Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of Microchimerism in Female Transplant Renal Recipients.

INTRODUCTION: Microchimerism (MC) is the presence of a small amount of foreign cells or DNA within a person's circulation or tissues. It has been identified also in recipients of solid organ transplants where it seems to be critical for the development and maintenance of immunological tolerance. Nevertheless, natural and/or iatrogenic MC can be acquired prior to transplantation, through pregnancy and/or blood transfusion. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to detect the presence of MC in women after renal transplantation from male cadaveric donors and its relationship with graft outcomes. METHODS: We studied by qPCR the presence of the DYS14 gene sequence of the Y chromosome in 12 females who received a kidney graft from a male donor before transplantation (T0), after 15 days (T1) and 1 year of transplantation (T2). We found the sequence in all recipients after renal transplantation. RESULTS: All the women were negative for this sequence prior to transplantation (T0). Mean (SD) Y-related DNA quantity was 0.80 (0.69) ng/mL plasma and 0.15 (0.26) ng/mL plasma at T1 and T2, respectively. No acute rejection was observed, and mean (SD) estimated Cr clearance was 68.8 (16.9) mL/min within 1 year from transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: Presence of MC was associated with good kidney graft outcomes after 1 year of transplantation, but further studies will be needed to investigate the relationship between clinical outcomes and the development of MC in renal transplant recipient.

Sexual Rehabilitation After Nerve-Sparing Radical Prostatectomy: Free-of-Charge Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitor Administration Improves Compliance to Treatment.

BACKGROUND: In December 2006, the region of Tuscany (Italy) authorized the free-of-charge provision of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5I) for all patients with Tuscan citizenship who undergo nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy (NSRP). OBJECTIVE: To compare sexual rehabilitation outcomes in patients with low risk of erectile dysfunction and minimal comorbidities who received PDE5Is free of charge (PDE5I-F) with those who paid for PDE5Is (PDE5I-P) after bilateral NSRP. METHODS: We reviewed prospectively recorded clinical data of 2,368 patients with Tuscan (PDE5I-F) and non-Tuscan (PDE5I-P) citizenship treated with NSRP at 3 different institutions in Tuscany from 2008 to 2013. Inclusion criteria for the final analysis were open or robot-assisted bilateral NSRP; low risk of postoperative erectile dysfunction according to the Briganti risk stratification tool; no smoking and no drug and alcohol abuse; no cardiovascular risk factors; no major surgery before and after NSRP; no neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment; and no biochemical relapse. Dropout was defined as an interruption longer than 40 days of the treatment protocol indicated in the inclusion criteria. Treatment compliance was defined as more than 90% consumption of the prescribed PDE5I. OUTCOMES: The Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction (EDITS) and the Italian version of the University of California-Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index sexual function (UCLA-PCI-s) questionnaires were administered to assess patients' satisfaction with PDE5I treatment and sexual function. RESULTS: Overall, 648 patients in the PDE5I-F group and 182 in the PDE5I-P group met the inclusion criteria and were eligible for the study. Patients had comparable preoperative and surgical characteristics. The PDE5I-F group had a significantly higher early rehabilitation onset (P < .001), lower treatment dropout at 12, 24, and 36 months (P < .001 for all comparisons), and higher compliance to the treatment protocol at 6 and 12 months (P = .01 and P < .001, respectively). At multivariable analysis, the PDE5I-F protocol was an independent predictor of an EDITS score higher than 50 (hazard ratio = 1.54, P = .03) and a UCLA-PCI-s score higher than 50 (hazard ratio = 3.12, P = .01) after adjusting for the effects of several clinical features. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The free-of-charge protocol has a significant impact on patients' satisfaction with PDE5I treatment. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing free vs paid access to a sexual rehabilitation protocol. Major limitations are the observational nature of the study and the different population sizes of the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: In a selected cohort of patients after NSRP, free-of-charge access to a sexual rehabilitation protocol was significantly associated with higher early rehabilitation onset, major compliance to the protocol, minor treatment dropout, and higher satisfaction rate of patients. Siena G, Mari A, Canale A, et al. Sexual Rehabilitation After Nerve-Sparing Radical Prostatectomy: Free-of-Charge Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitor Administration Improves Compliance to Treatment. J Sex Med 2018;15:120-123.

