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Background: It is important to identify students who would benefit from early interventions to reduce harmful drinking patterns and associated consequences. the Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (B-YAACQ) could be particularly useful as a screening tool in university settings. Objectives. The present study examined the utility of the B-YAACQ to distinguish among students at-risk for problematic alcohol use as measured by the AUDIT. Objectives: The present study examined the utility of the B-YAACQ to distinguish among students at-risk for problematic alcohol use as measured by the AUDIT. Methods: A sample of 6382 students (mean age=20.28, SD=3.75, 72.2% females) from seven countries (i.e., U.S., Canada, South-Africa, Spain, Argentina, Uruguay, England) completed the B-YAACQ, the AUDIT and different measures of alcohol use. Results: ROC analyses suggested that a cutoff score of 5 maximized the YAACQ's discrimination utility to differentiate between students at low versus moderate/high risk in the total sample and across countries (except in Canada, where the cutoff was 4). In addition, a cutoff of 7 differentiated between students at low/moderate versus high risk in the total sample, while cutoffs of 10, 9, 8 and 7 differentiate between students at low/moderate versus high risk in Uruguay, U.S and Spain (10), Argentina (9), England (8), and Canada and South-Africa (7), respectively. Students classified at the three risk levels (i.e., low, moderate and high) differed in age (i.e., a younger age was associated with higher risk) and drinking patters (i.e., higher drinking frequency, quantity, binge drinking and AUDIT and B-YAACQ scores in the higher risk groups). Conclusions: This study suggest that the B-YAACQ is a useful tool to identify college students at-risk for experiencing problematic patterns of alcohol use.
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Consumo de Álcool na Faculdade , Alcoolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Masculino , Psicometria , Alcoolismo/diagnóstico , Etanol , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estudantes , UniversidadesRESUMO
Playing video games is one of the world's most popular leisure activities, especially for teenagers. The main aim of the present study was to examine additive and moderation effects of gender and personality to explain individual differences in problematic gaming and video game genre preferences in adolescence. 776 Spanish high school students (mean age = 14.29 years, SD = 1.59, 50.64% girls) completed the questionnaires of the Five-Factor Model of personality, frequency of video gaming, disordered use, and the video games they mostly played.Gender differences were observed for gaming behaviors: boys played more and presented much more disordered gaming than girls. Boys preferred competitive genres; for example, action-shooters, sport, fight and strategy games. Girls preferred nonviolent and ocasional game genres; for example, social simulation, and brain and skill games. Gender moderated the association between personality and disordered gaming: disordered gaming was associated with low agreeableness and low conscientiousness in boys, and with low extraversion and low conscientiousness in girls. Low consciousnness moderated the association between gaming frequency and problematic use of video games: playing more video games led to disordered gaming, mainly in irresponsible and impulsive individuals. Though small, significant associations were found among all of the personality domains and video game genre preferences. These findings highlight the relevance of gender and personality for gaming behaviors in adolescence, and suggest paying more attention to gender-dependent differences and person-environment transactional processes when studying gaming-related behaviors.
Jugar a videojuegos es una de las actividades de ocio más populares en adolescentes. El principal objetivo de este estudio fue examinar los efectos aditivos y de moderación del género y la personalidad en el juego problemático y en la preferencia en géneros de videojuegos durante la adolescencia. 776 estudiantes españoles (media de edad = 14,29; DT = 1,59; 50,64% chicas) cumplimentaron cuestionarios del Modelo de los cinco grandes de personalidad y de conductas relacionadas con videojuegos. Se observaron diferencias de género en conductas relacionadas con videojuegos: los chicos jugaban más y presentaron mucho más uso problemático que las chicas. Ellos prefirieron géneros competitivos; por ejemplo, juegos de acción-shooters, deportes, lucha y estrategia. Las chicas prefirieron géneros no violentos y ocasionales; por ejemplo, simulación social, y juegos de habilidad y lógica. El género moderó las asociaciones entre personalidad y juego problemático: el juego problemático se asoció a baja amabilidad y baja responsabilidad en chicos, y a baja extraversión y baja responsabilidad en chicas. La baja responsabilidad moderó las asociaciones entre frecuencia de juego y uso problemático: jugar más a videojuegos conducía a un uso problemático de éstos, principalmente en individuos irresponsables e impulsivos. Se encontraron asociaciones pequeñas pero significativas entre la personalidad y preferencias en géneros de videojuegos. Estos hallazgos destacan la relevancia del género y la personalidad en las conductas relacionadas con videojuegos durante la adolescencia, y animan a prestar más atención a las diferencias dependientes del género y a las transacciones persona-ambiente al estudiar estas conductas.
