A mouse model of adult-onset multiple system atrophy.

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterized by autonomic failure in addition to various combinations of symptoms of parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, and pyramidal dysfunction. Despite extensive research, the mechanisms underlying the progression of MSA remain unknown. Animal models of human diseases that recapitulate their clinical, biochemical and pathological features are indispensable for increasing our understanding of their underlying molecular mechanisms, which allows preclinical studies to be advanced. Because the onset of MSA occurs in middle age, an animal model that first manifests abnormal protein aggregates in adulthood would be most appropriate. We therefore used the Cre-loxP system to express inducible α-synuclein (Syn), a major component of the pathological hallmark of MSA, to generate a mouse model of MSA. Beginning in adulthood, these MSA model mice express excessive levels of Syn in oligodendrocytes, resulting in abnormal Syn accumulation and modifications similar to those observed in human MSA pathology. Additionally, MSA model mice exhibit some clinical features of MSA, including decreased motor activity. These findings suggest that this new mouse model of MSA represents a useful tool for analyzing the pathophysiological alterations that underlie the progression of this disease.

Trehalose intake and exercise upregulate a glucose transporter, GLUT8, in the brain.

Physical exercise influences cognitive function through a cascade of cellular processes that promote angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Autophagy is a cellular degradation system that is capable of producing energy in response to various conditions such as starvation, physical exercise and several treatments. Our previous report demonstrated that a disaccharide, trehalose, induced autophagy in the brain and reduced the levels of potentially toxic proteins. To achieve more efficient induction of autophagy in the brain, in this study, we examined the effect of disaccharide intake combined with exercise on autophagy in vivo. Consistent with the results of previous studies, our biochemical analyses demonstrated that trehalose increased the level of lipidated LC3 (LC3II) in the brain and liver of adult mice. However, contrary to our expectation, treadmill exercise reduced the level of LC3II in the brain and liver. Interestingly, glycogen storage was preserved in the liver of trehalose-intake mice even after exercise. Moreover, the trehalose transporter GLUT8 was increased in the liver by trehalose or in the brain by trehalose together with exercise. In contrast, the level of GLUT4 remained stable in the liver and brain even after exercise. These findings suggest that trehalose and GLUT8 coordinately contribute to energy supply in the brain.

Studies on infectious coryza of chickens. I. Cultural biochemical and serological characteristics of 17 strains of Haemophilus isolated in Brazil / Estudo sobre a coriza infecciosa das galinhas. I. Caracteres culturais, bioquímicos e sorológicos de 17 amostras de Haemophilus isoladas no Brasil

Seventeen strains of organisms of the genus Haemophilus were isolated from the infra-orbital sinuses of chickens with clinical symptoms of infectious coryza. The isolates grew well in the Agar-20 medium and in the CMI20 liquid medium supplemented with 5 per cent chicken serum and 2 per cent yeast extract. These organisms required factor V but not factor X for growth in Agar-20 medium. No growth was obtained in serial passages in Agar-20 medium in aerobic conditions. Staphylococcus aureus was used as feeding culture for isolation purposes. All strains were catalase and indol negative. None produced indol, H2S and gas or liquefied gelatin. All reduced nitrates to nitrites and were Gram negative, immotile and presented bipolarity. All fermented glucose, mannose, fructose, saccharose and dextrin but not arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, lactose, trehalose, raffinose, inulin, adonitol, dulcitol, inositol and salicin. A few fermented xylose, maltose, mannitol and sorbitol. Nine strains were studied serologically and divided into two groups. All strains of one serological group fermented xylose while none of the other group did it. Sinse all strains studied did not require factor X but only factor V they should be classified as Haemophilus paragallinarum, BIBERSTEIN e WHITE, 1969.

