Outcomes of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer in Children and Adolescents at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah.

Objective Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is rare in the pediatric population, with most data from the Western world. We aimed to describe the clinical presentation, treatment intervention, histopathological characteristics, complications, follow-up, and response to treatment in 17 patients with DTC at or below the age of 20 years. Interventions This was a retrospective cohort study at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. We included patients aged younger than 20 years with DTC. Total or near-total thyroidectomy was performed in 82% of the patients, central and/or lateral neck dissection in 35% of cases, and radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation in 76% of cases. Results The study included 17 patients (14 females), with a median age of 16 years at the time of diagnosis. Thyroid nodules were the main complaint in 88% of the patients. Thyroid ultrasonography was the main method for the initial evaluation. Papillary cancer was the most common type of tumor, and lymph node spread was found in 82% of the patients. Moreover, 40% of the patients exhibited excellent responses to therapy, with 35% showing indeterminate results. Only 23.5% of the patients developed hypocalcemia postoperatively. Conclusions Classical papillary thyroid carcinoma was the predominant histopathological type, and most patients showed excellent responses to therapy, followed by indeterminate in most of the cases. The most common presentation was a neck nodule, signifying the role of thorough physical neck examinations. Finally, recurrence occurred in a minority of patients. However, none of these patients died.

Association between neurological and rheumatological manifestations in vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D levels.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the associations between the neurological manifestations of vitamin D deficiency and bone profile as well as the levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. METHODOLOGY: We conducted a case series on patients with vitamin D deficiency who were followed up at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah between January 2010 and December 2011. We collected patients' demographic data and gathered information on etiological factors for vitamin D deficiency as well as clinical presentations (typical, neurological and rheumatological) and radiological findings. The t-test was used to determine whether there was an association between the neurological manifestations of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D levels and bone profile. RESULTS: We enrolled 60 patients with vitamin D deficiency. Of these, 44 (73.3%) had neurological presentations, namely progressive muscle weakness and proximal weakness, which was observed more often than distal weakness. In addition, gait disturbances were observed in 61.7% of all patients with neurological and rheumatological presentations. There was no significant association between neurological and rheumatological manifestations and bone profile or vitamin D levels. We found a significant association between difficulty in walking and the levels of serum calcium and phosphate (P = 0.043 and 0.037, respectively). CONCLUSION: Neurological and rheumatologic manifestations of vitamin D deficiency are not associated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels or bone profile.

Pseudotumor cerebri and prolactin secreting pituitary adenoma. Association or coincidence?

The occurrence of pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) and hyperprolactinemia related to a prolactinoma are extremely rare, and the link between these pathologies has not been examined adequately in the post-MRI era. We report a patient with a small intrasellar prolactinoma who also developed PTC. Magnetic resonance venography did not show any evidence of compression of the cavernous or any other sinuses. She initially responded to treatment with acetazolamide and cabergoline. However 9 months later, her PTC symptoms recurred despite a normal serum prolactin level and a mild reduction of the pituitary tumor size on MRI. She improved after a lumboperitoneal shunt. We conclude that the findings in our patient do not support an association between PTC and hyperprolactinemia or prolactinoma. However, the case supports the need for clinicians to consider the diagnosis of PTC when patients with small pituitary lesions exhibit raised intracranial pressure features.

Clinical features and therapeutic outcomes of patients with acromegaly in Saudi Arabia: a retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Acromegaly is a rare disease resulting in clinical sequelae with significant morbidity and mortality due to the central tumor mass effect and prolonged growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion. OBJECTIVES: The goal is to describe the epidemiology, clinical features, presence of comorbidities, and treatment outcomes of acromegaly in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: Data was collected through a retrospective review of the charts of all patients diagnosed with acromegaly from nine major hospitals in Saudi Arabia over a period of more than 25 years. RESULTS: A total of 195 patients (116 males and 79 females), with a mean age at diagnosis of 43 ± 12 (males) and 46 ± 14 years (females), from nine major hospitals were identified and included in the analysis. All cases were caused by pituitary adenomas, of which 92.4% were macroadenomas. Headache, coarse facial features, acral growth, and sweating/oily skin were by far the most frequent presenting complaints. The most common comorbidities were diabetes mellitus (51.7%), followed by hypertension (50%) and visual field defect (30.5%). The vast majority (95%) of patients were treated surgically (98%). Twenty-four percent also received radiotherapy, and 74.4% received medical therapy. When stringent criteria were applied for assessment of outcomes of therapy, 28.7% of the patients were cured and 30.1% had their disease under control, while 28.7% were found to have active disease despite receiving multimodal therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the need for a national acromegaly registry to enable early identification, evaluation, and selection of the best therapeutic approaches to improve the outcome and remission rate of the disease.

Diabetes insipidus following neurosurgery at a university hospital in Western Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVES: To review the incidence, spectrum of clinical manifestation, course, risk factors, as well as treatment of diabetes insipidus (DI) following neurosurgery of the pituitary gland. METHODS: The files of 24 patients that underwent neurosurgery for sellar lesions, or tumor near the hypothalamus or pituitary gland at the Department of Neurosurgery, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were retrospectively reviewed between January 2011 to December 2014. A total of 24 patients were studied, and were divided into 2 groups namely; DI and non-DI. Patient characteristics were studied using descriptive statistics. The differences in proportion between the 2 groups were found out using Z-test for proportion in 2 populations. The mean differences in the hormonal abnormalities for the 2 groups were assessed using independent t-test. All statistics are considered statistically significant when p less than 0.05. RESULTS: During hospitalization, 13 (54.2%) out of 24 patient that underwent neurosurgery had manifestations of DI, which was transient in 5 (38.8%) and permanent in 8 (61.2%). The DI subgroup contained higher prevalence of prolactinoma, craniopharyngioma, pre-operative panhypopituitarism, and macroadenoma in MRI imaging and transphenoidal surgery. Furthermore, urine osmolality was significantly lower in the DI group post-operatively with a significant p=0.023. It was recognized that the permanent DI documented more significant numbers than other studies. CONCLUSION: In our study group, it was recognized that permanent DI meant that our patients needed desmopressin for more than 3 months, which documented a more significant number than other studies.

Pheochromocytoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma.

A 53-year-old woman presented with labile and difficult to control hypertension on 3 different anti-hypertensive medications. Abdominal computed tomography and ultrasonography of the thyroid gland showed a 1.8 cm thyroid nodule. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid nodule revealed papillary thyroid carcinoma. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone and free thyroxine, calcitonin, carcinoembryonic antigen, intact parathyroid hormone, and calcium levels were within normal limits. A 24-hour urine metanephrine showed significant elevation in urine metanephrine of approximately 3 times the upper limit of normal, and the result of 131I-metaiodobenzyleguanjdjne (131I-MIBG) scintigraphy confirmed that the adrenal mass was pheochromocytoma. Right adrenalectomy and total thyroidectomy were performed. The final pathology was pheochromocytoma and papillary thyroid carcinoma. An analysis of c-ret porto-oncogene mutation yielded a negative result. This unusual association of 2 tumors represents a new entity.