Use of sigmoid colon in orthotopic neobladder reconstruction: Long-term results.

OBJECTIVES: To present our experience with a sigmoid orthotopic neobladder. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the functional and oncological outcomes of 160 patients who underwent orthotopic neobladder reconstruction using a detubularized 20-25-cm sigmoid segment at our institution. Each patient was evaluated every 3 months the first year, every 6 months for the next 4 years and annually thereafter. Urodynamic studies of all consenting patients were carried out after 6 months, and 2, 5 and 10 years. We carried out the log-rank test, and used Cox regression models and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The anova test was used to compare urodynamic findings over time. RESULTS: Mean follow up was 6.8 years (range 0.65-21.7 years). Overall survival was 58.1% at 5 years, and 47.1% at 10 years. Early complications occurred in 36 patients (22.6%); late complications in 40 (25%). Stage V chronic kidney disease developed in two patients (1.3%). Complete (daytime and night-time) continence, defined as no need for pads or condom devices, was achieved by 45% of patients at 5 years, daytime continence was achieved by just 36% of patients; both were unchanged at 10 years. A significant difference emerged in maximal neobladder capacity and post-void residual values between 6 months and 2 years, and between 2 and 5 years (P < 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Sigmoid neobladder continence and capacity significantly improve over the first 5 years, and they remain stable over the long term. Upper urinary tract function is not affected by endoluminal pressure, and the rate of metabolic imbalance is negligible.

The impact of prior TURP on radical prostatectomy surgical margins: a multicenter analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze positive surgical margins (PSM) after radical prostatectomy (RP) in the overall population and in patients previously treated with transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 2,408 patients treated with RP for clinically localized prostate cancer (PCa) were consecutively enrolled in 135 departments. We correlated PSM rates and all preoperative, surgical and pathological features. We stratified the site of PSM as unique or multifocal. Moreover, we analyzed differences between 75 patients who had undergone previous TURP and the remaining 2,333 patients. RESULTS: In the entire study population, we identified 702 patients with PSM (29%). Using univariate analysis, we reported a significant correlation between overall PSM and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), stage cT, biopsy Gleason score, number of biopsy cores, number of positive cores, percentage of positive cores and nerve-sparing approach. PSM proved to be strongly dependent on pT in particular in patients with pT2 PCa. When we compared the data from 75 patients previously treated with TURP and those from 2,333 without previous prostatic surgery, a statistically significant difference in margin localization was found. Moreover, we analyzed the 75 patients mentioned above, stratified in incidental PCa diagnosed at TURP or PCa detected with prostate biopsy for PSA rising during the post-TURP follow-up: no statistical differences were found between the 2 groups regarding margin status, even if PSM were more frequent in incidental PCa with no significance deriving from the stratification for PSM location at the apex or base. CONCLUSION: Men treated with TURP before RP presented an overall incidence of PSM similar to those without previous TURP, but with a higher risk of PSM at the bladder neck and a lower risk of PSM at the prostatic apex.

A Velocity-Based Approach to Noninvasive Methodology for Urodynamic Analysis.

PURPOSE: To date, invasive urodynamic investigations have been used to define most terms and conditions relating to lower urinary tract symptoms. This invasiveness is almost totally due to the urethral catheter. In order to remove this source of discomfort for patients, the present study investigated a noninvasive methodology able to provide diagnostic information on bladder outlet obstruction or detrusor underactivity without any contact with the human body. METHODS: The proposed approach is based on simultaneous measurements of flow rate and jet exit velocity. In particular, the jet exit kinetic energy appears to be strongly related to bladder pressure, providing useful information on the lower urinary tract functionality. We developed a new experimental apparatus to simulate the male lower urinary tract, thus allowing extensive laboratory activities. A large amount of data was collected regarding different functional statuses. RESULTS: Experimental results were compared successfully with data in the literature in terms of peak flow rate and jet exit velocity. A new diagram based on the kinetic energy of the exit jet is proposed herein. Using the same notation as a Schäfer diagram, it is possible to perform noninvasive urodynamic studies. CONCLUSION: A new noninvasive approach based on the measurement of jet exit kinetic energy has been proposed to replace current invasive urodynamic studies. A preliminary assessment of this approach was carried out in healthy men, with a specificity of 91.5%. An additional comparison using a small sample of available pressure-flow studies also confirmed the validity of the proposed approach.

The impact of mid-urethral slings for the treatment of urodynamic stress incontinence on female sexual function: a multicenter prospective study.

INTRODUCTION: Urinary incontinence is a common condition that negatively impacts on female sexuality (FS). AIM: To evaluate FS before and after a mid-urethral sling (MUS) procedure using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). We included women that were both sexually and nonsexually active at baseline. METHODS: One hundred fifty-seven women complaining of urodynamic stress incontinence underwent a MUS procedure and were enrolled in the study. All patients answered the Italian translation of FSFI, before and 12 months after surgery. To understand the real impact of the MUS on female sexual function, for the first time in the literature, we also monitored and included in the final analysis all the women who are nonsexually active at baseline. We evaluated the prevalence of female sexual dysfunction according to the FSFI cutoff point (26.55). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: FSFI total score, pads use, and stress test presurgery and postsurgery. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-three patients completed the study protocol: 105 out of 133 underwent to a trans-obturator procedure, while 28 out of 133 had a retropubic procedure. After the 12-month follow up, 115 out of 133 patients (86%) were dry, 10 improved their symptoms, and the remaining 8 were unchanged. Seventy-nine out of 133 (59%) patients reported an active sexual life before surgery. Fifty-four (41%) reported they were not sexually active before surgery. Twelve months after surgery, 22 out of 54 nonsexually active women (40%) reestablished sexual activity, whereas only 6 out of 79 (7.5%) patients, sexually active at baseline, were not sexually active 1 year after surgery (P < 0.05). After adjusting for multiple testing, only age, menopause, and storage symptoms remained significantly correlated with the FSFI total score postsurgery as independent variables. Conclusions. Our data showed that after a MUS procedure, female sexual function improves. We also found that a very relevant percentage of nonsexually active women reported renewed sexual activity after MUS.

Patients' desire to preserve sexual activity and final decision for a nerve-sparing approach: results from the MIRROR (Multicenter Italian Report on Radical Prostatectomy Outcomes and Research) Study.

INTRODUCTION: Preservation of sexual function after surgery represents a major issue for patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP). AIM: To investigate determinants of patients' desire to preserve sexual activity before RP and surgeons' final decision to perform a nerve-sparing RP (NSRP). METHODS: Overall, 2,408 prostate cancer patients, candidates to RP, from 136 urologic departments across the Italian territory were evaluated in a multicenter prospective observational study. All patients underwent RP, according to single-center indications and procedures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age, body mass index, previous benign prostatic hyperplasia history, preoperative tumor characteristics, quality of life through the Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), and the University of California Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index (UCLA-PCI), erectile function through the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5), desire to preserve sexual activity, NS operative outcomes, and surgical margins status were recorded. RESULTS: Overall, 1,667 were interested to preserve sexual activity. Age, physical component summary of SF12 (PCS-12), sexual function score of UCLA-PCI, and IIEF-5 score were the main determinants of such interest. Only 1,246 patients were suitable for a NSRP according to guidelines. Surgeons performed a non-NSRP (NNSRP) in 1,234 patients, a unilateral NSRP in 318 and a bilateral NSRP in 856. Age, bioptical Gleason score, percentage of positive cores, PCS-12, and patient's desire to preserve sexual activity were the main determinants of final decision for a NSRP. Surgeons performed a NSRP in 424 not suitable and in 121 not interested patients. Positive surgical margins in not suitable patients submitted to NSRP were not higher if compared to that obtained after NNSRP in the same subgroup. Limits include lack of oncological and functional follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients are interested to preserve sexual activity. Discrepancies exist among patients' preferences, guidelines' indications, and surgeon's final decision.

Factors predicting continence recovery 1 month after radical prostatectomy: results of a multicenter survey.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the factors associated with continence recovery 1 month after radical prostatectomy (RP) and to identify the correlation between these factors. METHODS: In total, 2408 men treated with RP for prostate cancer (PCa) were enrolled in the present multicenter prospective study. Clinical (age, body mass index) and urological (catheterization or transurethral resection of the prostate) records, quality of life (QOL) scores determined using various instruments (including the International Index of Erectile Function [IIEF] and University of California Los Angeles, Prostate Cancer Index [UCLA-PCI]), PCa characteristics (clinical stage [cT], prostate-specific antigen, biopsy Gleason score), surgical features (surgical approach, nerve and bladder neck sparing, catheterization), and pathologic outcomes (pT, pN+, Gleason score, positive surgical margins) were recorded. Continence status prior to surgery and at 1 month after RP was assessed and classified as followed: (i) full continence; (ii) 0-1 pads/day; or (iii) >1 pad/day. Only patients determined to have full continence prior to surgery were included in the analysis. Data were evaluated using Spearman's correlation analysis and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Data from 1972 patients with full continence preoperatively and complete postoperative data were analyzed. At 1 month after RP, 644 patients (32.7%) were fully continent, 810 (41.1%) were using 0-1 pads/day, and 518 (26.3%) were using >1 pad/day. Univariate analysis indicated that clinical and urological data, QOL, PCa characteristics, surgical features, and pathologic outcomes were determinants for continence recovery. Multivariate analysis indicated that preoperative sexual activity (UCLA-PCI Sexual Function P = 0.005; IIEF P = 0.040), bladder neck sparing (P = 0.003), catheterization time (P = 0.007), and catheter diameter (P = 0.046) were associated with 1 month continence recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Age and nerve sparing are not significant predictors of continence recovery 1 month after RP. Preoperative erectile function can predict post-prostatectomy incontinence. Bladder neck preservation has a significant effect on early continence recovery after RP.

Prostate Cancer Characteristics in Renal Transplant Recipients: A 25-Year Experience From a Single Centre.

Objectives: The incidence of prostate cancer in renal transplant recipients (RTRs) is increasing, but few data are available in the literature. In this study, we reviewed the 25-year experience in the management of prostate cancer after kidney transplantation at the Florence Transplant Centre. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data from 617 RTR male patients who underwent renal transplantation at our institute between July 1996 and September 2016. Data regarding demographics, renal transplantation, prostate cancer and immunosuppressive treatment were analyzed. The probability of death was estimated by using the Kaplan-Meier method and differences between patients' groups were assessed by the log-rank test. Results: From July 1991 to September 2016, 617 kidney transplantations of male patients were performed at our institute. Among these, 20 patients were subsequently diagnosed with prostate cancer accounting for a cumulative incidence of 3.24%. After a median follow-up of 59 months, 10 patients underwent radical prostatectomy whereas 10 patients underwent primary radiotherapy. A biochemical recurrence was identified in five (25%) patients while a fatal event occurred in 11 (55%) patients. Univariate Cox regression showed that the basal value of PSA >10 ng/ml was the only significant factor negatively affecting the survival of patients. Conclusions: Standard treatments can be proposed to RTR with satisfactory results on both post-operative and oncological outcomes. Further studies are needed to address the issue of prostate cancer screening based on PSA levels and the optimal management of prostate cancer in RTRs.

Radical retropubic prostatectomy for prostate cancer with microscopic bladder neck involvement: survival and prognostic implications.