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Comportamento do Adolescente , Jogos de Vídeo , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Personalidade , Fatores Sexuais , EstudantesRESUMO
Early exposure to negative environmental impact shapes individual behavior and potentially contributes to any mental disease. We reported previously that accumulated environmental risk markedly decreases age at schizophrenia onset. Follow-up of matched extreme group individuals (≤1 vs. ≥3 risks) unexpectedly revealed that high-risk subjects had >5 times greater probability of forensic hospitalization. In line with longstanding sociological theories, we hypothesized that risk accumulation before adulthood induces violent aggression and criminal conduct, independent of mental illness. We determined in 6 independent cohorts (4 schizophrenia and 2 general population samples) pre-adult risk exposure, comprising urbanicity, migration, physical and sexual abuse as primary, and cannabis or alcohol as secondary hits. All single hits by themselves were marginally associated with higher violent aggression. Most strikingly, however, their accumulation strongly predicted violent aggression (odds ratio 10.5). An epigenome-wide association scan to detect differential methylation of blood-derived DNA of selected extreme group individuals yielded overall negative results. Conversely, determination in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of histone-deacetylase1 mRNA as 'umbrella mediator' of epigenetic processes revealed an increase in the high-risk group, suggesting lasting epigenetic alterations. Together, we provide sound evidence of a disease-independent unfortunate relationship between well-defined pre-adult environmental hits and violent aggression, calling for more efficient prevention.
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Agressão/psicologia , Violência/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Experiências Adversas da Infância , Epigênese Genética/genética , Exposição à Violência/psicologia , Feminino , Histona Desacetilase 1/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Razão de Chances , Fatores de Risco , Esquizofrenia/epidemiologia , Esquizofrenia/genéticaRESUMO
Marijuana motives are a proximal variable to marijuana use. This research aimed to adapt and validate the short form of the Marijuana Motives Measure (MMM; Simons, Correia, Carey, y Borsari, 1998), the MMM SF, in Spanish. The sample comprised 232 participants (mean age = 25.11 (7.58), 50.43% males) who had tried marijuana at least once in their lifetime. Item and Rasch analyses were performed to choose the final pool of 15 items. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) showed an adequate 5-factor structure (S-BX2(80) = 121.30, p = .002; NNFI = .944; CFI = .958; IFI = .959; MFI = .915; RMSEA = .047(0.029, 0.063); AIC = -38.70), and the multi-group CFA between males and females showed acceptable fit indices (S-BX2(160) = 230.01, p = .000; NNFI = .900; CFI = .924; IFI = .927; MFI = .860; RMSEA = .062(.043, .078); AIC = -89.99). The questionnaire indicated metric (S-BX2diff (15) = 13.61, p = .556)), scalar (S-BX2diff (15) = 23.15, p = .081)) and error measurement invariance (S-BX2diff (15) = 8.65, p = .895)) between gender groups. The internal consistencies and ordinal omega of the scales were between .79 and .90. In the regression analysis, enhancement, coping and low conformity motives predicted frequency and quantity of marijuana smoked. The best predictor of frequency and quantity consumed during the heaviest smoking period was enhancement, while coping and, to a lesser extent, low conformity, were the only predictors of cannabis-related problems when marijuana frequency and quantity were controlled for. The MMM SF shows adequate psychometric properties and is a suitable instrument to assess marijuana motives, especially during time-limited sessions.
