Sexual discordance and sexual partnering among heterosexual women.

This study examined characteristics of self-identified heterosexual women who were concordant or discordant in their sexual behavior and the association of discordance and sexual partnering among those aged 15-44 years from the 2006-2010 National Survey of Family Growth (n = 7,353). Sexual concordance was defined as reporting a heterosexual identity and no female partners in the past year; discordance was reporting a heterosexual identity and having at least one female partner in the past year. Sexual partnering was defined as being concurrent, serially monogamous or monogamous with a male partner in the previous year. Polytomous logistic regression models evaluated the association between sexual discordance and sexual partnering. Among self-identified heterosexual, sexually active women, 11.2 % reported ever having had a same sex partner. Heterosexually discordant women who had both male and female partners in the previous year were 5.5 times as likely to report having a concurrent relationship (95 % CI 2.77-11.09) and 2.4 times as likely to report engaging in serially monogamous relationships (95 % CI 1.19-4.97) with male partners. Discordance between heterosexual identity and same sex behavior is a factor in risky behaviors. Women who have sex with women and men may act as bridges for the transmission of STDs, particularly to their female partners. Sexual education should include information inclusive of non-heteronormative behaviors and identities to provide sexual minorities with the tools and information they need. Clinical guidelines should ensure that all women are offered counseling and screening for reproductive and sexual health.

Age at first intercourse and subsequent sexual partnering among adult women in the United States, a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Concurrency and serial monogamy may increase risk for STIs when gaps fall within the infectious period. This study examined the association between early sexual debut and concurrent or serial sexual partnering among heterosexual adult women. METHODS: We identified 6,791 heterosexually active women, ages 21-44, from the 2006-2010 National Survey of Family Growth, a multi-stage probability sample of women in the United States. Self-reported age at first intercourse was categorized as <15, 15-17 and ≥18 years (referent). Sexual partnering was defined as concurrency (within the same month), serial monogamy with either a 1-3 month, or ≥4 month gap between partners, or monogamy (referent) in the year prior to interview. Polytomous logistic models provided adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Concurrent partnerships in the year prior to interview were reported by 5.2% of women. Serial monogamy with a 1-3 month gap was reported by 2.5% of women. Compared with women whose sexual debut was ≥18 years, those <15 years at sexual initiation had 3.7 times the odds of reporting concurrent partnerships (aOR: 3.72; 95% CI: 2.46-5.62). Women <15 years of age at sexual debut had twice the odds of serial monogamy with gap lengths of 1-3 months between partners (aOR1-3 months: 2.13; 95% CI 1.15-3.94) as compared to women ≥18 years at sexual debut. CONCLUSIONS: Sexual debut at <15 years is associated with both concurrency and serial monogamy with 1-3 month gaps between partners in U.S. women aged 21-44.

Psychometric assessment of scales measuring HIV public stigma, drug-use public stigma and fear of HIV infection among young adolescents and their parents.

The objective of this study was to design and assess measurement instruments that accurately measure the levels of stigma among individuals with a primarily collectivist culture. A cross-sectional study was conducted among middle school students and their parents or guardians in a rural area of China. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to examine and determine the latent factors of the sub-scales of stigma respectively, among students and their parents. Factor analyses identified three sub-scales: HIV public stigma (seven items), drug-use public stigma (nine items), and fear of HIV infection (seven items). There were no items with cross-loading onto multiple factors, supporting the distinctness of the constructs that these scales were meant to measure. Goodness of fit indices indicated that a three-factor solution fit, the data at an acceptable level in the student sample (χ(2) /degree ratio=1.98, comparative fit index [CFI]=0.92, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA]=0.055, standardized root mean square residual [SRMR]=0.057) and in the parent sample (χ(2)/degree ratio=1.95, CFI=0.91, RMSEA=0.06, SRMR=0.059). Reliability of the three scales was excellent (Cronbach's alpha: 0.78-0.92 for students; 0.80-0.94 for parents or guardians) and stable across split samples and for the data as a whole. The scales are brief and suitable for use in developing countries where the collectivist culture prevails.

Role of social network dimensions in the transition to injection drug use: actions speak louder than words.

The objective of this study was to examine the influences of social network factors, particularly social support and norms, in the transition from non-injection heroin and/or opiate use to heroin-injection, which is one of the leading causes of the spread of HIV/AIDS in China. Respondent-driven sampling was used to recruit young heroin and/or opiate users in an egocentric network study in Yunnan, China. Multivariate logistic regression using hierarchical combinations of candidate variables was used to analyze network factors for the injection transition. A total of 3,121 social network alters were reported by 403 egos with an average network size of eight. Fifty-eight percent of egos transitioned to heroin-injection from non-injection. This transition was associated with having a larger sex network size, a larger number of heroin injectors in one's network, and a higher network density. The findings enhance our understanding of the influence of social network dimensions on the transition to injection drug use. Accordingly, the development of interventions for heroin and/or opiate users in China should consider social network characteristics.

Age at Sexual Debut and Subsequent Sexual Partnering in Adulthood Among American Men.

This study examined the association of sexual debut and sexual partnering among men in the United States aged 21 to 44 years who participated in the 2006-2010 National Survey of Family Growth. Age at debut was categorized as <15 years, 15 to 17 years, and ≥18 years to permit comparison with previous research. Sexual partnering was defined as being concurrent, serial monogamist, or monogamist in prior year. Eleven percent reported concurrent partnerships and 6% serial monogamy. Sexual debut <15 and 15 to 17 years was associated with concurrency (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] < 15 = 2.22; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.37-3.61; aOR 15-17 = 1.69; 95% CI = 1.05-2.74). Irrespective of age at sexual debut, interventions to reduce risky lifetime number of partners may prevent risky sexual behavior in early adulthood and later in life.

Age at menarche and risky sexual partnerships in adulthood: does a biosocial model explain any associations?

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between menarcheal age and subsequent sexual partnering in women aged 21-44 years. METHODS: Data from the 2006-2010 National Survey of Family Growth were used (n=7,962). Menarcheal age was defined as ≤ 11, 12-14, or ≥ 15 years. Sexual partnering was defined as being concurrent, serially monogamous or monogamous in the previous year. Polytomous logistic regression models evaluated the association between age of menarche and sexual partnering. RESULTS: Nearly 6% reported concurrent partnerships and ∼ 4% serial monogamy. Age of menarche was not associated with subsequent concurrent sexual partnering (adjusted odds ratio relative to ≥ 18 years [aOR ≤ 11]: 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.57-2.09; aOR12-14: 1.13; 95% CI: 0.64-1.99) or serial monogamy (aOR ≤ 11: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.41-1.38; aOR12-14: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.39-1.29). CONCLUSIONS: Early menarche is not a risk factor for sexual partnering in adulthood. However, menarche provides an opportunity for education to aid young women to make decisions regarding sexual debut and sexual partnering that are healthy for them.