OBJECTIVE: To report the oncological outcome of 106 patients who had locally advanced prostate cancer with microscopic bladder neck invasion, identified in a series of 1129 patients surgically treated with retropubic radical prostatectomy over a 12-year period. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All specimens were reviewed. Microscopic bladder neck invasion was defined as the presence of neoplastic cells within the smooth muscle bundles of the bladder neck, with no accompanying prostatic glandular tissue on the corresponding slide. Survival was analysed for different subgroups in relation to several variables. RESULTS: The follow-up (median 7.2 years, mean 6.68, range 0.3-14) was available for 106 patients with microscopic bladder neck invasion. Seminal vesicle invasion was present in 69.8% of the cases, lymph node involvement in 29.2%, apex infiltration in 31.8%, and positive surgical margins in 23.6%. Biochemical progression occurred in 61 (57.5%) patients, and 25 of them died from cancer. The mean (sd) biochemical progression-free survival was 0.68 (0.05), 0.59 (0.05), 0.40 (0.05) and 0.38 (0.05) at 1, 2, 5 and 10 years, respectively. Age, Gleason score and lymph node invasion were independent prognostic factors on multivariate analysis. Overall and cancer-specific survival rates were 0.75 (0.04) and 0.80 (0.04) at 5 years and 0.57 (0.04) and 0.75 (0.04) at 10 years, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that seminal vesicle invasion, lymph node involvement and surgical Gleason score > or =8 significantly increased the risk of death. On multivariate analysis only the surgical Gleason score had an independent prognostic role with regard to overall survival (P = 0.01; odds ratio 2.82, 95% confidence interval 1.2-6.4) and cancer-specific survival (P < 0.001; 8.6, 2.5-28.8). CONCLUSIONS: In this series, overall and cancer-specific survival rates were comparable to those reported for surgically treated cT3 prostate cancers. The lack of need for external urinary diversion during the entire follow-up significantly contributed to the patients' quality of life.

Vardenafil can improve continence recovery after bilateral nerve sparing prostatectomy: results of a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5-I) have acquired an established role in the treatment of post-prostatectomy erectile dysfunction (ED). Several trials in men with ED and lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia suggest that PDE5-I could improve both erectile function and urinary symptoms. AIM: To assess the role of vardenafil in continence recovery after bilateral nerve sparing radical prostatectomy (BNS-RP). METHODS: Thirty-nine patients with prostate cancer were recruited. After BNS-RP, patients were double-blinded assigned to three arms: a) vardenafil on demand; b) vardenafil nightly; and c) placebo. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Urinary function (UF) and urinary bother (UB) of University of California-Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index questionnaire were assessed preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, 9, 10, and 12 months. Twelve-month outcomes were compared to 1 month with a t-test. The differences in UF and UB (at 3, 6, 9, 10, and 12 months) between the three treatment arms were calculated by an analysis of variance. With ALLFIT we estimated half-maximal recovery times (ER50) and maximal recovery (R(max)) in three groups. RESULTS: The improvement of UF and UB between 1 and 12 months was significant in all arms except for placebo (UF: P = 0.125; UB: P = 0.089). Nightly resulted in greater UF at 3, 6, and 9 months and greater UB at 6 months compared with placebo (P = 0.042, P = 0.044 and P = 0.039); after nightly administration, patients presented higher UB than after on-demand use, 3 and 6 months postoperatively (P = 0.036 and P = 0.017). ALLFIT demonstrated a similar ER50 in all groups (2.6 months for both UF and UB) and indicated that nightly administration induced significant improvements in R(max) compared with placebo (both <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Vardenafil can improve continence recovery after BNS-RP compared with placebo. The daily use of vardenafil seems to provide better continence rate, although it does not seem to influence the timing needed to achieve full continence.

Intrauterine device-associated actinomycosis of the ovary and urinary bladder: a case report.

Actinomycosis of the urinary bladder is rare, mostly subsequent to abdomino-pelvic infection, and usually affects women with long-term use of an intrauterine device. We describe a case of vesical actinomycosis mimicking a papillary bladder tumour in a 56-year-old woman with primary manifestation of the disease in the genital tract, subjected to two transurethral resections after relapse of a polypoid mass in the bladder. Urological procedures are necessary to differentiate actinomycosis from bladder cancer and the diagnosis is often made histologically.

