In this paper, will be reviewed the indications and neuropathological findings in systemic amyloidoses extending to the central nervous system, cerebral angiitis, sarcoidosis, Whipple's disease, Langerhans'cell as well as non-Langerhans'cell systemic histiocytoses and paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis.