Patient follow-up after discharge from the paediatric intensive care unit: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Most children admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) now survive because of improvements in care. Many studies have identified the psychological, functional, cognitive and social impact of PICU admission on a child and their family. However, expert recommendations on follow-up are lacking. AIM: To identify the strategies of clinical follow-up after PICU discharge performed from 2001 to 2021. STUDY DESIGN: This scoping review was undertaken between January and April 2021 using three databases: PubMed, EMBASE and CINAHL. The search strategy consisted of a combination of keywords, including PICU, post-PICU discharge and follow-up in articles published between 2001 and 2021. The results are reported according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. RESULTS: Six-hundred and fifty-two articles were identified and 68 were analysed. Median age was 4.5 years and the two main reasons for PICU admission were cardiorespiratory failure and sepsis. Median length of PICU stay was 8 days. Most follow-up was carried out by research units (88%), while 6% of studies reported follow-up by a multidisciplinary PICU team. The most common follow-up schedule included an assessment at PICU discharge, and then at 3, 6 and 12 months. Follow-up for >1 year was reported in 20% of studies. One third of studies focused on follow-up quality of life and neurological outcomes. Parental emotional impact was assessed in 7% of studies. CONCLUSION: Follow-up after PICU discharge was highly heterogeneous regarding timing, health care professionals involved and assessment methods. There is an urgent need for standardization and coordination of PICU follow-up because of the increasing number of patients impacted by a PICU stay. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Although most patients admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) now survive; they may develop paediatric post-intensive care syndrome (PICS-P). To our knowledge, there are currently no clinical guidelines regarding follow-up after PICU discharge. This review summarizes current approaches to follow-up after PICU discharge, including how it is carried out, who is involved and what the main aims of assessment are.

Assessing fluid balance in critically ill pediatric patients.

UNLABELLED: Monitoring fluid balance (FB) in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) is crucial to assess fluid overload. Pediatric intensivists (PI) frequently use the fluid intake minus output (FIMO) or FIMO with adjustments for insensible fluid loss (AFIMO). However, the accuracy of FIMO/AFIMO has never been tested in critically ill children. We designed a prospective, monocentric cohort study in a PICU of a university hospital. Body weight (BW) was measured in all children consecutively admitted to PICU and 24 h later. Every 12 h, the nurses calculated FIMO/AFIMO. Time burden and convenience of each procedure (median; [interquartile range]) were recorded and compared using a Wilcoxon test. Data were analysed using linear regression (r (2) coefficient) and the Bland-Altman plot (mean difference ± standard deviation; absolute mean difference), with a 300-ml variation of FB considered clinically relevant. Sixty consecutive patients, 304-day [39-1,565] old with admission weight of 9.2 kg [4.4-17.8] were included. Although correlations between FIMO/AFIMO and BW changes (BWC) were strong (r (2) FIMO = 0.63, p < 0.0001 and r (2) AFIMO = 0.72, p < 0.0001, respectively), agreement between FIMO/AFIMO and BWC were over 300 mL (-0.305 ± 0.451, 0.382 L and -0.007 ± 0.447, 0.302 L, respectively). No significant differences were noted between FIMO/AFIMO and BWC measurements for time burden (5 min [5-10] vs. 5 min [5-10], p = 0.84) or convenience (1 min [1-2] vs. 1 min [0-1.3], p = 0.13). CONCLUSION: Because agreement between FIMO/AFIMO and BWC is poor during the first 24 h after admission into PICU, PIs may reserve FIMO/AFIMO to monitor FB in patients with absolute contraindications of BW measurements.

Fluoroquinolones in pediatrics: review of hospital prescription use over 2 years.

OBJECTIVE: Numerous studies have shown that the tolerance of children to fluoroquinolones (FQs) is satisfactory, and some indications have been recently agreed upon. However, vigilance is required when prescribing FQ to children. The aim of our study was to describe the prescription of FQs to children hospitalized in our hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a chart retrospective observational study at the Robert-Debré teaching Hospital between January 2009 and December 2010. Data was collected about patients (name, sex, weight, age) and prescribed treatments (indication, international nonproprietary names, dose, number of doses per day, administration route). Quality of collected data was assessed by analyzing the clinical files of 32 randomly selected patients. RESULTS: We analyzed data for 397 patients (3 days - 18 years old and 640 g - 115 kg). Ciprofloxacin was prescribed for 382 patients (96%), ofloxacin for 10 patients (3%), and levofloxacin for 5 patients (1%). Febrile neutropenia was the most common indication (108 patients, i.e., 27%), followed by inflammatory bowel disease (50 patients, 13%). Doses conformed to recommendations for 88% of the patients. Analysis of the 32 cases indicated an overall compliance percentage of 94.4%. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to collect so much data on FQ prescriptions for hospitalized children. Use in practice went beyond the licensed indication. Doses were consistent with those for recommended indications.

