Complete duplication of the urinary bladder: An extremely rare congenital anomaly.

A case of complete bladder duplication with urethra duplication, diphallus, anorectal malformation and rightsided renal agensis with ipsilateral gonadal agenesisis was reported because of its rarity. Possible deranged embryology resulting in these anomalies has been reviewed with relevant hypothesis. The patient underwent several investigations and undergoing multistage surgical intervention.

Achalasia cardia in infants: report of two cases.

Achalasia cardia is a neuromuscular disorder of unknown etiology involving the body of the esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter (LES). It is characterized by aperistalsis of the body of the esophagus and failure of relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter. It usually affects patients between the ages of 30 and 60 years. It is unusual in childhood and extremely rare in infants. We report two cases of achalasia cardia in infants. Both cases were treated with open Heller's esophagocardiomyotomy with anti-reflux procedure.

Perineal accessory scrotum with congenital lipoma: a rare case report.

A case of accessory scrotum in a 1-year-old boy is reported because of its rarity. A boy presented with a tumor mass attached with scrotum-like skin on its tip in the right side of perineum between the scrotum and anus. Both testes had descended into the scrotum. There was no other urological anomaly. Histological findings of the tumor indicated perineal lipoma, and the scrotum-like portion accessory scrotum. An overview of sequences during the normal development of male external genitalia has been provided and the deranged mechanism resulting in this anomaly has been reviewed with hypothesis regarding etiology of accessory scrotum.

Herniation of a broad ligament dermoid cyst through sciatic foramen--a rare cause of gluteal swelling.

A 35-year-old lady presented with a slowly growing lump in her left buttock. Examination revealed a soft, partly reducible swelling having expansile impulse on coughing. CT scan and real time ultrasound showed it to be an extension of intrapelvic cystic space occupying lesion. At laparotomy, the cyst was found to be arising in between two layers of broad ligament and leaving the pelvis through greater sciatic foramen. Contents of the cyst were cheesy material and hair. Histopathological examination of the cyst wall confirmed the diagnosis. As such, sciatic hernia is a very rare surgical entity. Over and above, herniation of a dermoid cyst arising in the broad ligament is also an equally rare event.