RESUMO
The clear role of autophagy in human inflammatory diseases such as Crohn disease was first identified by genome-wide association studies and subsequently dissected in multiple mechanistic studies. ATG16L1 has been particularly well studied in knockout and hypomorph settings as well as models recapitulating the Crohn disease-associated T300A polymorphism. Interestingly, ATG16L1 has a single homolog, ATG16L2, which is independently implicated in diseases, including Crohn disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. However, the contribution of ATG16L2 to canonical autophagy pathways and other cellular functions is poorly understood. To better understand its role, we generated and analyzed the first, to our knowledge, ATG16L2 knockout mouse. Our results show that ATG16L1 and ATG16L2 contribute very distinctly to autophagy and cellular ontogeny in myeloid, lymphoid, and epithelial lineages. Dysregulation of any of these lineages could contribute to complex diseases like Crohn disease and systemic lupus erythematosus, highlighting the value of examining cell-specific effects. We also identify a novel genetic interaction between ATG16L2 and epithelial ATG16L1. These findings are discussed in the context of how these genes may contribute distinctly to human disease.
Assuntos
Morte Celular Autofágica , Proteínas Relacionadas à Autofagia , Proteínas de Transporte , Doença de Crohn , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico , Animais , Morte Celular Autofágica/genética , Morte Celular Autofágica/imunologia , Proteínas Relacionadas à Autofagia/genética , Proteínas Relacionadas à Autofagia/imunologia , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Proteínas de Transporte/imunologia , Doença de Crohn/genética , Doença de Crohn/imunologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/genética , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Especificidade de Órgãos/genética , Especificidade de Órgãos/imunologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: This project examines ChatGPT's potential to enhance the readability of patient educational materials about interventional radiology (IR) procedures. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The descriptions of IR procedures from the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE) were used as the original text. Readability scores were calculated using three metrics: Flesch Reading Ease (FRE), Gunning Fog (GF), and the Automated Readability Index (ARI) using an online calculator ( https://readabilityformulas.com ). FRE is scored on a scale of 0-100, where 100 indicates easy-to-read texts, and GF and ARI represent the grade level required to comprehend the text. The DISCERN instrument measured credibility and reliability. ChatGPT was prompted to simplify the texts to a fifth-grade reading level, with subsequent recalculation of readability and DISCERN scores for comparison. Statistical significance was determined using a Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. Articles were subsequently organized by subgroups and analyzed. RESULTS: 73 interventional radiology procedures from CIRSE were analyzed. The original FRE score was 47.2 (Difficult), improved to 78.4 (Fairly Easy) by ChatGPT. GF and ARI scores dropped from 14.4 and 11.2 to 7.8 and 5.8, respectively, after simplification, showing significant improvement (p < 0.001). However, the average DISCERN score decreased from 3.73 to 2.99 (p < 0.001) post-ChatGPT simplification. CONCLUSION: This study shows ChatGPT's ability to make interventional radiology descriptions more readable but highlights its struggle to maintain the original's reliability, suggesting the need for human review and prompt engineering to enhance outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 6.
Assuntos
Compreensão , Radiologia Intervencionista , Humanos , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto/métodos , Radiografia Intervencionista , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Letramento em SaúdeRESUMO
Host factors in the intestine help select for bacteria that promote health. Certain commensals can utilize mucins as an energy source, thus promoting their colonization. However, health conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are associated with a reduced mucus layer, potentially leading to dysbiosis associated with this disease. We characterize the capability of commensal species to cleave and transport mucin-associated monosaccharides and identify several Clostridiales members that utilize intestinal mucins. One such mucin utilizer, Peptostreptococcus russellii, reduces susceptibility to epithelial injury in mice. Several Peptostreptococcus species contain a gene cluster enabling production of the tryptophan metabolite indoleacrylic acid (IA), which promotes intestinal epithelial barrier function and mitigates inflammatory responses. Furthermore, metagenomic analysis of human stool samples reveals that the genetic capability of microbes to utilize mucins and metabolize tryptophan is diminished in IBD patients. Our data suggest that stimulating IA production could promote anti-inflammatory responses and have therapeutic benefits.