Results of a randomized, prospective clinical trial evaluating metronomic chemotherapy in nonmetastatic patients with high-grade, operable osteosarcomas of the extremities: A report from the Latin American Group of Osteosarcoma Treatment.

BACKGROUND: Metronomic chemotherapy (MC) consists of the administration of a low dose of chemotherapy on a daily or weekly basis without a long break to achieve an antitumoral effect through an antiangiogenic effect or stimulation of the immune system. The potential effect of MC with continuous oral cyclophosphamide and methotrexate in patients with high-grade operable osteosarcomas (OSTs) of the extremities was investigated. METHODS: Patients with high-grade OSTs who were 30 years old or younger were eligible for registration at diagnosis. Eligibility for randomization included 1) nonmetastatic disease and 2) complete resection of the primary tumor. The study design included a backbone of 10 weeks of preoperative therapy with methotrexate, adriamycin, and platinum (MAP). After surgery, patients were randomized between 2 arms to complete 31 weeks of MAP or receive 73 weeks of MC after MAP. The primary endpoint was event-free survival (EFS) from randomization. RESULTS: There were 422 nonmetastatic patients registered (May 2006 to July 2013) from 27 sites in 3 countries (Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay), and 296 were randomized to MAP plus MC (n = 139) or MAP alone (n = 157). At 5 years, the EFS cumulative proportions surviving in the MAP-MC group and the MAP-alone group were 61% (standard error [SE], 0.5%) and 64% (SE, 0.5%), respectively, and they were not statistically different (Wilcoxon [Gehan] statistic = 0.724; P =.395). The multivariate analysis showed that necrosis grades 1 and 2, tumor size, and amputation were associated with shorter EFS. CONCLUSIONS: According to the current follow-up, EFS with MAP plus MC is not statistically superior to EFS with MAP alone in patients with high-grade, resectable OSTs of the extremities. Cancer 2017;123:1003-10. © 2016 American Cancer Society.

Caesarean sections, prenatal and postnatal conditions and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: A case-control study in the State of São Paulo, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Brazil has high rates of caesarean sections, which has been suggested as a risk factor for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). In addition, some pre- and postnatal conditions have been identified as relevant in the etiology of ALL. OBJECTIVES: Investigate the association of caesarean sections, pre- and postnatal conditions with childhood ALL in the State of São Paulo. METHODS: Population-based case-control study including children that are below10 years old. Information on study variables was obtained through face to face interviews, through a questionnaire, and the State of São Paulo Declarations of Live Births database. The conditional and unconditional logistic regression approaches were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) of the associations between caesarean sections, pre- and postnatal conditions with ALL, and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI). RESULTS: We observed a weak and non-statistically significant risk for ALL among children exposed to caesarean sections (unconditional logistic regression OR 1.08; 95 % CI 0.70-1.66; conditional logistic regression OR 1.21; 95 % CI 0.72-2.02), but among children under 3 years old and born through a caesarean sections, the risk of ALL was greater (unconditional logistic regression OR 1.70; 95 % CI 0.69-4.21). A negative association for ALL was observed among children with mothers who reported 12 years of schooling or more (unconditional logistic regression OR 0.34; 95 % CI 0.16-0.69). CONCLUSIONS: We found a tenuous suggestive association between caesarean sections and childhood ALL. The mother's high level of education showed an inverse association with ALL.

Exposure to magnetic fields and childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia in São Paulo, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have identified increased risks of leukemia in children living near power lines and exposed to relatively high levels of magnetic fields. Results have been remarkably consistent, but there is still no explanation for this increase. In this study we evaluated the effect of 60 Hz magnetic fields on acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: This case-control study included ALL cases (n=162) recruited from eight hospitals between January 2003 and February 2009. Controls (n=565) matched on gender, age, and city of birth were selected from the São Paulo Birth Registry. Exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF MF) was based on measurements inside home and distance to power lines. RESULTS: For 24h measurements in children rooms, levels of ELF MF equal to or greater than 0.3microtesla (µT), compared to children exposed to levels below 0.1 µT showed no increased risk of ALL (odds ratio [OR] 1.09; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.33-3.61). When only nighttime measurements were considered, a risk (OR 1.52; 95% CI 0.46-5.01) was observed. Children living within 200 m of power lines presented an increased risk of ALL (OR 1.67; 95% CI 0.49-5.75), compared to children living at 600 m or more of power lines. For those living within 50 m of power lines the OR was 3.57 (95% CI 0.41-31.44). CONCLUSIONS: Even though our results are consistent with the small risks reported in other studies on ELF MF and leukemia in children, overall our results do not provide support for an association between magnetic fields and childhood leukemia, but small numbers and likely biases weaken the strength of this conclusion.