Los motivos de consumo son una variable proximal al uso de marihuana. Este estudio pretende adaptar y validar la versión española breve del Marijuana Motives Measure (MMM; Simons, Correia, Carey, y Borsari, 1998), el MMM SF. La muestra estaba compuesta por 232 participantes (edad media = 25,11 (7,58), 50,43% hombres) que habían probado la marihuana al menos una vez. Se realizaron análisis de los ítems y de Rasch para seleccionar los 15 ítems. El Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC) mostró una estructura de cinco factores adecuada (S-BX2(80) = 121,30, p = ,002; NNFI = 0,944; CFI = 0,958; IFI = 0,959; MFI = 0,915; RMSEA = 0,047(0,029, 0,063); AIC = -38,70), y el AFC multigrupo entre hombres y mujeres mostró índices de ajuste aceptables (S-BX2(160) = 230,01, p = ,000; NNFI = 0,900; CFI = 0,924; IFI = 0,927; MFI = 0,860; RMSEA = 0,062(0,043, 0,078); AIC = -89,99). El cuestionario mostró invarianza métrica (S-BX2dif (15) = 13,61, p = ,556)), escalar (S-BX2dif (15) = 23,15, p = ,081)) y de los errores de medida (S-BX2dif (15) = 8,65, p = ,895)) entre grupos de género. Los alfas de Cronbach y omega ordinal de las escalas fueron de 0,79 a 0,90. Los motivos de animación, afrontamiento y bajos motivos de conformidad predijeron el consumo de marihuana. El mejor predictor durante la época de mayor consumo fueron los motivos de animación, mientras que los motivos de afrontamiento, y en menor medida los bajos motivos de conformidad, fueron los mejores predictores de los problemas derivados una vez se controló el efecto de frecuencia y cantidad fumada. El MMM SF presenta unas propiedades psicométricas adecuadas y es una medida útil para evaluar los motivos de consumo de marihuana, especialmente durante sesiones de evaluación con tiempo limitado.
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Adaptação Psicológica , Abuso de Maconha/psicologia , Fumar Maconha/psicologia , Motivação , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Abuso de Maconha/diagnóstico , Psicometria/instrumentação , Análise de Regressão , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Espanha , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Societal attitudes and norms to female smoking changed in Spain in the mid-twentieth century from a restrictive to a tolerant, and an even pro-smoking, posture, while social attitudes remained stable for males. We explored whether this difference in gender-related social norms influenced the heritability of two tobacco use measures: lifetime smoking and number of years smoking. We used a population-based sample of 2285 twins (mean age = 55.78; SD = 7.45; 58% females) whose adolescence began between the mid-1950s and the early 1980s. After modeling the effect of sex and year of birth on the variance components, we observed that the impact of the genetic and shared environmental factors varied differently by birth cohort between males and females. For females, shared environment explained a higher proportion of variance than the genetic factors in older cohorts. However, this situation was inverted in the younger female cohorts. In contrast, no birth cohort effect was observed for males, where the impact of the genetic and environmental factors remained constant throughout the study period. These results suggest that heritability is larger in a permissive social environment, whereas shared-environmental factors are more relevant in a society that is less tolerant to smoking.