[Pediatric necrotizing soft-tissue infections]. / Infections cutanées nécrosantes de l'enfant.

PEDIATRIC NECROTIZING SOFT-TISSUE INFECTIONS. Necrotizing soft-tissue infections (NSTI) include necrotizing forms of fasciitis, myositis, and cellulitis. In children, these are extremely rare conditions with an estimated annual incidence of less than 0.1/100,000 patients aged 0-18 years in France. Nevertheless, the evolution can be very serious (6% mortality, higher than the mortality observed in paediatric intensive care units [PICU]), whereas the initial local symptoms are poor and can be falsely reassuring. The monitoring of a skin infection must be close in order not to ignore the evolution towards a NSTI. In this case, prompt transfer to a PICU with all the necessary technical facilities and used to the management of these rare conditions must be done. Early initiation of antibiotic treatment and aggressive haemodynamic resuscitation according to the latest Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines should be a priority. The paediatric surgeon should be called upon as soon as clinical suspicion arises and participate in the frequent clinical reassessment to determine the optimal time to perform the surgical treatment.

INFECTIONS CUTANÉES NÉCROSANTES DE L'ENFANT. Les infections cutanées nécrosantes comprennent les dermo- hypodermites bactériennes nécrosantes (DHBN) et les fasciites nécrosantes (FN). Chez l'enfant, ce sont des pathologies extrêmement rares, avec une incidence annuelle en France estimée inférieure à 0,1/100 000 patients âgés de 0 à 18 ans. Néanmoins, leur évolution peut être gravissime (mortalité de 6 %, supérieure à la mortalité observée habituellement dans les unités de réanimation pédiatrique [URP]) alors que la symptomatologie locale initiale est pauvre et peut faussement rassurer. La surveillance d'une infection cutanée doit être rapprochée afin de ne pas méconnaître l'évolution vers une DHBN-FN. Dans ce cas, une orientation vers une URP disposant de l'ensemble du plateau technique nécessaire, et surtout habituée à gérer ces situations cliniques, est justifié. L'initiation précoce du traitement antibiotique et la prise en charge hémodynamique agressive en suivant les dernières recommandations de la Surviving Sepsis Campaign doivent être une priorité. Le chirurgien pédiatrique doit être appelé dès la suspicion clinique et participer à la réévaluation pluriquotidienne afin de déterminer le moment optimal pour réaliser le traitement chirurgical.

Airway obstruction in two children with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and review of the literature.

Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is an autosomal dominant disease that is caused by heterozygous mutations in the paired-like homeobox 2B gene (PHOX2B). Madani et al. described an abnormally high degree of not only central apnea but also obstructive and mixed apnea in Phox2b27Ala/+newborn mice. Newborns with CCHS must undergo polysomnography for obstructive respiratory events in order to guide the optimal ventilation strategy if oxygen desaturation, bradycardia, and malaise persist under noninvasive ventilation. Newborns and infants with CCHS must be systematically tested for obstructive apnea, especially in cases of inefficient noninvasive ventilation.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Blind Bronchial Sample Testing by BioFire Pneumonia plus Panel in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Patients and Its Impact in Early Adaptation of Antimicrobial Therapy: A Prospective Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Community-acquired and nosocomial lower-respiratory-tract infections in critically ill pediatric patients require early appropriate antibiotic therapy to optimize outcomes. Using blind bronchial samples, we assessed the diagnostic performance of the rapid-multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay BioFire Pneumonia plus Panel vs. reference standard culturing with antimicrobial susceptibility testing. METHODS: For this prospective observational study in a single pediatric intensive care unit, we included consecutive patients younger than 18 years admitted for suspected community-, hospital- or ventilator-associated pneumonia in 2021-2022. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the multiplex PCR assay were determined. The kappa coefficient was computed to assess agreement, and univariate analyses were done to identify factors associated with discrepancies between the 2 diagnostic methods. RESULTS: Of the 36 included patients (median age, 1.4 years; interquartile range, 0.2-9.2), 41.7%, 27.8%, and 30.5% had community-, hospital- and ventilator-associated pneumonia, respectively. The overall κ was 0.74, indicating good agreement. Overall, the sensitivity of the multiplex PCR assay was 92% (95% CI: 77%-98%) and specificity 95% (95% CI: 92%-97%), with variations across microorganisms. The median time from sample collection to antimicrobial susceptibility test results was 3.9 (2.5-15) hours with the multiplex PCR assay and 60.5 (47.6-72.2) hours with the reference technique. CONCLUSION: The BioFire Pneumonia plus Panel used to test blind bronchial samples had satisfactory diagnostic performance in critically ill pediatric patients. The rapid results provided by this test may improve the appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy and help minimize the use of antibiotics.

Factors associated with adverse outcome among children with sickle cell disease admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit: an observational cohort.

BACKGROUND: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is one of the most frequent inherited diseases in the world. Over the last decades, in high-income countries, an important decrease in mortality have been observed due to the improvement of care. However, children with SCD can become critically ill and require admission in Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICU). The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology of children with SCD admitted to PICU for acute crisis and to identify factors associated with adverse outcome (AO). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study in a Tertiary Hospital in France including all consecutive children with SCD admitted to PICU between January 1st, 2009 and December 31, 2019. We collected baseline patient's characteristics, clinical and biological data as well as treatments and life sustaining therapies used in the PICU. Patients were defined as experiencing AO in case of death during stay and/or need for invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) and/or for non-invasive ventilation (NIV) for more than 3 days and/or need for vasopressors and/or need for renal replacement therapy. RESULTS: We included 579 admissions in 395 patients, mainly of SS genotype (90%) with a median age of 9.2 years [5.5-13.4] and a median baseline hemoglobin of 8.0 g/dl (7.5-8.8). The two main reasons for admission were acute chest syndrome (ACS) (n = 331, 57%) and vaso-occlusive crisis refractory to first line therapy (n = 99, 17%). Half of patients required NIV and 47 (8%) required MV. The overall length of stay was 3 days [1-4] and seven (1%) patients died during PICU stay.There was a total of 113 (20%) admissions with AO and on multivariable analysis, baseline hemoglobin < 8 g/dL, history of bronchial obstruction and admission for ACS were associated with AO. There was no difference in the proportion of hydroxyurea treatment or exchange transfusion program between patients with AO and the other patients. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline hemoglobin < 8 g/dL, history of bronchial obstruction and admission for ACS were the strongest risk factors for severe evolution in SCD children admitted to PICU. These factors could be taken into consideration when choosing the adequate therapeutic options.

Air leak test in the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (ALTIPICU): rationale and protocol for a prospective multicentre observational study.

INTRODUCTION: In children, respiratory distress due to upper airway obstruction (UAO) is a common complication of extubation. The quantitative cuff-leak test (qtCLT) is a simple, rapid and non-invasive test that has not been extensively studied in children. The objective of the ongoing study whose protocol is reported here is to investigate how well the qtCLT predicts UAO-related postextubation respiratory distress in paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Air Leak Test in the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit is a multicentre, prospective, observational study that will recruit 900 patients who are aged 2 days post-term to 17 years and ventilated through a cuffed endotracheal tube for at least 24 hours in any of 19 French PICUs. Within an hour of planned extubation, the qtCLT will be performed as a sequence of six measurements of the tidal volume with the cuff inflated then deflated. The primary outcome is the occurrence within 48 hours after extubation of severe UAO defined as combining a requirement for intravenous corticosteroid therapy and/or ventilator support by high-flow nasal cannula and/or by non-invasive ventilation or repeat invasive mechanical ventilation with a Westley score ≥4 with at least one point for stridor at each initiation. The results of the study are expected to identify risk factors for UAO-related postextubation respiratory distress and extubation failure, thereby identifying patient subgroups most likely to require preventive interventions. It will also determine whether qtCLT appears to be a reliable method to predict an increased risk for postextubation adverse events as severe UAO. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study was approved by the Robert Debré University Hospital institutional review board (IRB) on September 2021 (approval #2021578). The report of Robert Debré University Hospital IRB is valid for all sites, given the nature of the study with respect to the French law. The results will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05328206.

High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin versus albumin 4% in paediatric toxic shock syndrome: a randomised controlled feasibility study.

PURPOSE: Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare disease responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IG) therapy in paediatric TSS could improve shock and organ failure, but more consistent efficacy and safety data are needed. Our objective was to determine whether a randomised clinical trial (RCT) assessing intravenous IG in TSS in children is feasible. METHODS: We performed a multicentre, feasibility, double-blind RCT assessing efficacy of high-dose intravenous IG versus albumin 4% (control group) within the first 12 hours of shock onset. Included patients were aged above 1 month and below 18 years with suspected TSS and septic shock. Feasibility was assessed by measuring inclusion rate, protocol compliance and missing data regarding death and the Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction-2 (PELOD-2) Score. Other secondary clinical outcomes were evaluated during hospital stay, at 60 day and 1 year. RESULTS: 28 patients, admitted in 6 paediatric intensive care units during 36 consecutive months and followed for 1 year, received the allocated treatment: 13 in intravenous IG group, 15 in control group. The median age was 10.6 years and the sex ratio was 1. Inclusion rate was above 50%, protocol deviations were below 30% and missing data regarding death and PELOD-2 Score below 10%. No difference concerning secondary clinical outcomes between groups was observed, and more adverse events were reported in the control group. CONCLUSION: It seems to be feasible to conduct an RCT assessing intravenous IG efficacy and safety in paediatric TSS but must be realised internationally, with choice of a clinically relevant endpoint and a specific design in order to be realistic. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02219165.

Anti-infective prescribing practices in critically ill children on continuous renal replacement therapy: a multicenter survey of French-speaking countries.

BACKGROUND: Use of continuous renal replacement therapy in children receiving anti-infective drugs may lead to inappropriate concentrations with risks related to treatment failure, toxicity and emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. We aimed to describe anti-infective prescribing practices in critically ill children undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy. METHODS: An online survey to assess continuous renal replacement therapy, anti-infective prescribing and therapeutic drug monitoring practices was sent by e-mail to physicians working in pediatric intensive care units through the French-speaking Group of Pediatric Intensive Care and Emergency medicine (GFRUP). RESULTS: From April 1st, 2021 to May 1st, 2021, 26/40 pediatric intensive care units participated in the survey, corresponding to a response rate of 65%. Twenty-one were located in France and five abroad. All pediatric intensive care units administered continuous renal replacement therapy, primarily with Prismaflex™ System. Anti-infective prescriptions were adjusted to the presence of continuous renal replacement therapy in 23 (88%) pediatric intensive care units mainly according to molecular weight in 6 (23%), molecule protein binding in 6 (23%) and elimination routes in 15 (58%) including residual diuresis in 9 (35%), to the continuous renal replacement therapy flow in 6 (23%) and to the modality of continuous renal replacement therapy used in 15 (58%), pediatric intensive care units. There was broad variability among pediatric intensive care units and among physicians within the same unit. Barriers to therapeutic drug monitoring were mainly an excessive delay in obtaining results in 11 (42%) and the lack of an on-site laboratory in 8 (31%) pediatric intensive care units. CONCLUSIONS: Our survey reported wide variability in anti-infective prescribing practices in children undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy, thus highlighting a gap in knowledge and the need for education and recommendations.

Factors linked to Staphylococcus aureus healthcare-associated infections among pediatric intensive care unit colonized patients.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is one of the main pathogens responsible for healthcare-associated infection (HCAI) in pediatrics. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of SA-HCAI among colonized patients and the factors associated with it in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). METHODS: We designed a 6-year retrospective cohort study of a PICU in a French university children's hospital including all children admitted to the PICU from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2016, who had SA colonization on PICU admission. For each patient, the past medical history and the hospitalization data were collected. HCAIs related to SA were verified according to the criteria of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. RESULTS: Among all patients colonized with SA (n = 1381, 26%), 105 (8%) had methicillin-resistant SA carriage and 41 (3%) developed an HCAI caused by SA. The main HCAIs were ventilator-associated pneumonia (51%) and central line-associated bloodstream infections (27%). Patients developing HCAI caused by SA had a significantly longer length of hospital stay and a higher mortality rate than the rest of the population. Using a multivariate logistic regression model, the presence of mechanical ventilation, the implementation of a surgical procedure during the PICU stay, and the onset of at least one episode of anemia during the PICU stay were significantly associated with the occurrence of HCAI due to SA. CONCLUSION: HCAIs linked to SA carriage are rare but severe. Mechanical ventilation, surgery during the PICU stay, and anemia are factors associated with SA-HCAI.

