[The approach to hypercholesterolemia in health strategies and plans in Spain: present situation and future proposals].

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a major cause of death worldwide and Hypercholesterolemia (HC) is an important cardiovascular risk factor. In Spain, approximately 25% of middle-aged adults suffer from HC. Our objective was to analyse current health strategies and plans in Spain related to CVD and HC in order to define possible future courses of action to bring about better control from a health management and policy perspective. METHODS: The study was observational and descriptive. In the first step, a literature review was carried out, followed by six semi structured interviews. In the second step, a group of 12 experts in the field identified existing barriers to HC control and suggested ways to reduce premature mortality due to CVD. RESULTS: A total of 51 documents were identified, of which 43% referred to HC. There was a high variability at the regional level in the implementation of measures and initiatives for the control of HC. Barriers that were identified were : trivialization of HC, lack of active participation by key stakeholders, lack of understanding of the impact of HC, existing care models and pathways, and short-term health policies that limit the provision of resources for HC care and control. CONCLUSION: Despite the considerable medical and socioeconomic burden of CVD and HC in Spain, the importance of HC is not reflected in health policies. There is a lack of HC control measures, even when they are shown to be highly feasible and beneficial. This article proposes specific measures to improve control of this issue.

Abordaje de la hipercolesterolemia en planes y estrategias de saluden España: estado actual y propuestas de futuro / The approach to hypercholesterolemia in health strategies and plans in Spain: present situation and future proposals

Fundamento: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV)son la principal causa de muerte a nivel mundial y la hipercolesterolemia (HC) es un importante factor de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV). En España, aproximadamente un25% de los adultos de mediana edad presentan hipercolesterolemia. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar las estrategias y planes de salud existentes en España respecto a las ECVy a la HC, y definir líneas de actuación para su controldesde la gestión y política sanitaria. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo.En la primera fase se revisó la literatura y se realizaronseis entrevistas semiestructuradas; en una segunda fase,12 expertos identificaron las barreras existentes y propusieron estrategias para reducir la mortalidad prematura por las ECV.Resultados: Se identificaron 51 documentos de planificación, el 43% hacían referencia a la HC. Se detectó una altavariabilidad en la implementación de iniciativas a nivel autonómico para el control de la HC. Las barreras identificadas para explicar estos resultados fueron: banalización de la HC, falta de participación activa de agentes clave, desconocimiento del impacto de la HC, el modelo de atención y los circuitos asistenciales existentes, y las políticas sanitarias a corto plazo y con escasa dedicación de recursos a la HC.Conclusiones: A pesar del impacto en salud y socioeconómico de las ECV y de la HC en España, el peso de la HC en las políticas de salud no parece corresponderse con esa relevancia. Faltan medidas para su abordaje, pese a la evidencia de su efectividad. Este estudio propone medidas concretas para avanzar en su control.(AU)

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a major cause of death worldwide and Hypercholesterolemia (HC) is an important cardiovascular risk factor. In Spain,approximately 25% of middle-aged adults suffer from HC.Our objective was to analyse current health strategiesand plans in Spain related to CVD and HC in order todefine possible future courses of action to bring aboutbetter control from a health management and policy perspective.Methods: The study was observational and descriptive.In the first step, a literature review was carried out, followed by six semi structured interviews. In the second step, a group of 12 experts in the field identified existing barriers to HC control and suggested ways to reduce premature mortality due to CVD. Results: A total of 51 documents were identified, of which 43% referred to HC. There was a high variability at the regional level in the implementation of measures and initiatives for the control of HC. Barriers that were identified were : trivialization of HC, lack of active participation bykey stakeholders, lack of understanding of the impact ofHC, existing care models and pathways, and short-termhealth policies that limit the provision of resources forHC care and control. Conclusion: Despite the considerable medical and socioeconomic burden of CVD and HC in Spain, the importance of HC is not reflected in health policies. There is a lack of HC control measures, even when they are shown to be highly feasible and beneficial. This article proposes specific measures to improve control of this issue.(AU)

[Evaluation of the new integrated care approach in the Basque Country]. / Evaluación del nuevo enfoque en atención a la cronicidad en las organizaciones sanitarias integradas en el País Vasco.