Diretrizes para diagnóstico morfológico em síndromes mielodisplásicas / Guidelines for morphological diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes

As síndromes mielodisplásicas são reconhecidas como doenças que se originam nas células-tronco da medula óssea e que requerem avaliação sistemática e criteriosa de sangue periférico e medula óssea para seu correto diagnóstico. O objetivo deste relato é estabelecer os critérios morfológicos (cito-histológicos) como parâmetros para o diagnóstico de SMD em amostras de sangue periférico e medula óssea, com especial direcionamento aos hematologistas e patologistas clínicos que exercem a hematologia laboratorial na sua rotina de trabalho. Os principais achados morfológicos são listados no final deste relato, na forma de "check-list", objetivando a sistematização sobre estes achados.

Myelodysplastic syndromes require both thorougly and systematic blood smear and bone marrow examinations. The main goal of this report is to establish criteria of the morphological ( cyto-histological) features, as parameters for the diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes ( MDS) from peripheral blood smears and bone marrow samples, with especial address to hematology and pathology practitioners. The main features are listed ( checklist) at the end of this report, in order to synthesize them.

Alta frequência de fatores de alto risco e de mortalidade precoce em pacientes brasileiros com leucemia promielocítica aguda / Increased frequency of high risk factors and elevated early mortality among Brazilian patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia

O tratamento da leucemia promielocítica aguda (LPA) com antrciclínicos e ácido trans-retinóico (ATRA) tem sido amplamente empregado e resultou em taxas de sobrevida a longo prazo de 80% a 90% em diferentes ensaios clínicos. A despeito da alta prevalência de LPA na América Latina, a efetividade de regimes de tratamento com ATRA e antraciclínicos não é conhecida. No Brasil, mais de 20% das leucemias mielóides agudas são do subtipo LPA. Neste estudo descrevemos uma análise retrospectiva de 157 pacientes brasileiros com LPA. Comparado com pacientes de países desenvolvidos, observamos uma alta prevalência de pacientes de alto risco e ma sobrevida e três anos de 49,9%. A taxa de mortalidade precoce foi de 28%, principalmente devido a sangramento (88,6%), com 45,2% dos pacientes apresentando evidências laboratoriais de coagulação intravascular disseminada ao diagnóstio. A despeito do fato de que nõ foram excluídos pacientes com base na idade ou no performance status, esta alta taxa de óbito mostra que é necessária uma melhora urgente no acesso dos pacientes a centros médicos especializados.

Therapy based on anthracyclines and all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) hás been widely used for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and result in long term survival rates of 80% to 90% in different clinical trials. Despite the higher incidence of APL in Latin America, the effectiveness of ATRA + anthracyclines treatment is not known. In Brazil, more than 20% of acute myeloid leukemia are of the APL subtype. We describe a retrospective analysis including 157 Brazilian APL patients. Compared to developed countries, a higher incidence of higher incidence of high risk patients was observed and the overwall survival in three years was only 49.9%. Early mortality was 28%, mainly due to bleeding (88.6%), and laboratorial evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation at diagnosis was present in 45.2% of the patients. Despite the fact that no patient was excluded based on age and performance status, the high death rates shows that urgent improvement in acess to specialized medical care is necessary in Brazil. Aiming to improve the outcome of APL patients in developing countries, the American Society of Hematology launched the International Consortium on APL, an educational iniative based on the use of an unified simplified treatment protocol, on line discussion tools and centralized laboratory diagnosis.