[Microbial translocation in HIV infection]. / Translokacja bakteryjna w zakazeniu HIV.

Contemporary antiretroviral therapy has significantly improved the prognosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals. However, treated individuals manifest increased mortality, compared to general population. This increased mortality seems to be associated with chronic immune activation which persist despite decrease of plasma HIV viremia levels. Recently, translocation of bacterial products from the gastrointestinal tract has been proposed as a major cause of pathological immune activation.

Outcome of a Real-Life Population of Patients With Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Treated According to the PETHEMA Guidelines: The Polish Adult Leukemia Group (PALG) Experience.

BACKGROUND: Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has a favorable prognosis. However, results of randomized studies do not necessarily reflect the outcomes of a real-life population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed 283 unselected APL patients treated in 20 Polish hospitals between 2005 and 2017. All patients were intended to be treated with PETHEMA (Programa Español para el Tratamiento de las Hemopatías Malignas) protocols based on all-trans retinoic acid plus chemotherapy. RESULTS: The probability of overall survival at 4 years was 67%, while event-free survival was 64%. The early death (ED) rate was 20.1% (n = 57), while 3.5% (n = 10) patients died before induction therapy was started. The main causes of ED included hemorrhage (45.6%), infections (17.5%), and differentiation syndrome (14.5%). Of 273 treated patients, 214 (78.4%) experienced hematologic morphologic remission, 2 (0.7%) were found to have resistant disease, 47 (17.2%) could not be evaluated for response because of ED, and in 6 (3.7%) no data concerning the response were available. Multivariate analyses showed that predictors of ED and overall survival were Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status > 2, age > 60 years, and all types of bleeding episodes that occurred before starting therapy, while an additional predictor of event-free survival was high white blood cell count (> 10 109/L). CONCLUSION: ED remains a major problem in APL patients, especially in a real-life population. Shortening of the time between the initial contact with a health care professional, and all-trans retinoic acid administration and the use of appropriate supportive care could improve the outcome of unselected APL population, mainly by reducing the ED rate.

Management of bleeding in patients hospitalized in the intensive cardiac care unit: expert opinion of the Association of Intensive Cardiac Care and Section of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy of the Polish Cardiac Society in cooperation with specialists in other fields of medicine.

Nowadays, the intensive cardiac care unit (ICCU) provides care for patients with acute coronary syndrome, acute and exacerbated chronic heart failure, cardiogenic shock, sudden cardiac arrest, electrical storm, as well as with indications for urgent cardiac surgical treatment. Most of these patients require the use of 1, 2, or frequently even 3 drugs that act on the blood coagulation pathway. While antithrombotic drugs prevent thromboembolic events, they are associated with a higher risk of bleeding. In this population of patients, bleeding may often have a worse impact on prognosis than the primary disease. In this expert opinion of the Association of Intensive Cardiac Care, we presented practical guidelines on the management of bleeding in patients hospitalized at the ICCU, including bleeding risk reduction and treatment recommendations. Because of multiple comorbidities and diverse organs that may be the source of bleeding, we provided also recommendations from specialists in other fields of medicine. We hope that this document will facilitate the management of one of the most challenging populations at the ICCU.

[Gastric cancer in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patient--case report]. / Rak zoladka u pacjenta z przewlekla bialaczka limfocytowa--opis przypadku.

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most common type of leukaemia occurring in western countries and USA. Performed population study showed increasing risk of secondary neoplasms in this group of patients. A Richter's transformation (histologically aggressive lymphoid malignancy) is the most often subsequent kind of the cancers of CLL patients. Solid tumours such as cancer of lung, breast, skin, prostate belongs to other group of secondary neoplasm in CLL. There is no evidence of any correlation between secondary neoplasms incidence, CLL prognostic factors and stage of the disease. Our paper presents the case of CLL patient in early stage of the disease, having gastric cancer diagnosed.