A Phase 2 Trial of Nab-paclitaxel in Combination With Anti-PD1 Therapy in Advanced Urothelial Cancer.

PURPOSE: Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy and nab-paclitaxel have each shown efficacy in platinum-refractory advanced urothelial cancer. We conducted a single-arm phase 2 trial of the combination of nab-paclitaxel and pembrolizumab in platinum-refractory or cisplatin-ineligible advanced urothelial cancer (NCT03240016). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eligible patients had RECIST 1.1 measurable and cisplatin-ineligible or platinum-refractory advanced urothelial cancer. Patients received nab-paclitaxel at starting dose of 125 mg/m2 intravenously on days 1 and 8 and pembrolizumab 200 mg intravenously on day 1 in 21-day cycles until progression, intolerable toxicity, or death. Nab-paclitaxel was permitted to be discontinued after 6 cycles. The nab-paclitaxel starting dose was reduced to 100 mg/m2 after planned interim analysis. Primary end point was overall response rate by RECIST 1.1. Secondary end points included safety/toxicity, duration of response, progression-free survival), and overall survival. RESULTS: Between February 2018 and April 2021, 36 response-evaluable patients were enrolled. There was an equal split of platinum-refractory and cisplatin-ineligible patients. Confirmed overall response rate was 50.0% (18/36) including 3 complete and 15 partial responses; 31/36 patients experienced some tumor shrinkage. At a median follow-up of 19.7 months, median duration of response was 4.4 months (95% CI: 4.0-8.6), median progression-free survival 6.8 months (95% CI: 4.4-not reached), and median overall survival 18.2 months (95% CI: 10.6-not reached). Grade ≥3 adverse events occurred in 21/36 patients including fatigue (n=6) and anemia (n=4). Ten patients had immune-mediated adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of nab-paclitaxel and pembrolizumab exhibited promising activity in advanced urothelial cancer and warrants further study in this population. After reduction in nab-paclitaxel starting dose, no unanticipated or unexpected toxicities emerged.

Long-term renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease following radical cystectomy and orthotopic neobladder.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate long-term renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) Stage IIIa who underwent radical cystectomy and orthotopic neobladder (RC/ONB) compared to matched controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Using our Institutional Review Board-approved institutional database, patients with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 45-59.9 mL/min/1.73 m2 who underwent RC/ONB were identified. A control group of patients with a GFR of ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 was selected. Groups were matched based on age, baseline hypertension/diabetes mellitus, perioperative chemotherapy, and preoperative hydronephrosis. A decrease in GFR of >10 mL/min/1.73 m2 during the follow-up was considered significant. A multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of GFR decline in each group. RESULTS: Of 1237 patients who underwent RC/ONB, 508 patients were included (254 per group). The mean preoperative GFR was 53.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the study group and 78.8 mL/min/1.73 m2 in controls. The median follow-up was 3.7 years. During follow-up, GFR stayed at or above baseline in 51% of the study patients compared to 46% of the controls (P = 0.5). The mean time to a significant GFR decline in the study patients was significantly longer compared to the controls (5.6 vs 2 years, respectively; P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, neoadjuvant chemotherapy was found to be the strongest predictor of a significant GFR decline as well as GFR decline below baseline (hazard ratio [HR] 2.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-3.29, P = 0.004; and HR 2.15, 95% CI 1.4-3.29, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Patients with CKD Stage IIIa who undergo ONB appear to have comparable long-term renal function to those with a GFR of ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 . An ONB reconstruction is a safe option for patients with CKD Stage IIIa desiring a continent diversion.

Updated Review of the Pacific Asynchronous Telehealth System's Impact on Military Pediatric Teleconsultations.

Introduction: The Pacific Asynchronous TeleHealth (PATH) system is an asynchronous provider-to-provider teleconsultation platform utilized by military medical facilities throughout the Western Pacific Region. This study focused on PATH utilization for pediatric cases and its impact on patient transfers and cost avoidance. Methods: This retrospective analysis reviewed PATH cases from March 2017 to February 2020 for patients aged 0-17 years. We reviewed the referring users' responses to survey questions related to the impact of PATH consultation on patient travel for in-person subspecialty care and the need for local referral. Data for cost avoidance were estimated using per diem rates and airline flight costs for Fiscal Year 2020. Results: A total of 2,448 pediatric consultations were submitted from 29 military medical facilities. Pediatric Pulmonology (n = 557, 24.5%), Pediatric Cardiology (n = 446, 19.6%), and Pediatric Neurology (n = 236, 10.37%) had the highest percentage of pediatric teleconsults. Approximately 42% of referring users completed the survey questions. Among survey respondents, 710 (69.4%) indicated that unnecessary patient transfers were prevented, equating to a cost savings of ∼$3.3 million. Conclusions: We observed robust utilization of the PATH system by pediatric providers in the Military Health System that ultimately resulted in substantial cost avoidance. This asynchronous telemedicine platform is a vital asset in locations with limited access or travel restriction to medical specialists, such as during pandemics.

Focused electron-beam-induced deposition for fabrication of highly durable and sensitive metallic AFM-IR probes.

We report on the fabrication of metallic, ultra-sharp atomic force microscope tips for localized nanoscale infrared (IR) spectrum measurements by using focused electron-beam-induced deposition of platinum or tungsten. The tip length can be controlled by changing the duration time of the electron beam. Probes of 12.0 ± 5.0 nm radius-of-curvature can be routinely produced with high repeatability and near-100% yield. The near-field-enhancement appears stronger at the extremity of the metallic tip, compared with commercial pristine silicon-nitride probe tip. Finally, the performance of the modified metallic tips is demonstrated by imaging PVDF and PMMA thin films, which shows that spatial resolution is greatly enhanced. In addition, the signal intensity of the localized nanoscale IR spectrum is increased offering greater sensitivity for chemical IR imaging.

Utility of serial 12-lead electrocardiograms in children with Marfan syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to assess the utility of serial electrocardiograms in routine follow-up of paediatric Marfan patients. METHODS: Children ⩽18 years who met the revised Ghent criteria for Marfan syndrome and received a 12-lead electrocardiogram and echocardiogram within a 3-month period were included. Controls were matched by age, body surface area, gender, race, and ethnicity, and consisted of patients assessed in clinic with a normal cardiac evaluation. Demographic, clinical, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic data were collected. RESULTS: A total of 45 Marfan patients (10.8 [2.4-17.1] years) and 37 controls (12.8 [1.3-17.1] years) were included. Left atrial enlargement and left ventricular hypertrophy were more frequently present on 12-lead electrocardiogram of Marfan patients compared with controls (12 (27%) versus 0 (0%), p<0.001; and 8 (18%) versus 0 (0%), p=0.008, respectively); however, only two patients with left atrial enlargement on 12-lead electrocardiogram were confirmed to have left atrial enlargement by echocardiogram, and one patient had mild left ventricular hypertrophy by echocardiogram, not appreciated on 12-lead electrocardiogram. QTc interval was longer in Marfan patients compared with controls (427±16 versus 417±22 ms, p=0.03), with four Marfan patients demonstrating borderline prolonged QTc intervals for gender. CONCLUSIONS: While Marfan patients exhibited a higher frequency of left atrial enlargement and left ventricular hypertrophy on 12-lead electrocardiograms compared with controls, these findings were not supported by echocardiography. Serial 12-lead electrocardiograms in routine follow-up of asymptomatic paediatric Marfan patients may be more appropriate for a subgroup of Marfan patients only, specifically those with prolonged QTc interval at their baseline visit.

A Randomized, Controlled Multisite Study of Behavioral Interventions for Veterans with Mental Illness and Antipsychotic Medication-Associated Obesity.

BACKGROUND: Weight gain and other metabolic sequelae of antipsychotic medications can lead to medication non-adherence, reduced quality of life, increased costs, and premature mortality. Of the approaches to address this, behavioral interventions are less invasive, cost less, and can result in sustained long-term benefits. OBJECTIVE: We investigated behavioral weight management interventions for veterans with mental illness across four medical centers within the Veterans Affairs (VA) Healthcare System. DESIGN: We conducted a 12-month, multi-site extension of our previous randomized, controlled study, comparing treatment and control groups. PARTICIPANTS: Veterans (and some non-veteran women) diagnosed with mental illness, overweight (defined as having a BMI over 25), and required ongoing antipsychotic therapy. INTERVENTIONS: One group received "Lifestyle Balance" (LB; modified from the Diabetes Prevention Program) consisting of classes and individual nutritional counseling with a dietitian. A second group received less intensive "Usual Care" (UC) consisting of weight monitoring and provision of self-help. MAIN MEASURES: Participants completed anthropometric and nutrition assessments weekly for 8 weeks, then monthly. Psychiatric, behavioral, and physical assessments were conducted at baseline and months 2, 6, and 12. Metabolic and lipid laboratory tests were performed quarterly. KEY RESULTS: Participants in both groups lost weight. LB participants had a greater decrease in average waist circumference [F(1,1244) = 11.9, p < 0.001] and percent body fat [F(1,1121) = 4.3, p = 0.038]. Controlling for gender yielded statistically significant changes between groups in BMI [F(1,1246) = 13.9, p < 0.001]. Waist circumference and percent body fat decreased for LB women [F(1,1243) = 22.5, p < 0.001 and F(1,1221) = 4.8, p = 0.029, respectively]. The majority of LB participants kept food and activity journals (92%), and average daily calorie intake decreased from 2055 to 1650 during the study (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Behavioral interventions specifically designed for individuals with mental illness can be effective for weight loss and improve dietary behaviors. "Lifestyle Balance" integrates well with VA healthcare's patient-centered "Whole Health" approach. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01052714.

Clinical Applications of the Gut Microbiome in Genitourinary Cancers.

Recently recognized as one of the hallmarks of cancer, the microbiome consists of symbiotic microorganisms that play pivotal roles in carcinogenesis, the tumor microenvironment, and responses to therapy. With recent advances in microbiome metagenomic sequencing, a growing body of work has demonstrated that changes in gut microbiome composition are associated with differential responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) because of alterations in cytokine signaling and cytotoxic T-cell recruitment. Therefore, strategies to shape the gut microbiome into a more favorable, immunogenic profile may lead to improved responses with ICIs. Immunotherapy is commonly used in genitourinary (GU) cancers such as renal cell carcinoma, urothelial cancer, and to a limited extent, prostate cancer. However, a subset of patients do not derive clinical benefit with ICIs. Gut microbiome-based interventions are of particular interest given the potential to boost responses to ICIs in preclinical and early-phase prospective studies. Novel approaches using probiotic therapy (live bacterial supplementation) and fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with GU cancers are currently under investigation.

Novel Approaches with HIF-2α Targeted Therapies in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Germline inactivation of the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor is the defining hallmark in hereditary VHL disease and VHL-associated renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, somatic VHL mutations are also observed in patients with sporadic RCC. Loss of function VHL mutations result in constitutive activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha (HIF-2α), which leads to increased expression of HIF target genes that promote angiogenesis and tumor growth. As of 2023, belzutifan is currently the only approved HIF-2α inhibitor for both VHL-associated and sporadic metastatic RCC (mRCC). However, there is potential for resistance with HIF-2α inhibitors which warrants novel HIF-2α-targeting strategies. In this review, we discuss the potential resistance mechanisms with belzutifan and current clinical trials evaluating novel combinations of belzutifan with other targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors which may enhance the efficacy of HIF-2α targeting. Lastly, we also discuss newer generation HIF-2α inhibitors that are currently under early investigation and outline future directions and challenges with HIF-2α inhibitors for mRCC.

Determinants of Bone-Modifying Agent Prescribing for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer in a National Health Care Delivery System.

PURPOSE: Despite guidelines recommending bone-modifying agents (BMAs) to decrease skeletal-related events (SREs) in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), BMAs are underutilized. In this retrospective cohort study, we report the factors associated with BMA use in a national health care delivery system. METHODS: We used the Veterans Affairs Corporate Data Warehouse to identify men with mCRPC between 2010 and 2017. BMA prescribing frequency was evaluated, and the association between patient- and disease-specific factors with BMA use was assessed using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Among 3,980 men identified with mCRPC (mean age 73.5 years, 29% Black), 47% received a BMA; median time to BMA from start of mCRPC treatment was 102 days. Factors associated with BMA use included previous BMA use (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 7.81 [95% CI, 6.48 to 9.47]), diagnosis code for bone metastases (aOR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.08 to 1.46]), and concomitant corticosteroid use (aOR, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.29 to 1.82]). Decreased BMA use was associated with advancing age (aOR, 0.85 per 10 years [95% CI, 0.78 to 0.92]), Charlson comorbidity index ≥2 (aOR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.63 to 0.93]), Black race (aOR, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.70 to 0.98]), and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; aOR, 0.19 [95% CI, 0.11 to 0.32] for eGFR 0-29 mL/minutes; aOR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.64 to 0.91] for 30-59 mL/minutes). CONCLUSION: Patients who are older, Black, or have more comorbidities are less likely to receive guideline concordant care to prevent SREs. These observations highlight the unique challenges of caring for patients with mCRPC and the need for future studies to increase BMA use in these populations.

Evaluating Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancers with Deleterious CDK12 Alterations in the Phase 2 IMPACT Trial.

PURPOSE: CDK12 inactivation in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) may predict immunotherapy responses. This phase 2 trial evaluated the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in patients with CDK12-altered mCRPC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligible patients had mCRPC with deleterious CDK12 alterations and any prior therapies except ICI. Cohort A received ipilimumab (1 mg/kg) with nivolumab (3 mg/kg) every 3 weeks for up to 4 cycles, followed by nivolumab 480 mg every 4 weeks. Cohort C received nivolumab alone 480 mg every 4 weeks. Patients with CDK12-altered non-prostate tumors were enrolled in cohort B and not reported. The primary endpoint was 50% reduction in PSA (PSA50). Key secondary endpoints included PSA progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), and safety. RESULTS: PSA was evaluable in 23 patients in cohort A and 14 in cohort C. Median lines of prior therapy were 2 in cohorts A and C, including any prior novel hormonal agent (74% and 79%) and chemotherapy (57% and 36%). The PSA50 rate was 9% (95% CI 1-28%) in cohort A with 2 responders; neither had microsatellite instability or a tumor mutational burden ≥10 mutations/megabase. No PSA50 responses occurred in cohort C. Median PSA-PFS was 7.0 months (95% CI 3.6-11.4) in cohort A and 4.5 months (95% CI 3.4-13.8) in cohort C. Median OS was 9.0 months (95% CI 6.2-12.3) in cohort A and 13.8 months (95% CI 3.6-not reached) in cohort C. CONCLUSIONS: There was minimal activity with ICI therapy in patients with CDK12-altered mCRPC.

Clinical implications of AR alterations in advanced prostate cancer: a multi-institutional collaboration.

BACKGROUND: AR gene alterations can develop in response to pressure of testosterone suppression and androgen receptor targeting agents (ARTA). Despite this, the relevance of these gene alterations in the context of ARTA treatment and clinical outcomes remains unclear. METHODS: Patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) who had undergone genomic testing and received ARTA treatment were identified in the Prostate Cancer Precision Medicine Multi-Institutional Collaborative Effort (PROMISE) database. Patients were stratified according to the timing of genomic testing relative to the first ARTA treatment (pre-/post-ARTA). Clinical outcomes such as time to progression, PSA response, and overall survival were compared based on alteration types. RESULTS: In total, 540 CRPC patients who received ARTA and had tissue-based (n = 321) and/or blood-based (n = 244) genomic sequencing were identified. Median age was 62 years (range 39-90) at the time of the diagnosis. Majority were White (72.2%) and had metastatic disease (92.6%) at the time of the first ARTA treatment. Pre-ARTA genomic testing was available in 24.8% of the patients, and AR mutations and amplifications were observed in 8.2% and 13.1% of the patients, respectively. Further, time to progression was longer in patients with AR amplifications (25.7 months) compared to those without an AR alteration (9.6 months; p = 0.03). In the post-ARTA group (n = 406), AR mutations and AR amplifications were observed in 18.5% and 35.7% of the patients, respectively. The most common mutation in post-ARTA group was L702H (9.9%). CONCLUSION: In this real-world clinicogenomics database-driven study we explored the development of AR alterations and their association with ARTA treatment outcomes. Our study showed that AR amplifications are associated with longer time to progression on first ARTA treatment. Further prospective studies are needed to optimize therapeutic strategies for patients with AR alterations.

Pathogenic Germline Mutational Landscape in Patients With Renal Cell Carcinoma and Associated Clinicopathologic Features.

PURPOSE: A subset of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cases occur because of a hereditary predisposition. However, the prevalence and profiling of germline alterations in RCC have not been fully characterized. Additionally, clinicopathologic factors associated with pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) germline variants in patients with RCC remain poorly understood. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patients with RCC who underwent genetic evaluation was performed. The frequency of P/LP germline variants and genes was evaluated in this cohort. The association between genetic testing outcomes and clinicopathologic features was also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 321 patients with RCC who had germline testing were identified. Within this cohort, 42 patients (13.1%) had P/LP variants. Genes with the most frequent germline mutations were FLCN (n = 10, 3.1%), SDHB (n = 4, 1.2%), VHL (n = 4, 1.2%), MLH1 (n = 3, 0.9%), and CHEK2 (n = 4, 1.2%). Among patients with P/LP variants, 19 (45.2%) had a potentially targetable mutation. The presence of bilateral or multifocal tumors was associated with P/LP variants (P = .0012 and P = .0098, respectively). Patients who had targeted gene testing had higher rates of P/LP variants compared with multigene panel testing (P = .015). Age and family history of cancers (RCC and non-RCC) did not have any statistically significant association with germline testing outcomes. CONCLUSION: Among patients with RCC, unselected for a known familial predisposition, 13.4% had P/LP variants. Almost half of patients with P/LP variants had a potentially targetable mutation. Targeted gene panel testing is a feasible option for patients, particularly if syndromic features are present. Age and family history were not associated with P/LP variants. Future studies are needed to optimize current genetic evaluation criteria to expand the detection of patients with RCC who may have germline mutations.

Clinical implications of AR alterations in advanced prostate cancer: A multi-institutional collaboration.

Background: AR gene alterations can develop in response to pressure of testosterone suppression and androgen receptor targeting agents (ARTA). Despite this, the relevance of these gene alterations in the context of ARTA treatment and clinical outcomes remains unclear. Methods: Patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) who had undergone genomic testing and received ARTA treatment were identified in the Prostate Cancer Precision Medicine Multi-Institutional Collaborative Effort (PROMISE) database. Patients were stratified according to the timing of genomic testing relative to the first ARTA treatment (pre-/post-ARTA). Clinical outcomes such as time to progression, PSA response, and overall survival were compared based on alteration types. Results: In total, 540 CRPC patients who received ARTA and had tissue-based (n=321) and/or blood-based (n=244) genomic sequencing were identified. Median age was 62 years (range 39-90) at the time of the diagnosis. Majority were White (72.2%) and had metastatic disease (92.6%) at the time of the first ARTA treatment. Pre-ARTA genomic testing was available in 24.8% of the patients, and AR mutations and amplifications were observed in 8.2% and 13.1% of the patients, respectively. Further, time to progression was longer in patients with AR amplifications (25.7 months) compared to those without an AR alteration (9.6 months; p=0.03). In the post-ARTA group (n=406), AR mutations and AR amplifications were observed in 18.5% and 35.7% of the patients, respectively. The most common mutation in post-ARTA group was L702H (9.9%). Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the largest real-world clinicogenomics database-driven study exploring the development of ARalterations and their association with ARTA treatment outcomes. Our study showed that AR amplifications are associated with longer time to progression on first ARTA treatment. Further prospective studies are needed to optimize therapeutic strategies for patients with AR alterations.

Transperitoneal Versus Retroperitoneal Single-port Robotic-assisted Partial Nephrectomy: An Analysis from the Single Port Advanced Research Consortium.

BACKGROUND: In the surgical management of kidney tumors, such as in multiport technology, single-port (SP) robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) can be performed using the transperitoneal (TP) or retroperitoneal (RP) approach. However, there is a dearth of literature on the efficacy and safety of either approach for SP RAPN. OBJECTIVE: To compare the peri- and postoperative outcomes of the TP and RP approaches for SP RAPN. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This is a retrospective cohort study using data from the Single Port Advanced Research Consortium (SPARC) database of five institutions. All patients underwent SP RAPN for a renal mass between 2019 and 2022. INTERVENTION: TP versus RP SP RAPN. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Baseline characteristics, and peri- and postoperative outcomes were compared between both the approaches using χ2 test, Fisher exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Student t test. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: A total of 219 patients (121 [55.25%] TP, 98 [44.75%] RP) were included in the study. Of them, 115 (51.51%) were male, and the mean age was 60 ± 11 yr. RP had a significantly higher proportion of posterior tumors (54 [55.10%] RP vs 28 [23.14%] TP, p < 0.001), while other baseline characteristics were comparable between both the approaches. There was no statistically significant difference in ischemia time (18 ± 9 vs 18 ± 11 min, p = 0.898), operative time (147 ± 67 vs 146 ± 70 min, p = 0.925), estimated blood loss (p = 0.167), length of stay (1.06 ± 2.25 vs 1.33 ± 1.05 d, p = 0.270), overall complications (5 [5.10%] vs 7 [5.79%]), and major complication rate (2 [2.04%] vs 2 [1.65%], p = 1.000). No difference was observed in positive surgical margin rate (p = 0.472) or delta eGFR at median 6-mo follow-up (p = 0.273). Limitations include retrospective design and no long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: With proper patient selection based on patient and tumor characteristics, surgeons can opt for either the TP or the RP approach for SP RAPN, and maintain satisfactory outcomes. PATIENT SUMMARY: The use of a single port (SP) is a novel technology for performing robotic surgery. Robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) is a surgery to remove a portion of the kidney due to kidney cancer. Depending on patient characteristics and surgeons' preference, SP can be performed via two approaches for RAPN: through the abdomen or through the space behind the abdominal cavity. We compared outcomes between these two approaches for patients receiving SP RAPN, finding that they were comparable. We conclude that with proper patient selection based on patient and tumor characteristics, surgeons can opt for either the TP or the RP approach for SP RAPN, and maintain satisfactory outcomes.

Case report: Immune-mediated meibomian gland dysfunction following pembrolizumab therapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma.

Ocular immune-related adverse events are a relatively rare complication of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Common ocular toxicities range from dry eyes to inflammatory uveitis and ocular myasthenia gravis. Here, we present the case of a 55-year-old woman with recurrent urothelial carcinoma of the ureter after initially being managed with neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy and surgical resection. She was treated with pembrolizumab which was complicated by immune-mediated pneumonitis after the eighth cycle, which was managed with a prolonged steroid course. The patient also developed red eyes along with recurrent styes. Eye examination revealed decreased tear breakup time, expression of thick and turbid meibum, and meibomian gland atrophy on infrared meibography. The patient was diagnosed with suspected immune-mediated meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) as a result of pembrolizumab, a previously unreported complication of immunotherapy. The goal of MGD therapy is to stabilize the tear film and minimize evaporation with lipid-based lubricants and other conservative treatments.

Chronic kidney disease and radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: perioperative and oncologic outcomes in 1,214 patients.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on outcomes after radical cystectomy (RC) in patients with bladder cancer treated within a high-volume tertiary referral center. METHODS: We identified 1,214 patients who underwent RC with intent to cure from 2009 to 2019. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) GFR (ml/min/1.73 m²) was calculated and patients were categorized by baseline GFR: Group A = GFR > 60, Group B = GFR > 30-59 and Group C = GFR < 30. Pre-, intra- and postoperative characteristics, oncological outcomes, and 90-day perioperative outcomes were compared. Multivariable logistic regression was used to control for confounding variables. RESULTS: We identified 722 (59.5%) patients in Group A, 448 (36.9%) in Group B, and 44 (3.6%) in Group C. Patients with worse CKD were older and had significantly worse overall comorbidity (all P < 0.001). Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was used in 352 patients (29%), including 182 (25.2%) in Group A, 153 in Group B (35.3%), and 12 in Group C (27.3%). On univariate analysis, worse CKD was associated with higher pathologic stage, lymph node metastases and positive soft tissue margins (all P < 0.0001). The rates of blood transfusion, 90-day complications and readmissions were higher in patients with worse CKD (P < 0.0001, P = 0.02, P = 0.04, respectively). Patients with worse CKD had worse overall survival (77% vs. 73% vs. 55%, P < 0.0001). On multivariable analysis, worse CKD was independently associated with adverse pathology (≥pT3 or node positive) (OR = 6.96, 95%CI 3.20-15.12), 90-day readmissions (OR 2.09, 95%CI 1.11-3.94) and perioperative transfusion (OR 2.08, 95%CI 1.05-4.11). Receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy was significantly associated with a decreased risk of adverse pathology (OR 0.51, 95%CI 0.36-0.74) and increased risk of transfusion (OR 2.24, 95%CI 1.70-2.96), but not with mortality, complications, readmissions or length or stay. CONCLUSION: CKD is prevalent in patients undergoing radical cystectomy. We found CKD to be independently associated with a higher likelihood of adverse pathology, 90-day readmissions, and transfusion.

Surface characteristics of biomaterials used for space maintenance in a mandibular defect: a pilot animal study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of implant porosity on wound healing between solid and porous implants placed within a bony mandibular defect with intraoral exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Solid poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) implants similar to those used currently in clinical space maintenance applications in maxillofacial surgery were compared with poly(propylene fumarate) implants that contained a porous outer surface surrounding a solid core. A 10-mm diameter nonhealing bicortical defect with open communication into the oral cavity was created in the molar mandibular region of 12 adult male New Zealand white rabbits. Of the 12 rabbits, 6 received the hybrid poly(propylene fumarate) implants and 6 received the solid PMMA implants. At 12 weeks, the rabbit mandibles were harvested and sent for histologic staining and sectioning. RESULTS: Gross inspection and histologic examination showed all 6 poly(propylene fumarate) implants to be intact within the defect site at the termination of the study period, with 3 of the 6 specimens exhibiting a continuous circumferential soft tissue margin. In contrast, 5 of the 6 PMMA-implanted specimens were exposed intraorally with an incomplete cuff of soft tissue around the implant. One of the PMMA-implanted specimens exhibited complete extrusion and subsequent loss of the implant. Fisher's exact test was used to compare the occurrence of oral cavity wound healing between the 2 groups (P = .09). CONCLUSIONS: Although statistically significant differences between the 2 groups were not seen, our results have indicated that advantages might exist to using porous implants for space maintenance. Additional study is needed to evaluate these findings.

Pacemaker upgrade causing new-onset heart failure in a patient with complete congenital atrioventricular block.

For infants with congenital complete atrioventricular block (CCAVB), the choice of pacing modalities is limited. Due to their size and surgical limitations, neonates typically start with an epicardial right ventricular pacing system, then upgrade to right-sided dual-chamber pacing once appropriate size is achieved. These modes are generally well tolerated. However, the reported case involved a patient with CCAVB who paradoxically experienced congestive heart failure after upgrading to a dual-chamber system, a theoretically superior pacing modality. With conversion to biventricular pacing, a relatively new modality for adults with very little pediatric experience to date, the patient's symptoms dramatically improved.

Comparison of self-rating of cognition and depression in patients with major depressive disorder.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to discover if there is a correlation between scores on the Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Cognitive and Physical Functioning Questionnaire (CPFQ) scores of 43 patients with major depression. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: In total, 43 adult patients with major depression were evaluated during their regularly scheduled outpatient appointment in a mental health clinic. FINDINGS: There was an R2 value of 0.6544 between the patients' scores, a moderate-to-strong correlation which matches other observations that cognitive impairment increases in conjunction with severity of depression. This correlation lends further clinical support to the legitimacy of using the CPFQ as a simpler alternative to traditional neuropsychological testing, with further testing of the correlation between CPFQ and traditional neuropsychological testing results being a worthwhile potential field of study. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Cognitive dysfunction is a frequent comorbidity in patients with depression, but while there is a brief and effective self- assessment for depression, the BDI, in common use, there is no equivalent test for cognitive dysfunction, and physicians are forced to rely on less accessible methods of neuropsychological testing.