A case report of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in a 23-year-old female with acute psychiatric symptoms.

Key Clinical Message: Prompt identification and management of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis in young patients with acute psychiatric symptoms, seizures, and neurological deficits are crucial. Timely immunomodulatory therapy is essential for positive outcomes and minimizing long-term complications. High suspicion for this rare disorder is necessary for timely diagnosis and optimal care. Abstract: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is characterized by the presence of antibodies against the NMDA receptor, a crucial component of synaptic signaling. This autoimmune disorder often manifests with psychiatric symptoms, seizures, and neurological deficits. Early diagnosis is essential, as delayed treatment can result in severe complications. In this case, the patient received corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), leading to a successful recovery with no lingering neurological abnormalities. The prompt initiation of treatment highlights the importance of recognizing this condition early. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is a rare autoimmune disorder that presents with a range of neurological symptoms. In this case report, we highlight the significance of early recognition and treatment by discussing the emergency room visit of a 23-year-old woman who presented with acute-onset agitation, disorientation, and seizures. A 23-year-old woman, presented to the emergency room with acute-onset agitation, disorientation, and seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans revealed temporal lobe signal alterations and electroencephalogram (EEG) showed widespread activity slowing. Importantly, anti-NMDA receptor antibodies were detected in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid, confirming the diagnosis of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. This case report underscores the significance of understanding the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Timely recognition and intervention are crucial for achieving favorable outcomes in patients with this rare but clinically important autoimmune disorder. Increased awareness among healthcare professionals is essential to ensure early diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate treatment strategies.

Lateral medullary syndrome: an unwanted ischemia to identify early

Lateral medullary syndrome also referred to asWallenberg syndrome, posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) syndrome, orvertebral artery syndrome is a cluster of neurological symptoms and signs brought on by obstructions in the blood vessels supplying the medulla, which causes ischemia or infarction of the brainstem. The vertebral artery or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery are the arteries most frequently affected with lateral medullary syndrome. The most prevalent symptom istransient ischemic attack (TIA) with dizziness or vertigo andatherosclerosis in the posterior cerebral circulationbeingthe most common cause. Lateral Medullary Syndrome patients sufferfrom strokes or infarction and alsopresentwith vomiting,nausea, gait impairment, instability, hoarseness, and swallowing difficulties. Depending on the particular nuclei and fibersinvolved, different indications will appear. CT/MRI imaging is used to diagnose conditions. The majority of management is supportive, including risk factor reduction for additional ischemia events as well as speech and occupational therapy following an acute intervention. In this review article, we discuss the etiopathogenesis and factors leading to lateral medullary syndrome along with a comprehensive discussion on its clinical features, challenges in diagnosis, and treatment.