Sexual dysfunction in women during dialysis and after renal transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: Disorders of the reproductive system and menstrual abnormalities often associated with loss of libido and inability to reach orgasm are common in adults of both sexes with an end-stage renal disease. These symptoms may significantly contribute to depression and reduce the sexual activity of women. AIM: To determine if sexual function, as well as hormonal status, improves after kidney transplantation, comparing a group of pre-menopausal women during dialysis and after a successful renal transplantation. METHODS: We enrolled 58 women that received kidney transplantation. Patients included were 18-45 years old, on hemodialysis for more than 6 months following a fully functioning kidney transplantation, and on a stable corticosteroids immunosuppressive regimen for at least 6 months. All women underwent a general and urogynecological examination, a hormonal profile determination, and filled out the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and a Beck Depression Inventory questionnaire administered during dialysis and 12 months after transplantation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We evaluated the prevalence of Female Sexual Dysfunction according to the FSFI cutoff points, sexual hormonal status, and menstrual status during dialysis and 12 months after kidney transplantation. RESULTS: Nineteen out of 58 women left the study prematurely. Thirty-nine women (mean age 36 +/- 5.9 years) completed the study. A total of 74% of the patients had menstrual disturbances during dialysis, as opposed to 45% after transplantation (P < 0.001). Sixteen out of 39 (41%) patients acknowledged having an active sexual life during dialysis. Thirty-four out of 39 (88%) transplanted patients acknowledged having an active sexual life (Fischer's exact test P = 0.000039). The hormonal profile and FSFI results improved significantly after transplantation. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that a successful transplantation should improve the sexual life in women with chronic renal failure.

Long-term experience with a novel uterine-sparing transvaginal mesh procedure for uterovaginal prolapse.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate outcomes and quality of life in patients operated transvaginally with an original mesh shape for uterus-sparing prolapse surgery and to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the technique. STUDY DESIGN: We prospectively evaluated 66 postmenopausal patients (POP-Q Stage III: 32, IV: 34) operated between May 2008 and December 2013. We used wide weave polypropylene monofilament mesh that functions as a hammock anchored posteriorly to sacrospinous ligaments, its anterior wings exit the pelvis through the obturatory membrane. Follow-up was scheduled at 3-, 12- months and in May 2016. Prolapse-Quality of Life Questionnaire (P-QoL) was administered preoperatively, at 12 months and in May 2016. The chi square and Wilcoxon test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 5.6 (SD: 1.6, Range: 1.1-8.1) years. The overall success rate (POP-Q ≤ 2) was 92.5% at 12 months and 84.4% at May 2016, these data remained stable over time (p > 0.05). Early complications occurred in 2 (3%) patients, late in 5 (7.8%) of which mesh extrusion in 4 (6.3%). Data from P-QoL showed significant improvement between preoperative and postoperative data (P < 0.01 for all domains) and they remained stable with time (p > 0.05). De-novo dyspareunia was 17.6% at 12 months and 10.3% at May 2016. CONCLUSIONS: The low rate and grade of complications demonstrates the safety of the procedure, which offers stable anatomical correction with significant improvement in QoL.

Long-term complications arising from bowel interposition in the urinary tract.

After radical cystectomy or pathologies affecting the ureter(s), bowel segments can be employed to restore the natural urine flow or to create an external urinary diversion. Nevertheless, the interposition of bowel segments in the urinary tract is not devoid of complications. In fact, bowel's microstructure differs from the urothelium; specifically its mucosa is aimed at reabsorption, rather than storage. The aim of this paper is to revise the pathophysiology of complications related to bowel's mucosal properties. Those are: metabolic imbalance, malabsorption of vitamins, cholelitiasis, nephrolitiasis and infections. Their entity varies according to the segment used and to its length, which reflects the surface in contact with urine. Mostly, they occur on the long-term, but metabolic imbalances might occur soon after surgery as well.

Minimally Invasive Transanal Repair of Rectourethral Fistulas.