Dezessete amostras de organismos do gênero Haemophilus isoladas de galinhas com sintomas clínicos de coriza infecciosa foram obtidas do seio infra-orbitário de aves com infecção natural. Os organismos cresceram bem no meio Ágar-20 e no meio líquido CMI-20 suplementado com 5% de soro de galinha e 2% de extrato de fermento. Esses organismos microaerófilos exigiam o fator V mas não o fator X. Cinco amostras exigiram soro de galinha além do fator V para o crescimento no meio Ágar-20. Não houve crescimento em passagens seriadas no meio Agar-20 em condições aerobiose. O Staphylococcus aureus foi usado como cultura alimentadora nos isolamentos. Todas as amostras eram catalase e indol negativas. Nenhuma delas produziu indol, H2S ou gás nem liquidez a gelatina. Todas reduziram nitratos a nitritos. Eram Gram negativas, imóveis e apresentavam bipolaridade. Todas fermentaram glucose, manose, frutose, sacarose e destrina mas não fermentaram arabinose, ramnose, galactose,lactose, trealose, rafinose, inulina, adonitol, dulcito, inositole salicina. Algumas fermentaram xilose, maltose, manitol e sorbitol. Quinze amostras isoladas foram estudadas sorologicamente e divididas em dois grupos. Oito das amostras representando um tipo sorológico fermentaram a xilose mas sete representando um segundo tipo sorológico deixaram de fazê-lo. Os resultados dos estudos coincidiram bastante com os de outros au

Studies on infectious coryza of chickens. I. Cultural biochemical and serological characteristics of 17 strains of Haemophilus isolated in Brazil / Estudo sobre a coriza infecciosa das galinhas. I. Caracteres culturais, bioquímicos e sorológicos de 17 amostras de Haemophilus isoladas no Brasil

Seventeen strains of organisms of the genus Haemophilus were isolated from the infra-orbital sinuses of chickens with clinical symptoms of infectious coryza. The isolates grew well in the Agar-20 medium and in the CMI20 liquid medium supplemented with 5 per cent chicken serum and 2 per cent yeast extract. These organisms required factor V but not factor X for growth in Agar-20 medium. No growth was obtained in serial passages in Agar-20 medium in aerobic conditions. Staphylococcus aureus was used as feeding culture for isolation purposes. All strains were catalase and indol negative. None produced indol, H2S and gas or liquefied gelatin. All reduced nitrates to nitrites and were Gram negative, immotile and presented bipolarity. All fermented glucose, mannose, fructose, saccharose and dextrin but not arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, lactose, trehalose, raffinose, inulin, adonitol, dulcitol, inositol and salicin. A few fermented xylose, maltose, mannitol and sorbitol. Nine strains were studied serologically and divided into two groups. All strains of one serological group fermented xylose while none of the other group did it. Sinse all strains studied did not require factor X but only factor V they should be classified as Haemophilus paragallinarum, BIBERSTEIN e WHITE, 1969.

Dezessete amostras de organismos do gênero Haemophilus isoladas de galinhas com sintomas clínicos de coriza infecciosa foram obtidas do seio infra-orbitário de aves com infecção natural. Os organismos cresceram bem no meio Ágar-20 e no meio líquido CMI-20 suplementado com 5% de soro de galinha e 2% de extrato de fermento. Esses organismos microaerófilos exigiam o fator V mas não o fator X. Cinco amostras exigiram soro de galinha além do fator V para o crescimento no meio Ágar-20. Não houve crescimento em passagens seriadas no meio Agar-20 em condições aerobiose. O Staphylococcus aureus foi usado como cultura alimentadora nos isolamentos. Todas as amostras eram catalase e indol negativas. Nenhuma delas produziu indol, H2S ou gás nem liquidez a gelatina. Todas reduziram nitratos a nitritos. Eram Gram negativas, imóveis e apresentavam bipolaridade. Todas fermentaram glucose, manose, frutose, sacarose e destrina mas não fermentaram arabinose, ramnose, galactose,lactose, trealose, rafinose, inulina, adonitol, dulcito, inositole salicina. Algumas fermentaram xilose, maltose, manitol e sorbitol. Quinze amostras isoladas foram estudadas sorologicamente e divididas em dois grupos. Oito das amostras representando um tipo sorológico fermentaram a xilose mas sete representando um segundo tipo sorológico deixaram de fazê-lo. Os resultados dos estudos coincidiram bastante com os de outros au