Association between maternal decision-making and mental health and the nutritional status of children under 6 years of age in sub-urban Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: We assessed the association between decision-making power and mental health status of mothers and the nutritional status of their children less than 6 years old in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. METHODS: This was a secondary data analysis of 1549 mother-child dyads collected through a household survey conducted between December 2019 and January 2020. The independent variables were maternal decision-making and mental health status (general anxiety, depressive symptoms, parental stress). The dependent variable was the child's nutritional status (thinness, stunting, underweight and overweight). Confounders were maternal income, age, and education status, and the child's age and sex. The associations between the dependent and independent variables were determined using multivariable binary logistic regression analysis after adjusting for confounders. The adjusted odds ratios (AORs) were determined. RESULTS: Children of mothers with mild general anxiety had lower odds of stunting than children of mothers with normal anxiety (AOR: 0.72; p = 0.034). Mothers who did not make decisions on children's access to health care (AOR: 0.65; p < 0.001) had children with lower odds of being thin than those whose mothers made decisions on their access to health care. Children of mothers with clinically significant parenting stress levels (AOR: 0.75; p = 0.033), severe depressive symptoms (AOR: 0.70; p = 0.041) and who were not decision makers on the access of their children to health care (AOR: 0.79; p = 0.035) had lower odds of underweight. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal decision-making status and mental health status were associated with the nutritional status of children less than 6 years in a sub-urban community in Nigeria. Further studies are needed to understand how maternal mental health is associated with the nutritional status of Nigerian preschool children.

Is oral rehydration therapy associated with early childhood caries in children resident in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria?

BACKGROUND: Oral rehydration therapy may increase the risk of early childhood caries (ECC) because of reduced pH in the oral environment. AIM: To investigate associations between the use of oral rehydration therapy and the prevalence and severity of ECC in children resident in the Ife Central Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. DESIGN: This observational study assessed the prevalence and severity of caries, using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) II index. The outcome variables were the prevalence and severity of ECC. The explanatory variable was the use of oral rehydration solution for the management of diarrhea in the 12 months preceding the study. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine associations between the explanatory and outcome variables. RESULTS: Only 217 (14%) of the 1564 children had used oral rehydration solution for the management of diarrhea. Seventy-three (4.7%) children had ECC. The use of oral rehydration solution was not significantly associated with the prevalence and severity of ECC. CONCLUSION: The study findings suggest that the use of oral rehydration therapy in the management of diarrhea may not be a risk factor for ECC in communities with low prevalence and severity of ECC and high prevalence of gastroenteritis.

Epidemiological profile of early childhood caries in a sub-urban population in Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and severity of early childhood caries (ECC) in children 6-71-months; identify the teeth most at risk for ECC; and identify risk indicators associated with significant caries index (SiC) score in different age groups. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that collected data (using a household survey) on the ECC risk indicators (frequency of tooth brushing, consumption of refined carbohydrate in-between-meals, daily use of fluoridated toothpaste, and dental service utilization in the 12 months) in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. We computed the prevalence of ECC using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDASI (d1-6)) index; caries severity using the ICDAS-2(d1-2) and ICDAS-3(d3-6) for non-cavitated and cavitated lesions respectively, decayed missing, filled teeth (dmft), and surfaces (dmfs) and SiC indices; and caries complications using the pulp (p), ulceration (u), fistula (f) and abscesses (a) (pufa) index, for children 6-11-months-old, 12-23-months-old, 23-35-months-old, 35-47-months-old; 48-59-months-old and 60-71-months-old. The differences in the mean dmft, dmfs, pufa scores, and ICDAS 1, 2, and 3 scores, and proportion of children with each ECC risk indicator were computed. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk indicators for the ECC SiC index score for each age group. RESULTS: The prevalence of ECC was 4.7%: 2.9% had non-cavitated lesions and 2.8% had cavitated lesions. The mean (SD) dmft, dmfs and pufa scores were 0.13 (0.92), 0.24 (1.91) and 0.04 (0.46) respectively. The dmft and dmfs scores were highest among the 24-35-months-olds while the SiC score was highest among the 12-23-months-olds. There were no significant differences in dmft, dmfs, and pufa scores between the different age groups. Toothbrushing more than once a day was the only factor associated with the SiC score: it decreases the odds for the SiC score in children 48-59-months-old. The teeth worst affected by ECC were #85 and #61. CONCLUSION: The prevalence, severity and risk indicator for ECC seems to differ for each age group. The granular details on the risk profile of children with ECC in this population with a low ECC prevalence and burden can allow for the planning of age-targeted interventions.

Early childhood caries: Are maternal psychosocial factors, decision-making ability, and caries status risk indicators for children in a sub-urban Nigerian population?

OBJECTIVE: Early childhood caries (ECC) is caries in children below the age of 72 months. The aim of the study was to determine the association of maternal psychosocial factors (general anxiety, dental anxiety, sense of coherence, parenting stress, fatalism, social support, depressive symptoms, and executive dysfunction), decision-making abilities, education, income and caries status with the prevalence and severity of ECC among children resident in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. METHODS: A dataset of 1549 mother-child (6-71-months-old) dyads collected through examinations and a household survey, using validated psychometric tools to measure the psychosocial factors, were analyzed. The DMFT for the mothers and the dmft for the child were determined. The association between maternal psychosocial factors, education, income, and decision-making ability, the prevalence of maternal caries, and the prevalence of ECC was determined using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of maternal caries was 3.3%, and the mean (standard deviation-SD) DMFT was 0.10 (0.76). The ECC prevalence was 4.3%, and the mean (SD) dmft was 0.13 (0.92). There was no significant difference between the prevalence and severity of maternal caries and ECC by maternal age, education, income, or decision-making abilities. There was also no significant difference in maternal caries, ECC prevalence and ECC severity by maternal psychosocial factors. The only significant association was between the prevalence of caries in the mother and children: children whose mothers had caries were over six times more likely to have ECC than were children with mothers who had no caries (AOR: 6.67; 95% CI 3.23-13.79; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The significant association between ECC and maternal caries prevalence suggests that prenatal oral health care for mothers may reduce the risk for ECC.

Association between nutritional status and early childhood caries risk profile in a suburban Nigeria community.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is associated with oral health problems. AIM: To determine the association between malnutrition (undernourished and over-nourished) and early childhood caries (ECC) in a suburban population in Nigeria. DESIGN: Data were extracted from a database of a household survey of 1549 under 6-year-old children. Explanatory variables were nutritional status (normal, undernourished [wasted, stunted and underweight], or over-nourished). The outcome measure was the prevalence of ECC. Children's sociodemographic characteristics (socio-economic status, sex, age) and caries-risk variables (frequency of sugar consumption in-between-meals, oral hygiene status) were the confounders. Association between ECC and malnutrition was determined using the Poisson regression analysis. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ .05. RESULTS: About one-third (31.4%) of children had expected height/weight for age; 848 (54.7%) were undernourished; and 215 (13.9%) were over-nourished. Nutritional status was not significantly associated with the prevalence of ECC. Children who consumed sugar in-between-meals three or more times a day were twice as likely to have ECC as were those who consumed sugar less often in-between-meals (APR: 2.23; 95% CI: 1.30-3.81; P = .003). Children 3-5 years old were more likely to have ECC than were those 0-2 years old (APR: 2.40; 95% CI: 1.10-5.22; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: ECC was not associated with undernourished and over-nourished in a suburban population in Nigeria.