BACKGROUND: In 2010 the Basque Government launched its "Strategy for tackling the challenge of chronicity in the Basque Country", in order to transform healthcare organisations into more integrated care models, with the aim of improving quality and efficiency in chronicity management. Four Integrated Healthcare Organisations (IHOs) were created to unify primary and specialised care into one single organisation. The aim of this study is to measure the degree of readiness of these IHOs to cope with chronicity, using the Chronic Care Model (CCM) as a reference. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Self-assessment processes using ARCHO (Assessment of Readiness for Chronicity in Health Care Organisations) were carried out in four IHOs by the management teams. RESULTS: The average score was 16 out of 100 points, which signals that healthcare organisations are undertaking action plans in the realm of integrated care, but with limited deployment and without a systematic process for evaluating outcomes. The dimension that ranks best is "Organization of the health system", while "Community health" has the lowest ranking. CONCLUSIONS: IHOs are the key for achieving integrated care for chronic illnesses. Integration of community resources and evaluation of results are two of the fields that need to be improved in order to achieve the set of interventions proposed in ARCHO. The organisational changes involved in the CCM require periods longer than two years.

[Prevalence and costs of chronicity and multimorbidity in the population covered by the Basque public telecare service]. / Prevalencia de cronicidad y multimorbilidad en la población cubierta por el servicio público de teleasistencia de Euskadi: impacto en costes y calidad.

BACKGROUND: The public telecare service in the Basque Autonomous Community (betiON) is a service offered by the Department of Employment and Social Policy of the Basque Government and offers telephone support to elderly and disabled populations, providing communication with an assistance centre. This connection with health care devices makes it possible to implement shared information systems with health and social data, which enable a characterization of the population attended to and the development of integrated models for health and social provision. OBJECTIVE: To describe the distribution of chronic diseases and multimorbidity among users of betiON, to estimate the cost of their health care and to compare these indicators with those of the general population. METHODS: We extracted information from betiON and public healthcare databases. We characterized the telecare population above 65 years (N = 23.742) and compared it with the total population in the Basque Autonomous Community (N = 2.262.707) with respect to variables in demography socio-economic burden, costs and ambulatory care conditions. RESULTS: In the telecare population, the average age is 83 years, 80% are women, 55.1% live alone and reside in poorer neighbourhoods. Forty-two point five per cent of males and 36.5% of women are affected by five or more chronic conditions, averaging 4.06 pathologies per person. They also show higher healthcare costs than the general population. CONCLUSIONS: Telecare users have a higher disease burden, greater need for healthcare and unfavourable social conditions. Telecare provides an opportunity for innovation and intervention, through the coordination of social and healthcare services.

Evaluación del nuevo enfoque en atención a la cronicidad en las organizaciones sanitarias integradas en el País Vasco / Evaluation of the new integrated care approach in the Basque Country

Fundamento: En el año 2010 Euskadi puso en marcha la "Estrategia para afrontar el reto de la cronicidad" tratando de reorientar las organizaciones sanitarias hacia modelos más integrados que proporcionaran una respuesta de calidad y más eficiente al paciente crónico. Se han creado cuatro Organizaciones Sanitarias Integradas (OSI) que suponen la integración en una única organización de los dos niveles asistenciales: atención primaria y especializada. El objetivo del estudio es conocer el grado de desarrollo alcanzado por las cuatro OSI en su estrategia de gestión integrada de la cronicidad tomando como referente de la evaluación el Chronic Care Model. Material y métodos: Autoevaluación en las cuatros OSI con la herramienta IEMAC por parte del equipo directivo de cada organización. Resultados: La puntuación promedio es de 16 puntos sobre 100, lo que implica que las organizaciones están emprendiendo planes de acción en el ámbito de la gestión de la atención integrada, pero con un despliegue limitado y sin que se puedan aportar evidencias de evaluación de los resultados de las acciones puestas en marcha. La dimensión mejor valorada fue "Organización del Sistema de Salud", mientras que la menos valorada fue "Salud Comunitaria". Conclusiones: Las OSI son motores del cambio para lograr una atención integral a la cronicidad. Los aspectos relacionados con la integración de recursos comunitarios y la evaluación de resultados constituyen dos de las áreas de mejora para desplegar el conjunto de intervenciones propuestas en IEMAC. Los cambios organizativos que supone el CCM requieren de períodos de tiempo superiores a dos años (AU)

