Comprehensive database of HIV mutations selected during antiretroviral in vitro passage experiments.

BACKGROUND: In vitro passage experiments are crucial to the development of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. METHODS: We created an online database containing data from 102 published studies in which HIV-1 or HIV-2 was cultured with increasing concentrations of the FDA-approved nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs), nonnucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs), integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), capsid inhibitor (CAI) lenacapavir, and nucleoside RT translocation inhibitor (NRTTI) islatravir. We summarized the mutations selected in the subset of passage experiments with NRTIs lamivudine (3TC), emtricitabine (FTC), abacavir (ABC), tenofovir (TFV), and zidovudine (AZT), NNRTIs doravirine (DOR), efavirenz (EFV), and rilpivirine (RPV), INSTIs bictegravir (BIC), cabotegravir (CAB), and dolutegravir (DTG), and PIs atazanavir (ATV), darunavir (DRV), and lopinavir (LPV). Mutations selected in vitro were compared with those selected in persons receiving the same ARV. RESULTS: Twenty-seven studies described 89 experiments of wildtype isolates passaged with 3TC, FTC, ABC, TFV, or AZT; sixteen studies described 89 experiments passaged with EFV, RPV, or DOR; eleven studies described 76 experiments passaged with the INSTIs BIC, CAB, or DTG; six studies described 33 experiments passaged with ATV, LPV, or DRV. With several exceptions, mutations selected in two or more experiments were among the most common mutations selected in persons receiving the same ARV. CONCLUSIONS: We created a database of published ARV in vitro selection experiments. Mutations emerging from these experiments generally predict those observed in persons receiving the same ARV. However, there are notable differences in mutation frequencies between in vitro and in vivo settings.

Genome-wide association analysis of composite sleep health scores in 413,904 individuals.

Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of several individual sleep traits have identified hundreds of genetic loci, suggesting diverse mechanisms. Moreover, sleep traits are moderately correlated, and together may provide a more complete picture of sleep health, while also illuminating distinct domains. Here we construct novel sleep health scores (SHSs) incorporating five core self-report measures: sleep duration, insomnia symptoms, chronotype, snoring, and daytime sleepiness, using additive (SHS-ADD) and five principal components-based (SHS-PCs) approaches. GWASs of these six SHSs identify 28 significant novel loci adjusting for multiple testing on six traits (p<8.3e-9), along with 341 previously reported loci (p<5e-08). The heritability of the first three SHS-PCs equals or exceeds that of SHS-ADD (SNP-h2=0.094), while revealing sleep-domain-specific genetic discoveries. Significant loci enrich in multiple brain tissues and in metabolic and neuronal pathways. Post GWAS analyses uncover novel genetic mechanisms underlying sleep health and reveal connections to behavioral, psychological, and cardiometabolic traits.

A Large-Scale Genome-Wide Study of Gene-Sleep Duration Interactions for Blood Pressure in 811,405 Individuals from Diverse Populations.

Although both short and long sleep duration are associated with elevated hypertension risk, our understanding of their interplay with biological pathways governing blood pressure remains limited. To address this, we carried out genome-wide cross-population gene-by-short-sleep and long-sleep duration interaction analyses for three blood pressure traits (systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressure) in 811,405 individuals from diverse population groups. We discover 22 novel gene-sleep duration interaction loci for blood pressure, mapped to genes involved in neurological, thyroidal, bone metabolism, and hematopoietic pathways. Non-overlap between short sleep (12) and long sleep (10) interactions underscores the plausibility of distinct influences of both sleep duration extremes in cardiovascular health. With several of our loci reflecting specificity towards population background or sex, our discovery sheds light on the importance of embracing granularity when addressing heterogeneity entangled in gene-environment interactions, and in therapeutic design approaches for blood pressure management.

A Large-Scale Genome-Wide Study of Gene-Sleep Duration Interactions for Blood Pressure in 811,405 Individuals from Diverse Populations.

Although both short and long sleep duration are associated with elevated hypertension risk, our understanding of their interplay with biological pathways governing blood pressure remains limited. To address this, we carried out genome-wide cross-population gene-by-short-sleep and long-sleep duration interaction analyses for three blood pressure traits (systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressure) in 811,405 individuals from diverse population groups. We discover 22 novel gene-sleep duration interaction loci for blood pressure, mapped to 23 genes. Investigating these genes' functional implications shed light on neurological, thyroidal, bone metabolism, and hematopoietic pathways that necessitate future investigation for blood pressure management that caters to sleep health lifestyle. Non-overlap between short sleep (12) and long sleep (10) interactions underscores the plausible nature of distinct influences of both sleep duration extremes in cardiovascular health. Several of our loci are specific towards a particular population background or sex, emphasizing the importance of addressing heterogeneity entangled in gene-environment interactions, when considering precision medicine design approaches for blood pressure management.