Consumption of ultra-processed food and its association with obesity in Chilean university students: A multi-center studyUltra-processed food and obesity in Chilean university students.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the associations between the consumption of three categories of ultra-processed food (sugary beverages, sweet, and salty snacks) and body mass index (BMI) among Chilean university students. METHODS: We conducted a multi-center, descriptive study among 2,039 students from 6 Chilean universities. Food consumption was surveyed using a validate food survey. That height and body weight were objectively measured to calculate BMI for determining weight status, and also, tobacco use and physical activity were measured. RESULTS: An intake equal to or higher than 1 serving of sugary beverage a day was associated with greater odds of obesity in university students (OR:1.32 [95% CI: 1.00, 1.74]), 2 servings/day (OR: 1.30 [95% CI: 1.04, 1.50]), and 3 servings/day (OR: 1.39 [95% CI: 1.05, 1.80]). Neither consumption of sweet nor salty snacks (≥1 servings/day) related to differential odds of obesity: (OR: 0.83 [95% CI: 0.42, 1.64]) and (OR: 1.79 [95% CI: 0.93, 3.41]), respectively. CONCLUSION: In a sample of Chilean university students, consumption of sugary beverages, and not consumption of sweet or salty snacks, was associated with obesity.

Tobacco consumption in Chilean university students and associations with anthropometry, eating habits and sleep quality multicentric study.

Tobacco Consumption (TC) is one of the main causes of the deterioration of health; however, there are few studies linking its consumption with diet and nutrition among university students. The objective of this study is to test the association of smoking with anthropometry, diet and sleep quality among Chilean university students. Cross-sectional study. University students (n = 1454) from the North, South and Central parts of Chile were evaluated. A self-assessment survey was used to evaluate healthy and unhealthy eating habits. Nutritional status was evaluated by Body Mass Index (BMI). Two surveys were used to assess sleep quality: the Questionnaire of Insomnia and the Epworth Scale. Finally, participants were consulted about Tobacco Consumption: 30% of the students consume tobacco and have a higher score in unhealthy food consumption, less frequent weekly breakfast consumption (< 0.01), lower daily fruit (< 0.01) and vegetables (< 0.05) consumption, higher alcohol consumption (< 0.05) and daily junk food consumption (< 0.05) compared to non-consuming students. Men who consume tobacco present greater insomnia (< 0.001), sleep latency (< 0.001) and daytime sleepiness (< 0.05) compared to non-consumers; and women who consume tobacco have a higher weight (< 0.001) and BMI (< 0.01). When performing logistic regression, tobacco consumption is positively associated with major alcohol consumption (< 0.001), whereas fish (< 0.05) and vegetable (< 0.05) consumption was negatively associated. In conclusion, students of both sexes who smoke have more unfavorable health factors and a poorer quality of life.

Effect of healthy and unhealthy habits on obesity: a multicentric study.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to characterize and compare eating patterns of university students in Chile, by sex and body weight, body mass index, and nutritional status. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. University students (n = 1454) of Chile were evaluated. A self-assessment survey was used to evaluate healthy eating habits using a questionnaire with values between 1 (do not consume) and 5 (consume) for a total of 9 to 45 points (higher values represent better eating habits). Unhealthy habits were assessed with six questions, including consumption of sugary soft drinks, alcohol, fried foods, fast food, and snacks and adding salt to foods without tasting first. RESULTS: Obese students had a lower consumption of healthy foods (P <0.05) compared with normal weight participants. Underweight male participants had higher unhealthy food consumption (P <0.05) and obese women had the lowest score (P <0.05). Protective factors for being overweight/obese were included (odds ratio [OR] = 0.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.3-0.8), consumption of ≥2 servings of vegetables (OR = 0.5; 95% CI 0.4-0.7). Risk factors included consumption (more than 1 cup a day) of sugary soft drinks (OR = 1.5; 95% CI 1.0-2.1) and male sex (OR = 1.8; 95% CI 1.3-2.4). CONCLUSION: The consumption of vegetables and belonging to an undergraduate program in health sciences at a university contributed to protection against for obesity. On the other hand, male sex and consumption of sugary drinks were found to be risk factors for obesity.

Consumo de lácteos y asociación con el exceso de peso en adultos chilenos / Dairy consumption and association with excess weight in chilean adults

Fundamentos: El objetivo de este estudio es asociar el consumo de lácteos con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) en adultos chilenos. Métodos: Estudio analítico transversal, se evaluaron adultos sanos de 18 años en adelante, en diferentes regiones del país. A los 2776 participantes se les aplicó una encuesta de hábitos alimentarios (frecuencia de consumo), encuesta de actividad física (cumple o no con 150 min /semana), de hábito tabáquico (consumo o no consumo) y se les realizaron mediciones antropométricas (peso y estatura). Resultados: Se observaron correlaciones negativas entre la frecuencia de consumo de lácteos con peso (p<0,001) e IMC (p<0,001). Al comparar el tercil de mayor consumo vs el tercil de menor consumo de lácteos, el grupo de mayor consumo presentaba un significativo menor peso e IMC y una mayor puntuación de alimentación, vs el tercil de menor consumo en <30 años (<0,001), pero no en los otros grupos etarios. Finalmente, la ingesta de lácteos se asociaba con menor peso, tanto en el modelo crudo, como en el modelo 1 (OR:0,623; IC95% 0,514-0,755), sin embargo, en el modelo 2 perdía esta asociación (OR:0,934; IC 95% 0,739- 1,181). Conclusiones: El tercil de mayor consumo de lácteos presenta un menor peso, IMC y mayor puntuación en alimentación saludable. Sin embargo, al realizar las asociaciones finales, el consumo de lácteos se muestra como un factor protector frente al exceso de peso solo en los primeros 2 modelos. (AU)

Background: The objective of this study is to associate dairy consumption with body mass index (BMI) in adults in Chile. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study, the participants correspond to 2276 healthy adults of 18 years or older, in different regions. Each participant answers a survey which includes an eating habit questionnaire (consumption frequency), a physical activity questionnaire (complies or not with 150 min / week), and a smoking habit questionnaire (consumption or non-consumption). This data is complemented with direct measurement of weight and height. Results: Negative correlations were observed between the frequency of dairy consumption with weight (p<0.001) and BMI (p<0.001). When comparing the tertile with the highest vs. the tertile with the lowest consumption of dairy products, the group with the highest consumption has a significantly lower weight, BMI and higher food score than the tertile with the lowest consumption in those <30 years (<0.001), but not in the other age groups. Finally, dairy intake is associated with lower weight, both in the raw model and in model 1 (OR:0.623; CI95% 0.514-0.755), however, in model 2 this association is lost (OR:0.934 ; CI95% 0.739-1.181). Conclusions: The tertile with the highest consumption of dairy products has a lower weight, BMI and a higher score in healthy eating, however, when making the final associations, the consumption of dairy products is shown as a protective factor against excess weight only in the first 2 models. (AU)

Asociación del consumo de desayuno con el índice de masa corporal, hábito tabáquico, actividad física y sueño en universitarios chilenos. Estudio multicéntrico / Association of the consumption of breakfast with the index of body mass, tobacco habit, physical activity and sleep in chilean university. Multicentric study

Fundamentos: El desayuno es una pieza clave de una alimentación saludable, asociándose con un menor IMC yunos mayores rendimientos académicos. Este trabajo pretende analizar la asociación entre el consumo de desayuno con la actividad física, consumo de tabaco, calidad de sueño e índice de masa corporal en universitarios chilenos. Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico, transversal, muestra no probabilística. A cada participante se le consultó lafrecuencia de consumo de desayuno. Además, se les aplicó el cuestionario de actividad física IPAQ, hábitotabáquico, encuesta de calidad de sueño de Pittsburgh y evaluación antropométrica. Resultados: participaron un total de 1454 estudiantes, un 77,9 % mujeres. El 44% de los estudiantes indicódesayunar todos los días, de las cuales las mujeres (46%), superaban a los hombres (36%) (p<0,001). Al comparar por estado nutricional los estudiantes con IMC>25 eran los que menos desayunaban p<0,05. Al comparar por tipos de carrera, los de carreras de la salud desayunaban a diario con mayor frecuencia que los demás (p<0,001), ademáslos sujetos que poseían hábito tabáquico desayunaban con menor frecuencia que los que no fumaban (p <0,01). La frecuencia de consumo de desayuno estuvo asociada a una mejor calidad de sueño (p<0,05). Finalmente, no se obtuvo relación estadísticamente significativa entre la frecuencia del desayuno y la actividad física.Conclusiones: En estudiantes universitarios, el mayor consumo de desayuno se asocia con el sexo femenino, estado nutricional normal, carreras del área de la salud, ausencia de hábito tabáquico y mejor sueño y sinasociación con actividad física. (AU)

Background: Breakfast is a key part of a healthy diet, associated with a lower BMI and higher academic performance. This work aims to analyze the association between breakfast consumption and physical activity, tobacco consumption, sleep quality and body mass index in Chilean university students. Methods: Multicenter, cross-sectional study, non-probability sample. Each participant was asked how often they eat breakfast. In addition, the IPAQ physical activity questionnaire, Pittsburgh sleep survey, smoking habits, and anthropometric evaluation were applied. Results: 1,454 students, 77.9% women. 44% of the students indicate having breakfast every day, of which women (46%) outnumber men (36%) (p<0.001). When comparing by nutritional status, students with BMI> 25 consume the least breakfast p <0.05. When comparing by type of career, those in health careers eat breakfast daily more frequently than the others (p <0.001), in addition, the subjects who have the smoking habit eat breakfast less frequently than those who do not smoke (p <0, 01). The frequency of breakfast consumption is associated with better sleep quality (p <0.05). Finally, no statistically significant relationship was obtained between the frequency of breakfast and physical activity. Conclusions: In university students, eating breakfast is associated with the female sex, normal nutritional status, health careers, absence of smoking and better sleep, but without any association with physical activity. (AU)

Consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners and nutritional status in 10-16 year old students.

INTRODUCTION: The impact of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) on energy intake and body weight is not clear although they provide no energy compared to sucrose. OBJECTIVE: To establish if there are differences in the consumption of NNS as per the nutritional status and its association with overweight. POPULATION, MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study including 571 male and female students aged 10-16 years old from the cities of Viña del Mar and Santiago de Chile who were administered an adapted food survey using pictures of NNS-containing products; nutritional status was assessed and students with overweight and obesity were categorized as a the overweight group. RESULTS: Of all surveyed students, 96.6% consume NNS on a daily basis. The comparison between the total NNS intake by nutritional status showed that male students in the overweight group consume more sucralose (p < 0.05) and saccharin (p < 0.01), while the comparison of NNS intake per kilogram of body weight showed that NNS consumption was higher in the overweight group (p < 0.05). Among female students, the normal weight group showed a higher consumption of acesulfame K per kilogram of body weight than the overweight group (p < 0.05). No association was observed in the studied sample between the overall NNS intake and obesity. CONCLUSION: Of all surveyed students, 96.6% consume NNS on a daily basis, and no association was found between NNS consumption and overweight.

Consumo de frutas, verduras y legumbres en universitarios chilenos / Consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes among Chilean university students

RESUMEN Recomendaciones internacionales indican que se deben consumir diariamente 400 g/día o su equivalente a 5 porciones de frutas, verduras o legumbres. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la frecuencia de consumo de frutas, verduras y legumbres en estudiantes universitarios chilenos. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio transversal. Fueron evaluados estudiantes universitarios (n= 1454) del norte, centro y sur de Chile. Ellos completaron una encuesta alimentaria que se utiliza para determinar hábitos alimentarios saludables (frutas, verduras y legumbres). El 78% era de sexo femenino. Al analizar la frecuencia de consumo de frutas, verduras y legumbres según universidad, sólo frutas y verduras mostraron de diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p< 0,01). El 70% de los estudiantes no cumple con la recomendación de consumo de frutas; 72% con la de verduras y 77% con la de legumbres. En mujeres, un 6,3% del total de la muestra cumple con la recomendación de frutas y en hombres el valor alcanza al 8,4%; en verduras se observa que la recomendación alcanza al 29,5% en mujeres y 21,3% en hombres, y en legumbres, es 2,4% en mujeres y 5% en hombres. Se observa un bajo consumo de frutas, verduras y legumbres en universitarios muy lejos de las recomendaciones internaciones.

ABSTRACT International recommendations indicate that 400 g/ day or its equivalent to 5 servings of fruits, vegetables or legumes should be consumed daily. Our aim was to determine patterns of consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes among Chilean university students. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study. University students (n= 1454) from the north, center and south of Chile were evaluated. A self-assessment survey was used to evaluate healthy eating habits (fruits, vegetables and legumes). Seventy-eight percent of participants were women. When analyzing the consumption frequency of fruits, vegetables and legumes according to different universities, only fruits and vegetables showed a statistically significant difference (p< 0.01). Seventy percent of students do not meet recommended amounts for fruit consumption; 72% for vegetables and 77% for legumes. Among women, 6.3% of the total sample met the recommendation for fruit, while, for men, the value was 8.4%; for vegetables, we observed that 29.5 and 21.3% of women and men, respectively, met the recommendation; for legumes, 2.4% of women and 5% of men met the recommendation. There was a low consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes among university students, with levels far from the international recommendations.

Caracterización del estado nutricional, hábitos alimentarios y estilos de vida de estudiantes universitarios chilenos: estudio multicéntrico / Lifestyles, body mass index and sleep patterns among university students

Background Health surveys in Chile show a worrisome high prevalence of unhealthy lifestyles among adults. Aim To characterize the nutritional status, food intake and sleep patterns in university students of both genders. Material and Methods Cross sectional study in seven Chilean universities. Students from six universities answered a feeding habits survey, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Insomnia Severity Index and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. All were weighed and their height was measured. Results A total of 1,418 students aged 21 ± 3 years (22% males) were evaluated. Three percent were classified as underweight, 68% as normal weight, 24% as overweight and 4% as obese. Thirty three percent of males and 28% of females smoked. Twenty six percent consumed at least one glass of alcoholic beverages on the weekend, and only 18% of males and 5% of females were physically active. Men consumed unhealthy foods with a significantly higher frequency than females. Twenty seven percent had mild daytime somnolence, 24% had moderate daytime somnolence, 50% had subclinical insomnia, 19% moderate insomnia, and 1.4% had severe insomnia. Conclusions In this group of students a high frequency of unhealthy lifestyles and malnutrition caused by excess was observed. Also a high prevalence of insomnia, daytime somnolence, and inadequate sleep amounts were recorded.

Essential role of intracellular glutathione in controlling ascorbic acid transporter expression and function in rat hepatocytes and hepatoma cells.

Although there is in vivo evidence suggesting a role for glutathione in the metabolism and tissue distribution of vitamin C, no connection with the vitamin C transport systems has been reported. We show here that disruption of glutathione metabolism with buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) produced a sustained blockade of ascorbic acid transport in rat hepatocytes and rat hepatoma cells. Rat hepatocytes expressed the Na(+)-coupled ascorbic acid transporter-1 (SVCT1), while hepatoma cells expressed the transporters SVCT1 and SVCT2. BSO-treated rat hepatoma cells showed a two order of magnitude decrease in SVCT1 and SVCT2 mRNA levels, undetectable SVCT1 and SVCT2 protein expression, and lacked the capacity to transport ascorbic acid, effects that were fully reversible on glutathione repletion. Interestingly, although SVCT1 mRNA levels remained unchanged in rat hepatocytes made glutathione deficient by in vivo BSO treatment, SVCT1 protein was absent from the plasma membrane and the cells lacked the capacity to transport ascorbic acid. The specificity of the BSO treatment was indicated by the finding that transport of oxidized vitamin C (dehydroascorbic acid) and glucose transporter expression were unaffected by BSO treatment. Moreover, glutathione depletion failed to affect ascorbic acid transport, and SVCT1 and SVCT2 expression in human hepatoma cells. Therefore, our data indicate an essential role for glutathione in controlling vitamin C metabolism in rat hepatocytes and rat hepatoma cells, two cell types capable of synthesizing ascorbic acid, by regulating the expression and subcellular localization of the transporters involved in the acquisition of ascorbic acid from extracellular sources, an effect not observed in human cells incapable of synthesizing ascorbic acid.

Consumo de edulcorantes no nutritivos y estado nutricional de escolares de 10-16 años / Consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners and nutritional status in 10-16 year old students

Introducción. El impacto de los edulcorantes no nutritivos (ENN) sobre la ingesta energética y el peso corporal es poco claro, a pesar del nulo aporte energético que brindan en comparación con la sacarosa. Objetivo. Determinar si existen diferencias en el consumo de ENN según el estado nutricional y su asociación con el sobrepeso. Población, material y métodos. Estudio de corte transversal, que incluyó a 571 escolares de 10-16 años, de ambos sexos, de las ciudades de Viña del Mar y Santiago de Chile, a quienes se les aplicó una encuesta alimentaria adaptada con fotografías de productos con ENN, se les evaluó el estado nutricional y se denominó grupo (SP) a los escolares con sobrepeso y obesidad. Resultados. El 96,6% de los estudiantes consume ENN diariamente. Al comparar la ingesta de ENN total y según el estado nutricional de los hombres, se evidenció un mayor consumo de sucralosa (p < 0,05) y sacarina (p < 0,01) en el grupo SP, y, al comparar la ingesta por kilo de peso, el consumo de sacarina fue mayor en el grupo SP (p < 0,05). En las mujeres, el grupo normopeso presentó un consumo por kilo de peso de acesulfamo k mayor que el grupo SP (p < 0,05). No hubo asociación entre la ingesta de ENN en general y la obesidad en la muestra estudiada. Conclusión. El 96,6% de los estudiantes consume ENN diariamente y no se encontró asociación entre el consumo de ENN y el sobrepeso.

Introduction. The impact of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) on energy intake and body weight is not clear although they provide no energy compared to sucrose. Objective. To establish if there are differences in the consumption of NNS as per the nutritional status and its association with overweight. Population, Material and Methods. Cross-sectional study including 571 male and female students aged 10-16 years old from the cities of Viña del Mar and Santiago de Chile who were administered an adapted food survey using pictures of NNS-containing products; nutritional status was assessed and students with overweight and obesity were categorized as a the overweight group. Results. Of all surveyed students, 96.6% consume NNS on a daily basis. The comparison between the total NNS intake by nutritional status showed that male students in the overweight group consume more sucralose (p < 0.05) and saccharin (p < 0.01), while the comparison of NNS intake per kilogram of body weight showed that NNS consumption was higher in the overweight group (p < 0.05). Among female students, the normal weight group showed a higher consumption of acesulfame K per kilogram of body weight than the overweight group (p < 0.05). No association was observed in the studied sample between the overall NNS intake and obesity. Conclusion. Of all surveyed students, 96.6% consume NNS on a daily basis, and no association was found between NNS consumption and overweight.

Consumo de edulcorantes no nutritivos y estado nutricional de escolares de 10-16 años / Consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners and nutritional status in 10-16 year old students

Introducción. El impacto de los edulcorantes no nutritivos (ENN) sobre la ingesta energética y el peso corporal es poco claro, a pesar del nulo aporte energético que brindan en comparación con la sacarosa. Objetivo. Determinar si existen diferencias en el consumo de ENN según el estado nutricional y su asociación con el sobrepeso. Población, material y métodos. Estudio de corte transversal, que incluyó a 571 escolares de 10-16 años, de ambos sexos, de las ciudades de Viña del Mar y Santiago de Chile, a quienes se les aplicó una encuesta alimentaria adaptada con fotografías de productos con ENN, se les evaluó el estado nutricional y se denominó grupo (SP) a los escolares con sobrepeso y obesidad. Resultados. El 96,6% de los estudiantes consume ENN diariamente. Al comparar la ingesta de ENN total y según el estado nutricional de los hombres, se evidenció un mayor consumo de sucralosa (p < 0,05) y sacarina (p < 0,01) en el grupo SP, y, al comparar la ingesta por kilo de peso, el consumo de sacarina fue mayor en el grupo SP (p < 0,05). En las mujeres, el grupo normopeso presentó un consumo por kilo de peso de acesulfamo k mayor que el grupo SP (p < 0,05). No hubo asociación entre la ingesta de ENN en general y la obesidad en la muestra estudiada. Conclusión. El 96,6% de los estudiantes consume ENN diariamente y no se encontró asociación entre el consumo de ENN y el sobrepeso.(AU)

Introduction. The impact of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) on energy intake and body weight is not clear although they provide no energy compared to sucrose. Objective. To establish if there are differences in the consumption of NNS as per the nutritional status and its association with overweight. Population, Material and Methods. Cross-sectional study including 571 male and female students aged 10-16 years old from the cities of Viña del Mar and Santiago de Chile who were administered an adapted food survey using pictures of NNS-containing products; nutritional status was assessed and students with overweight and obesity were categorized as a the overweight group. Results. Of all surveyed students, 96.6% consume NNS on a daily basis. The comparison between the total NNS intake by nutritional status showed that male students in the overweight group consume more sucralose (p < 0.05) and saccharin (p < 0.01), while the comparison of NNS intake per kilogram of body weight showed that NNS consumption was higher in the overweight group (p < 0.05). Among female students, the normal weight group showed a higher consumption of acesulfame K per kilogram of body weight than the overweight group (p < 0.05). No association was observed in the studied sample between the overall NNS intake and obesity. Conclusion. Of all surveyed students, 96.6% consume NNS on a daily basis, and no association was found between NNS consumption and overweight.(AU)

Consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners and nutritional status in 10-16 year old students. / Consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners and nutritional status in 10-16 year old students.

INTRODUCTION: The impact of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) on energy intake and body weight is not clear although they provide no energy compared to sucrose. OBJECTIVE: To establish if there are differences in the consumption of NNS as per the nutritional status and its association with overweight. POPULATION, MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study including 571 male and female students aged 10-16 years old from the cities of Viña del Mar and Santiago de Chile who were administered an adapted food survey using pictures of NNS-containing products; nutritional status was assessed and students with overweight and obesity were categorized as a the overweight group. RESULTS: Of all surveyed students, 96.6

consume NNS on a daily basis. The comparison between the total NNS intake by nutritional status showed that male students in the overweight group consume more sucralose (p < 0.05) and saccharin (p < 0.01), while the comparison of NNS intake per kilogram of body weight showed that NNS consumption was higher in the overweight group (p < 0.05). Among female students, the normal weight group showed a higher consumption of acesulfame K per kilogram of body weight than the overweight group (p < 0.05). No association was observed in the studied sample between the overall NNS intake and obesity. CONCLUSION: Of all surveyed students, 96.6

consume NNS on a daily basis, and no association was found between NNS consumption and overweight.

Quiste broncogénico retroperitoneal simulando un tumor suprarrenal / Retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst mimicking an adrenal tumor

OBJETIVO: Presentar un caso de quiste broncogénico retroperitoneal, anomalía del desarrollo del intestino anterior primitivo origen de bronquios y pulmones. MÉTODO/RESULTADO: Describimos el caso de un varón de 38 años, diagnosticado de masa poliquística suprarrenal izquierda tras un cuadro de dolor lumbar, de la que fue intervenido quirúrgicamente. El estudio anatomopatológico demostró que se trataba de un quiste broncogénico. Comparamos éste con alguno de los pocos casos recogidos en la literatura. CONCLUSIONES: El quiste broncogénico retroperitoneal es causa de tumores retroperitoneales en el espacio espleno- o hepatorenal, y aunque infrecuente, debe ser considerada en los diagnósticos diferenciales (AU)