Case Report: Hyperammonemic Encephalopathy Linked to Ureaplasma spp. and/or Mycoplasma hominis Systemic Infection in Patients Treated for Leukemia, an Emergency Not to Be Missed.

Background: Hyperammonemic encephalopathy caused by Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis infection has been reported in immunocompromised patients undergoing lung transplant, but data are scarce in patients with hematological malignancies. Case Presentation: We describe the cases of 3 female patients aged 11-16 years old, developing initially mild neurologic symptoms, rapidly evolving to coma and associated with very high ammonia levels, while undergoing intensive treatment for acute leukemia (chemotherapy: 2 and hematopoietic stem cell transplant: 1). Brain imaging displayed cerebral edema and/or microbleeding. Electroencephalograms showed diffuse slowing patterns. One patient had moderate renal failure. Extensive liver and metabolic functions were all normal. Ureaplasma spp. and M. hominis were detected by PCR and specific culture in two patients, resulting in prompt initiation of combined antibiotics therapy by fluoroquinolones and macrolides. For these 2 patients, the improvement of the neurological status and ammonia levels were observed within 96 h, without any long-term sequelae. M. hominis was detected post-mortem in vagina, using 16S rRNA PCR for the third patient who died of cerebral edema. Conclusion: Hyperammonemic encephalopathy linked to Ureaplasma spp. and M. hominis is a rare complication encountered in immunocompromised patients treated for acute leukemia, which can lead to death if unrecognized. Combining our experience with the few published cases (n=4), we observed a strong trend among female patients and very high levels of ammonia, consistently uncontrolled by classical measures (ammonia-scavenging agents and/or continuous kidney replacement therapy). The reversibility of the encephalopathy without sequelae is possible with prompt diagnosis and adequate combined specific antibiotherapy. Any neurological symptoms in an immunocompromised host should lead to the measurement of ammonia levels. If increased, and in the absence of an obvious cause, it should prompt to perform a search for Ureaplasma spp. and M. hominis by PCR as well as an immediate empirical initiation of combined specific antibiotherapy.

Assessment of the Effects of a High Amikacin Dose on Plasma Peak Concentration in Critically Ill Children.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the incidence of amikacin plasma peak concentration (Cmax) below 60 mg·L-1 in critically ill children receiving an amikacin dosing regimen of 30 mg kg-1·day-1. Secondary objectives were to identify factors associated with low Cmax and to assess the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI). METHODS: A retrospective observational study was performed in two French pediatric intensive care units. All admitted children who received 30 mg·kg-1 amikacin and had a Cmax measurement were eligible. Clinical and biological data, amikacin dose, and concentrations were collected. RESULTS: In total, 30 patients were included, aged from 3 weeks to 7 years. They received a median amikacin dosage of 30 mg kg-1·day-1 (range 29-33) based on admission body weight (BW), corresponding to 27 mg kg-1·day-1 (range 24-30) based on actual BW. Cmax was < 60 mg·L-1 in 21 (70%) children and none had a Cmax ≥ 80 mg·L-1. Among the 15 patients with a measured minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 13 (87%) had a Cmax/MIC ratio > 8. Univariate analysis showed that factors associated with Cmax < 60 mg·L-1 were high estimated glomerular filtration rate (p = 0.015) and low blood urea concentration (p = 0.001). AKI progression or occurrence was observed after amikacin administration in two (7%) and six (21%) patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the administration of the maximal recommended amikacin dose, Cmax was below the pharmacokinetic target in 70% of our pediatric population. Further studies are needed to develop a pharmacokinetic model in a population of critically ill children to optimize target attainment.