Background: In 2010 the Basque Government launched its "Strategy for tackling the challenge of chronicity in the Basque Country", in order to transform healthcare organisations into more integrated care models, with the aim of improving quality and efficiency in chronicity management. Four Integrated Healthcare Organisations (IHOs) were created to unify primary and specialized care into one single organisation. The aim of this study is to measure the degree of readiness of these IHOs to cope with chronicity, using the Chronic Care Model (CCM) as a reference. Material and methods: Self-assessment processes using ARCHO (Assessment of Readiness for Chronicity in Health Care Organisations) were carried out in four IHOs by the management teams. Results: The average score was 16 out of 100 points, which signals that healthcare organisations are undertaking action plans in the realm of integrated care, but with limited deployment and without a systematic process for evaluating outcomes. The dimension that ranks best is "Organization of the health system", while "Community health" has the lowest ranking. Conclusions: IHOs are the key for achieving integrated care for chronic illnesses. Integration of community resources and evaluation of results are two of the fields that need to be improved in order to achieve the set of interventions proposed in ARCHO. The organizational changes involved in the CCM require periods longer than two years (AU)

Prevalencia de cronicidad y multimorbilidad en la población cubierta por el servicio público de teleasistencia de Euskadi: impacto en costes y calidad de la atención / Prevalence and costs of chronicity and multimorbidity in the population covered by the Basque public telecare service

Fundamento. La teleasistencia pública en Euskadi (betiON) es un servicio ofrecido por el Departamento de Empleo y Políticas Sociales del Gobierno Vasco que proporciona atención telefónica a las poblaciones dependientes y de mayor edad, ofreciéndoles comunicación con un centro de atención. Su conexión con dispositivos asistenciales sanitarios permite disponer de sistemas de información que comparten datos de índole sanitaria y social, lo cual posibilita una caracterización de la población atendida y el desarrollo de modelos de provisión integrada social y sanitaria. Objetivo. Describir la distribución de enfermedades crónicas y multimorbilidad entre los usuarios de betiON, estimar el coste de su atención sanitaria, calcular las hospitalizaciones evitables y comparar tales indicadores con la población general. Métodos. Se extrajo información de las bases de datos sanitarias públicas y de betiON. Se caracterizó la población de teleasistencia mayor de 65 años de edad (N=23.742) respecto a variables demográficas, socio-económicas, carga de morbilidad, costes y hospitalizaciones evitables. Se realizaron ajustes indirectos por edad y sexo para comparar la prevalencia de enfermedades con la población general y modelos de regresión para coste y hospitalizaciones evitables. Resultados. En la población de teleasistencia, el promedio de edad es 83 años, el 80% son mujeres, un 55,1% viven solos y residen en zonas más deprimidas. El 42,5% de los varones y 36,5%de las mujeres está afectado por 5 o más patologías crónicas, siendo 4,06 el promedio de enfermedades por persona. Además los costes de su atención sanitaria son más elevados que los de la población general (57%). Ajustando por edad, sexo y morbilidad, no existen diferencias en la tasa de hospitalizaciones evitables con la población general. Conclusiones. Los usuarios de teleasistencia presentan mayor carga de morbilidad, mayor necesidad de atención y condiciones sociales más desfavorables, pese a lo cual la calidad de la atención recibida es equiparable a la población general. La coordinación de servicios sociales y sanitarios a través de la conexión de sistemas de información y la teleasistencia como plataforma de servicios ofrecen oportunidades relevantes de innovación en la intervención sobre esta población (AU)

Background. The public telecare service in Euskadi (betiON)is a service offered by the Department of Employment and Social Policy of the Basque Government and offers telephone support to elderly and disabled populations, providing communication with an assistance centre. This connection with healthcare devices allows implementing shared information systems with health and social data, which enable a characterization of the attended population and the development of integrated models for health and social provision. Objective. To describe the distribution of chronic diseases and multimorbidity among users of betiON, to estimate the cost of their health care and to compare these indicators with those of the general population. Methods. We extracted information from betiON and public healthcare databases. We characterized telecare population above 65 years (N = 23.742) and compared it with the total Euskadi one (N = 2.262.707) with respect to demographic, socio-economic burden, costs and ambulatory care sensitive conditions. Results. In the telecare population, the average age is 83 years, 80% are women, 55,1% live alone and dwell in poorer neighborhoods. A 42,5% of males and 36,5% of women are affected by five or more chronic conditions, averaging 4,06 pathologies per person. Also they exhibit higher healthcare costs than the general population. Conclusions. Telecare users have a higher disease burden, greater need for healthcare and unfavorable social conditions. Telecare provides an opportunity for innovation and intervention, through coordination of social and healthcare services (AU)

Una visión sistémica de la gestión del conocimiento en atención primaria / A systematic view of management of knowledge in primary care

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