BACKGROUND: Rectourethral fistulas (RUFs) represent an uncommon complication of pelvic surgery, especially radical prostatectomy. To date there is no standardised treatment for managing RUFs. This represents a challenge for surgeons, mainly because of the potential recurrence risk. OBJECTIVE: To describe our minimally invasive transanal repair (MITAR) of RUFs and to assess its safety and outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We retrospectively evaluated 12 patients who underwent MITAR of RUF at our centre from October 2008 to December 2014. Exclusion criteria were a fistula diameter greater than 1.5cm, sepsis, and/or faecaluria. SURGICAL PROCEDURE: After fistula identification through cystoscopy and 5F-catheter positioning within the fistula, MITAR is performed using laparoscopic instruments introduced through Parks' anal retractor. The fibrotic margins of the fistula are carefully dissected by a lozenge incision of the rectal wall, parallel to the rectal axis. Under the healthy flap of the rectal wall the urothelium is located and the fistulous tract is sutured with interrupted stitches. After a leakage test of the bladder, the rectal wall is sutured with interrupted stitches. Electrocoagulation is never used during this procedure. MEASUREMENTS: Fistula closure, postoperative complications, and recurrence. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Median follow-up was 21 (range, 12-74) mo. Median operative time was 58 (range, 50-70) min. Median hospital stay was 1.5 (range, 1-4) d. Early surgical complications occurred in one patient (8.3%). Recurrence did not occur in any of the cases. Limitations included retrospective analysis, small case load, and lack of experience with radiation-induced fustulas. CONCLUSIONS: MITAR is a safe, effective, and reproducible procedure. Its advantages are low morbidity and quick recovery, and no need for a colostomy. PATIENT SUMMARY: We studied the treatment of rectourethral fistulas. Our technique, transanally performed using laparoscopic instruments, was found to be safe, feasible, and effective, with limited risk of complications.

A contemporary series of renal masses with emphasis on recently recognized entities and tumors of low malignant potential: A report based on 624 consecutive tumors from a single tertiary center.

INTRODUCTION: A number of new renal tumor entities have been recognized by the 2016 World Health Organization classification of urologic tumors. The classification includes tumors with different behavior and introduces one tumor with low malignant potential, the multilocular cystic clear cell renal cell neoplasm of low malignant potential (mcCCRCNLMP). However, some categories still labeled as "carcinoma", such as clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma (CCPRCC), renal angioleiomyomatous tumor (RAT), and tubulocystic carcinoma (TCRCC), all with a particularly good prognosis when diagnosed as low stage, show no malignant behavior: in fact, no metastases have been reported in these categories when surgically excised. Current experience is limited to supporting these neoplasms as benign entities although, recent literature data is defining these entities as "low malignant potential tumors". MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a search through our files on a consecutive series of 624 renal tumors diagnosed over a period of 2 years to address the incidence of this category of tumors. RESULTS: Applying strict histological criteria, the "low malignant potential" tumors, comprised 7% of renal masses that are less than 4cm in size and 3.8% of renal masses measuring 4-7cm in the series of 624 renal tumors. When benign tumors are taken into considerations, the benign and "low malignant potential tumors" represent about one third of renal masses <4cm and one sixth of renal masses between 4 and 7cm. All these cases have not shown recurrence or metastasis at follow-up, mean follow-up of 18 months (range 6-30 months). CONCLUSIONS: This information may assist urologists in developing guidelines for counseling and proper clinical management for patients with "low malignant potential" tumors or small renal masses.

Conservative Treatment of Serous Borderline Paratesticular Tumor in a Pediatric Patient.

Serous borderline tumors are rare neoplasms. Herein we report our conservative approach, whose rationale is neoplasm low-malignant potential. Tumor was removed under general anesthesia, and frozen section ruled out a germinal malignancy or a stromal tumor such as rhabdomyosarcoma. Ultrasound evaluation was initially performed every 3 months during the first 2 years, every 6 months during the next 3 years, and annually thereafter. After 8 years, the patient has not experienced any relapse, either clinical or ultrasonographical. In our opinion, conservative approach, whose final decision relies on intraoperative frozen section, represents the best option and does not jeopardize long-term oncological outcome.