Determinants of CD19-positive vs CD19-negative relapse after tisagenlecleucel for B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Tisagenlecleucel therapy has shown promising efficacy for relapsed/refractory (R/R) B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). However, relapses occur in 30-50% of patients. Determinants for CD19pos versus CD19neg relapses are poorly characterized. We report on 51 patients with R/R BCP-ALL (median age 17 years) infused with tisagenlecleucel after lymphodepletion. Complete remission rate at D28 was 96%. Prior blinatumomab increased the risk of early failure at D28. The 18-month cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR), event-free survival (EFS), and overall survival (OS) were 51%, 44%, and 74%, respectively, at a median follow-up of 15.5 months. Factors associated with a high tumor burden (occurrence of cytokine release syndrome) and prior blinatumomab were associated with an increased CIR, and a shorter EFS and OS. Pre-lymphodepletion high disease burden (MRD ≥ 10-2, SHR 10.4, p = 0.03) and detectable MRD at D28 (SHR 7.2, p = 0.006) correlated with an increased risk of CD19neg relapse. Low disease burden (SHR 5.3, p = 0.03) and loss of B-cell aplasia (BCA) (SHR 21.7, p = 0.004) predicted an increased risk of CD19pos relapses. These data highlight the impact of prior therapy on patient outcome. Finally, detectable MRD at D28 and loss of BCA both define patients at high risk of relapse for whom additional interventions are needed.

[Management of CAR-T cell-related encephalopathy syndrome in adult and pediatric patients: Recommendations of the French Society of Bone Marrow transplantation and cellular Therapy (SFGM-TC)]. / Prise en charge pratique d'une encéphalopathie liée au traitement par cellules CAR-T chez l'adulte et l'enfant : recommandations de la Société francophone de greffe de moelle et de thérapie cellulaire (SFGM-TC).

CAR-T cell-related encephalopathy syndrome (CRES) reflects the potential neurotoxicity of this therapeutic approach and must be considered in the presence of any neurological symptom after the infusion of the CAR-T. This is the second most common adverse event under this therapy and its incidence varies between 12 and 55%. The median time of the onset of the first neurologic symptoms is 4days after CAR-T infusion. The duration of CRES symptoms is generally between 2 and 4days, but late CRES may occur. Monitoring and diagnosis of CERS includes clinical exam, magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography. In addition to symptomatic treatments, corticosteroids represent the cornerstone of the high-grade CERS treatment. Drugs targeting IL-6 should be restricted to severe forms, especially those associated with cytokine release syndrome. The purpose of this workshop is to provide practical help in dealing with this complication.

[Management of cytokine release syndrome in adult and pediatric patients undergoing CAR-T cell therapy for hematological malignancies: Recommendation of the French Society of Bone Marrow and cellular Therapy (SFGM-TC)]. / Prise en charge pratique du syndrome de relargage des cytokines (CRS) post-CAR-T cells chez l'adulte et l'enfant : recommandation de la Société francophone de greffe de moelle et de thérapie cellulaire (SFGM-TC).

The cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is the most common complication after adoptive immunotherapies such as chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T). The incidence varies from 30 to 100% depending on the CAR-T construct, cell doses and the underlying disease. Severe cases may involve 10 to 30% of patients. The triggering event is the activation of the CAR-T, after meeting with their target. The T cell activation leads to the release of effector cytokines, such as IFNγ, TNFα and IL2, that are responsible for the activating of monocyte/macrophage system, resulting in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, (including IL6, IFN-γ, IL10, MCP1) and associated with a significant elevation of CRP and ferritin. The CRS usually appears between 1 and 14days after the infusion of the cells and can last from 1 to 10days. Rare fatal cases have been reported in the literature. The first symptom is often a fever, sometimes very high, which must alert and reinforce the surveillance. In moderate forms, one can find fatigue, headache, rash, arthralgia and myalgia. T cell-related encephalopathy (CRES) syndrome may occur concomitantly. In case of aggravation, a vasoplegic shock associating capillary leakage and respiratory distress can occur. Close clinical monitoring is essential right from the injection to quickly detect the first symptoms. The treatment of severe forms, in addition to symptomatic management involves monoclonal antibodies targeting the IL6 or IL6 receptor, and sometimes steroids. Close cooperation with intensive care units is essential since 20 to 50% of patients require intensive care unit transfer.