Effect of Dexketoprofen on the Disposition Kinetics of Moxifloxacin in Plasma and Lung in Male and Female Rats.

BACKGROUND: The simultaneous use of NSAIDs and antibiotics is recommended for bacterial diseases in human and veterinary medicine. Moxifloxacin (MFX) and dexketoprofen (DEX) can be used simultaneously in bacterial infections. However, there are no studies on how the simultaneous use of DEX affects the pharmacokinetics of MFX in rats. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of DEX on plasma and lung pharmacokinetics of MFX in male and female rats. METHODS: A total of 132 rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: MFX (n=66, 33 males/33 females) and MFX+DEX (n=66, 33 females/33 males). MFX at a dose of 20 mg/kg and DEX at a dose of 25 mg/kg were administered intraperitoneally. Plasma and lung concentrations of MFX were determined using the highperformance liquid chromatography-UV and pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated by noncompartmental analysis. RESULTS: Simultaneous administration of DEX increased the plasma and lung area under the curve from 0 to 8 h (AUC0-8) and peak concentration (Cmax) of MFX in rats, while it significantly decreased the total body clearance (CL/F). When female and male rats were compared, significant differences were detected in AUC0-8, Cmax, CL/F and volume of distribution. The AUC0-8lung/AUC0-8plasma ratios of MFX were calculated as 1.68 and 1.65 in female rats and 5.15 and 4.90 in male rats after single and combined use, respectively. CONCLUSION: MFX was highly transferred to the lung tissue and this passage was remarkably higher in male rats. However, DEX administration increased the plasma concentration of MFX in both male and female rats but did not change its passage to the lung. However, there is a need for a more detailed investigation of the difference in the pharmacokinetics of MFX in male and female rats.

Effect of Salbutamol on the Disposition Kinetics of Levofloxacin in the Plasma and Lung of Rats.

BACKGROUND: Antibiotics and bronchodilator drugs can be used together in respiratory distress caused by bacterial infections. Levofloxacin (LVX) and Salbutamol (SLB) can be used simultaneously in respiratory distress. However, there have been no investigations on how the concurrent use of SLB can affect the pharmacokinetics of LVX in rats. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of SLB on the plasma and lung pharmacokinetics of LVX in rats. METHODS: A total of 132 rats were randomly assigned to two groups: LVX (n=66) and LVX+SLB (n=66). LVX (intraperitoneal) and SLB (oral) were administered to rats at doses of 50 and 3 mg/kg, respectively. The concentrations of LVX in the plasma and lungs were determined through the utilization of high-performance liquid chromatography along with UV. Pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed by non-compartmental analysis. RESULTS: The area under the curve from 0 to 16 h (AUC0-16), terminal elimination half-life, volume of distribution, total body clearance, and peak concentration of LVX in the plasma were 42.57 h*µg/mL, 2.32 h, 3.91 L/kg, 1.17 L/h/kg, and 23.96 µg/mL, respectively. There were no alterations observed in the plasma and lung pharmacokinetic parameters of LVX when co-administered with SLB. The AUC0-16 lung/AUC0-16 plasma ratios of LVX were 1.60 and 1.39 after administration alone and co-administration with SLB, respectively. CONCLUSION: The concentration of LVX in lung tissue was higher than that in plasma. SLB administration to rats did not affect the plasma and lung pharmacokinetics and lung penetration ratio of LVX. There is a need to reveal the change in the pharmacokinetics of LVX after multiple administration of both drugs and after administration of SLB by different routes.

Aflatoxin B1-associated oxidative stress along with toxicopathological and immunological alterations is efficiently counteracted by dietary supplementation of distillery yeast sludge in broilers.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is among the most potent genotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins and is a major source of distress for the growing poultry sector. On the other hand, distillery yeast sludge or distillery sludge (DS) is a byproduct of molasses-based industries. It is often treated as a waste despite containing abundant nutrients particularly protein, basic amino acids, and vitamins along with other macro and micronutrients. This study was designed to investigate the oxidative stress and immunological alterations induced by AFB1 and their amelioration by dietary supplementation with DS. For this purpose, 360 newly hatched broiler chicks were randomly divided into twelve groups (30 birds each) and fed different combinations of AFB1 (100, 200, or 600 µg/kg) and DS (5 or 10 g/kg) for 42 days. The parameters under consideration were body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), relative organ weights, histopathological examination of different visceral organs, total antioxidant capacity, antibody response to intravenous injection of sheep red blood cells, in situ lymphoproliferative response to phytohemagglutinin-P, and phagocytic potential through a carbon clearance assay system. The results of this study established that DS supplementation ameliorated AFB1-associated oxidative stress and ameliorated toxicopathological and immunological anomalies in groups given AFB1 at 100 µg/kg and 200 µg/kg; however, little to no relief was observed in birds fed AFB1 at 600 µg/kg. The determination of the actual ratio of the AFB1 to the DS for substantiating the ameliorating effects requires further investigation.

In vitro mycotoxin binding capacities of clays, glucomannan and their combinations.

Clays, glucomannans and their combinations are widely used to bind mycotoxins in contaminated feeds to reduce their toxic effects on animals. In the present study, the binding abilities of clinoptilolite, sepiolite, bentonite, and montmorillonite, glucomannan, and four commercial TB products (P1, P2, C1 and C2) were investigated in vitro for their binding effects on seven different mycotoxins (AF, aflatoxin; OTA, ochratoxin; ZEA, zearalenone; DON, deoxynivalenol; FUM, fumonisin; T-2 toxin, and HT-2 toxin) in medium at pH 3.0 and 6.8. The clays were observed to bind AF, DON, and OTA at the following levels: clinoptilolite on AF at 72-90%, on DON at 61-68%, and on OTA at 52-62%; sepiolite on AF at 92-98%, on DON at 36-68%, and on OTA at 53-55%; bentonite on AF at 88-95%, on DON at 23-73%, and on OTA at 54-56%, and montmorillonite on AF at 74-80%, on DON at 46-68%, and on OTA at 54-55%. We also observed that these clays bound ZEA, FUM, T-2, and HT-2 at 25-45%. Glucomannan bound AF at a high rate (85-96%); however, bound DON at 31-56% and OTA at 54-55%, and other mycotoxins at 25-43%. Although P1, which consisted of clay combinations, bound AF and OTA at high rates, it bound DON, FUM, ZEA, T-2, and HT-2 at medium rates. P2, to which glucomannan was added to the clay combination, was observed to have the ability to bind OTA, FUM, and T-2 at ∼15-20% more than P1. When similar commercial products were compared, P2 provided ∼>10% adsorption of AF, 20% of OTA and FUM, and 5% of T-2 than C1, while similar binding ability of these two products were observed on the other toxins.