Psychosocial, education, economic factors, decision-making ability, and caries status of mothers of children younger than 6 years in suburban Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Little information is available on the relationship between mothers' psychosocial profile and caries status, and less information is available on the oral health status and psychosocial status of mothers of young children in Africa. This study examined the association between the psychosocial profile of mothers in Nigeria and their prevalence of caries. METHODS: The prevalence of caries and severe caries (DMFT > 3) in mothers with children 71 months old and younger recruited through a household survey in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, was estimated through clinical examination. The explanatory variables were maternal education, income, decision-making status, and psychosocial status (dental anxiety, general anxiety, depressive symptoms, parenting stress, executive dysfunction, sense of coherence, fatalism and social support). The risk indicators for maternal caries were analyzed with logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of caries was 3.3%. Twenty (39.2%) of the 51 women with caries had DMFT > 3. Most study participants were 25-34 years old (59.3%), had secondary level education (63.1%), earned N18,000 ($49)-N30000 ($84) per month (42.9%), and can make autonomous decisions about their health care, household purchases, or visits to family/relatives (68.8%). Most women had normal general anxiety (79.9%), low dental anxiety (90.4%), and normal stress (76.4%) levels. Most also had high fatalism (56.6%), perceived moderate social support (81.6%), had normal depressive symptoms (75.9%), low executive dysfunction (55.9%), and high sense of coherence (53.8%). Mothers who had clinically significant levels of stress were twice more likely to have caries than were those whose level of stress was normal (AOR: 2.26; 95%CI: 1.04-4.89; P = 0.039). Also, mothers who had high fatalism were less likely to have caries than were those with low fatalism (AOR: 0.40; 95%CI: 0.21-0.75; P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: High levels of parenting stress was a risk indicator for caries while high fatalism was protective from caries in mothers of children younger than 6-years. Maternal education, income and decision-making ability were not associated with maternal caries. Though the caries prevalence for women with young children was low, the prevalence of severe caries was high and this because of the possible negative effect on their health and wellbeing.

Trends and Determinants of Comprehensive Knowledge of HIV among Adolescents and Young Adults in Nigeria: 2003 - 2013.

This study examined comprehensive knowledge of HIV (CKH) and its determinants among young people aged 15-24 years in Nigeria between 2003 and 2013. Secondary analysis was conducted on three rounds of NDHS 2003, 2008 and 2013 data. CKH increased significantly between 2003 and 2013, but the level reached in 2013 fell short of the global expectation for young people. Its significant determinants included gender, age, educational attainment, place and region of residence, household wealth status and uptake of HIV test. There is need to sustain all on-going effective youth-focused interventions and programmes to meet the comprehensive knowledge needs for all young people in Nigeria.

Evaluating Health Workers' Knowledge Following the Introduction of Clinical Mentoring in Jigawa State, Northern Nigeria.

Clinical mentoring is work-based training for the capacity building of health care workers. This study determined if there were benefits and increases in knowledge levels for 33 selected health workers across 5 health facilities in Jigawa State following the introduction of clinical mentoring. Questionnaires were used to determine biodata and knowledge scores of mentored health workers and also key departmental activities before and after a 6 months period of introduction of clinical mentoring. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 20. Over 90% of the 33 mentored health workers showed an increase in their knowledge scores. The mean percentage score of the health workers increased significantly from 56.3 ± 2.1 before the start of clinical mentoring to 74.7 ± 1.7 (p < 0.001) six months later. Mortality review meetings were also introduced. This study has shown that clinical mentoring is beneficial for improving the clinical knowledge of mentored health workers.

Development and validation of a perceived abortion self-efficacy scale: results from Bolivia, Nepal and Nigeria.

The objective of this research was to develop and assess the validity of a scale to measure perceived abortion self-efficacy (PASE). Perceived abortion self-efficacy is defined as an individual's perceived confidence in their ability to carry out the tasks necessary to end a pregnancy safely and successfully. During the first phase of this study between February and April 2018, we conducted qualitative research using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with women in Bolivia, Nepal, and Nigeria to explore domains of PASE. Using the qualitative data, we prepared a draft set of measures with 31 items. In October and November 2018, the second phase of the study included field testing 31 draft items with a convenience sample of approximately 1200 women across the three study countries. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify an appropriate scale structure, resulting in a 15-item, 3-factor model. The three factors represent the concepts of enlisting social resources, accessing information and care, and resilience. In the third and final phase in September and October 2019, the validity of the 15 scale items was assessed. The scale was administered to a new sample of approximately 400 women in each country. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to test model fit for the scale structure identified during the second phase. The results from this study suggest that the final PASE scale has considerable potential to be a valid measure of PASE. The new 15-item PASE scale presented in this paper can be used to evaluate programmes or interventions designed to improve women's PASE and to assess the state of PASE in populations.

Examining reuse and replacement procedures for Ipas manual vacuum aspiration and cannulae in nine countries.

OBJECTIVE: To determine how many times Ipas manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) instruments are reused, for what reasons, when the instruments are replaced and/or discarded, and what the barriers are to replacing them. METHODS: We conducted a mixed-methods cross-sectional study of health care providers who provide MVA services and key stakeholders in the supply chain to understand reuse and replacement of Ipas MVA aspirators and cannulae. Qualitative interviews focused on procurement and replacement of Ipas MVA instruments. RESULTS: The authors interviewed 352 health care providers from nine countries from 2019 to 2021. Providers reported reusing MVA instruments an average of 34.4 times (standard deviation, 45). The reuse averages ranged from one time (Democratic Republic of the Congo) to 500 times (India), with figures varying between providers within the same country. Instrument malfunctioning rather than a specific number of uses drove reuse and subsequent replacement. The decision to replace was most commonly made by the provider during use. Half of the providers said that they knew of no issues with the supply chain, and 85% said they were always able to replace Ipas MVA instruments when needed. CONCLUSION: Tracking reuse of MVA instruments was uncommon at participating providers' health facilities. Providers' estimates revealed great variability in reuse frequency and tracking procedures.

Drug sellers' knowledge and practices, and client perspectives after an intervention to improve the quality of safe abortion care outside of formal clinics in Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: In Nigeria, where abortion is legally restricted, individuals seek medication abortion drugs, including misoprostol, directly from pharmacies or drug sellers. However, knowledge of drug sellers or patent medicine vendors (PMVs) dispensation practices and women's experience with self-management is limited and research suggests poor quality of services. This study assesses the knowledge and practices of PMVs and women's experiences after a harm reduction intervention to improve the provision of medication abortion using misoprostol. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective descriptive analysis of anonymised logbook data collected from 141 Nigerian PMVs who provided misoprostol for abortion to 4924 clients between February 2015 and July 2018. We conducted a descriptive analysis of self-reported misoprostol dispensation practices with data from a cross-sectional survey of PMVs (n=120) from June 2016 to December 2018. We collected data on women's experience obtaining misoprostol from 37 PMVs through a cross-sectional survey of women (n=260) from 4-19 June 2018. RESULTS: For clients where the misoprostol dose dispensed was recorded (n=3784), 86% of clients were given 800 µg or more misoprostol, pain medication (97%) and a contraceptive method (92%). Most clients with an outcome recorded in the logbook (n=4431) had a complete abortion (86%). Almost all women reported that they would return to the PMV for future services (99%). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of PMVs dispensed misoprostol in appropriate dosages and provided clients with information on drug administration and methods of contraception. Interventions designed to improve PMVs' best practices around the provision of abortion care may help ensure the quality of services received by clients.

Effectiveness of three delivery models for promoting access to pre-exposure prophylaxis in HIV-1 serodiscordant couples in Nigeria.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of three models for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) service delivery to HIV-1 serodiscordant couples in Nigeria. METHODS: 297 heterosexual HIV-1 serodiscordant couples were recruited into three PrEP delivery models and followed up for 18 months. The models were i) Outpatient clinic model providing PreP in routine outpatient care; ii) Antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic model providing PrEP in ART clinics; and iii) Decentralized care model providing PrEP through primary and secondary care centres linked to a tertiary care centre. The primary effectiveness endpoint was incident HIV-1 infection. The HIV incidence before and after the study was compared and the incidence rate ratio computed for each model. Survival analysis was conducted, Cox regression analysis was used to compare the factors that influenced couple retention in each of the models. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to estimate the median retention time (in months) of the study participants in each of the study models, and log-rank test for equality of survival functions was conducted to test for significant differences among the three models. RESULTS: There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the couple retention rates among the three models. At months 3, 6 and 9, adherence of the HIV-1-infected partners to ART was highest in the decentralized model, whereas at months 9 and 12, the outpatient model had the highest proportion of HIV-1- uninfected partners adhering to PrEP (p<0.001). The HIV incidence per 100 person-years was zero in the general outpatient clinic and ART clinic models and 1.6 (95% CI: 0.04-9.1) in the decentralized clinic model. The difference in the observed and expected incidence rate was 4.3 (95% CI: 0.44-39.57) for the decentralized clinic model. CONCLUSION: Although incidence of HIV seroconversion was highest in the decentralized clinic model, this difference may be due to the higher sexual risk behavior among study participants in the decentralized model rather than the type of service delivery. The study findings imply that any of the models can effectively deliver PrEP services.

Malnutrition, enamel defects, and early childhood caries in preschool children in a sub-urban Nigeria population.

OBJECTIVES: The study tried to determine if malnutrition (underweight, stunting, wasting, overweight) and enamel defects (enamel hypoplasia, hypomineralized second molar, amelogenesis imperfecta, fluorosis) were associated with early childhood caries (ECC). The study also examined whether malnutrition was associated with the presence of enamel defects in 0-5-year-old children. METHODS: The study was a secondary analysis of primary data of a cross-sectional study assessing the association between maternal psychosocial health and ECC in sub-urban Nigerian population collected in December 2018 and January 2019. One hundred and fifty nine children were recruited. Exploratory variables were malnutrition and enamel defects. The outcome variables were the prevalence of ECC in 0-2-year-old, 3-5-year-old, and 0-5-year-old children. Multivariable Poisson regression analysis was used to determine the associations, and socioeconomic status, oral hygiene status, and frequency of in-between-meals sugar consumption were adjusted for. The adjusted prevalence ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and p values were calculated. RESULTS: The prevalence of ECC was 2.1% in 0-2-year-old children and 4.9% in 3-5-year-old children. In adjusted models, underweight, stunting, and wasting/overweight were not significant risk indicators for ECC in either age group. 0-2-year-old children who had amelogenesis imperfecta (p<0.001) and fluorosis (p<0.001) were more likely to have ECC than were children who did not have these lesions. 3-5-year-old children who had hypoplasia (p = 0.004), amelogenesis imperfecta (p<0.001) and fluorosis (p<0.001) were more likely to have ECC than were children who did not have these lesions. 0-5-year-old children with hypoplasia (p<0.001) and fluorosis (p<0.001) were more likely to have ECC than were children who did not have these lesions. There were significant associations between various types of malnutrition and various types of enamel defects. CONCLUSION: Although different types of malnutrition were associated with enamel defects, and enamel defects were associated with ECC, malnutrition was not associated with ECC. Further studies are needed to clarify the association between malnutrition and genetically and toxin-induced enamel defects.

Correlates of individual-level abortion stigma among women seeking elective abortion in Nigeria.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to measure individual-level abortion stigma (ILAS) and determine its correlates among women receiving safe elective abortion services. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data were collected from a cross-section of women who received safe elective abortion services in select intervention health facilities. Respondents were recruited through a self-selection sampling. ILAS was assessed using a 16-item scale (Cronbach's alpha =0.9122). Respondents were categorized as high (summed score >40) or low ILAS (summed score ≤40) on a spectrum of a summed minimum score of 16 to a maximum score of 64. A log-binomial regression model was constructed to determine the ILAS correlates. RESULTS: Among 382 respondents, 43% expressed high ILAS. Women's age and education, provider's cadre and type of abortion procedure were significant correlates in the model. Older women (age 25-34 and age ≥35) were less likely (prevalence ratio [PR]=0.60 and 0.39, p<0.001) to express high ILAS than the younger women (age ≤24); those with higher educational status were more likely to express (PR=1.64, p<0.05) high ILAS than those with None/Primary education; those who had medical abortion were less likely (PR=0.54, p<0.01) to express high ILAS than those who had surgical abortion; and lastly, those who received care from midlevel providers were more likely (PR=1.31, p<0.05) to express high ILAS than those who received care from physicians. CONCLUSION: High ILAS still exists among women accessing safe elective abortion care in Nigeria. Therefore, interventions at all levels of the socioecological model of abortion stigma need to be considered to address this societal problem that affects and impacts women.

Benefits of using magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) for eclampsia management and maternal mortality reduction: lessons from Kano State in Northern Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Despite clear emphasis through the Millennium Development Goals, the problem of high maternal mortality persists especially within low and middle income countries. Various studies report remarkably high maternal mortality rates in northern Nigeria, where maternal mortality rates exceed 1,000 deaths per 100,000 live births and eclampsia contributes approximately 40% of maternal deaths. Across Nigeria, diazepam is routinely used for the management of eclampsia. Prior to February 2008, diazepam was widely used for the management of eclampsia in Kano State (within northern Nigeria) with case fatality rate being over 20%. While magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) is recognized as the most effective drug for the management of eclampsia; this study aims to compare MgSO4 therapy with diazepam therapy in terms of case fatality rates and costs. FINDINGS: This retrospective study, including 1045 patients with eclampsia and pre-eclampsia during the years 2008 and 2009, reports a drop in case fatality rates from 20.9% (95% CI: 18.7, 23.2) to 2.3% (95% CI: 1.4, 3.2) among eclampsia patients following the MgSO4 intervention. The study observed no significant difference in the cost of using MgSO4 therapy compared to diazepam therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The study found a remarkable reduction in case fatality rate due to eclampsia in those who received MgSO4 therapy with minimal increase in costs when compared to diazepam therapy. Concerted efforts should be focused on properly introducing MgSO4 into emergency obstetric protocols especially within developing countries to reduce maternal mortality and also impact on health system performance.

Training-of-Trainers of Nurses and Midwives as a Strategy for the Reduction of Eclampsia-Related Maternal Mortality in Nigeria

Background: Preeclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E) are major contributors to maternal and perinatal mortality in Nigeria. Despite the availability of current curriculum at Nigerian schools of nursing and midwifery; the knowledge on the management of PE/E among the students has remained poor. In order to reduce maternal and perinatal mortality in developing countries; targeted training and supportive supervision of frontline health care providers have been recommended. Methodology: A total of 292 tutors from 171 schools of nursing and midwifery participated in the training of the trainers' workshops on current management of PE/E across the country. Pre- and post-test assessments were administered. Six months after the training; 29 schools and 84 tutors were randomly selected for follow-up to evaluate the impact of the training. Results: Significant knowledge transfer occurred among the participants as the pretest/posttest analysis showed knowledge transmission across all the 13 knowledge items assessed. The follow-up evaluation also showed that the trained tutors conducted 19 step-down trainings and trained 157 other tutors in their respective schools. Subsequently; 2382 nursing and midwifery students were properly trained. However; six of the monitored schools (24.2) lacked all the essential kits for teaching on PE/E. Conclusion: Updating the knowledge of tutors leads to improved preservice training of the future generation of nurses and midwives. This will likely result in higher quality of care to patients and reduce PE/E-related maternal and perinatal mortality. However; there is need to provide essential training kits for teaching of student nurses and midwives