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Fumar Cigarros/genética , Interação Gene-Ambiente , Hereditariedade/genética , Meio Social , Adulto , Idoso , Atitude , Doenças em Gêmeos/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores Sexuais , Mudança Social , Espanha , Gêmeos Dizigóticos/genética , Gêmeos Monozigóticos/genéticaRESUMO
Alcohol expectancies are proximal variables to alcohol use and misuse. In recent decades, different measures have been developed to assess this construct. One of the most frequently used and recommended instruments is the Expectancy Questionnaire (EQ; Leigh y Stacy, 1993). Our aim is to develop a short version of the EQ (EQ-SF) for suitable use in time-limited administrations. Two samples, adolescents (N = 514, 57.20% females) and adults (N = 548, 61.50% females), completed the EQ together with alcohol-use measures. Different item selection strategies were applied to select the 24 items. The EQ-SF structure was explored using confirmatory factor analysis, and measurement invariance was tested running a multi-group analysis comparing groups by sex and age. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha and omega coefficients. Concurrent validity was investigated with regression analyses. The EQ-SF showed acceptable between-groups measurement invariance. Alphas and omegas ranged from .77 to .93. Positive expectancies predicted both alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. Negative expectancies predicted alcohol-related problems. Sex and age moderated these associations. Males with high positive alcohol expectancies showed higher alcohol consumption than females, while adults with high negative alcohol expectancies showed greater alcohol-related problems than adolescents. Different evidence on the validity and reliability of the EQ-SF suggest that it is a suitable instrument to assess alcohol expectancies in the Spanish population.
Las expectativas sobre los efectos del alcohol son una variable proximal al consumo de alcohol. Uno de los instrumentos más usados y recomendados para evaluar este constructo es el Expectancy Questionnaire (EQ; Leigh y Stacy, 1993). El objetivo es desarrollar una versión corta del EQ (EQ-SF) útil para administraciones en las que el tiempo de evaluación es reducido. Dos muestras, una de adolescentes (N = 514, 57,20% mujeres) y una de adultos (N = 548, 61,50% mujeres), completaron el EQ y diversas medidas sobre consumo de alcohol. Se utilizaron diversas estrategias para seleccionar los 24 ítems. Se exploró la estructura del EQ-SF mediante análisis factoriales confirmatorios y la invarianza de medida entre sexos y grupos de edad realizando análisis multigrupo. Se calculó la fiabilidad de las escalas mediante el alfa de Cronbach y el coeficiente omega, y la validez concurrente a través de análisis de regresión. La invariancia entre grupos fue aceptable. Los coeficientes alfa y omega iban de ,77 a ,93. Las expectativas positivas predijeron la cantidad de alcohol consumida y los problemas derivados del consumo, mientras que las negativas predijeron los problemas derivados. Sexo y edad moderaron estas asociaciones. Los hombres con elevadas expectativas positivas bebían más que las mujeres, mientras que los adultos con elevadas expectativas negativas mostraron mayores problemas derivados del consumo que los adolescentes. Las diferentes fuentes de evidencia sobre la validez y fiabilidad del EQ-SF sugieren que es un instrumento adecuado para evaluar las expectativas sobre los efectos del alcohol en población española.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Alcoolismo/diagnóstico , Autoavaliação Diagnóstica , Adolescente , Adulto , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Alcoolismo/psicologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , PsicometriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sher, Grekin, and Williams (2005) pointed out the existence of 4 main etiological, but not mutually exclusive, models that might explain the development of alcohol use and misuse. The aim of the present study was to explore 3 of these 4 pathways in which psychological (personality and drinking motives) and environmental (child maltreatment) variables may play a relevant role: positive affect regulation, negative affect regulation, and deviance proneness. METHODS: Three hundred and fourteen young adults in the 18 to 29 year age range completed different personality, alcohol use, and child maltreatment questionnaires at Time 1. Five years later, they responded to drinking motives, antisocial behavior, alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems questionnaires. RESULTS: The path analyses showed that emotional abuse predicted negative emotionality, which, in turn, prospectively predicted alcohol-related problems through coping-with-depression drinking motives (negative affect regulation). Emotional neglect predicted lesser positive emotionality, and physical abuse predicted unconscientious disinhibition personality characteristics. In turn, these 2 broad personality domains predicted drinking at weekends at Time 2 through enhancement drinking motives (positive affect regulation). Finally, physical neglect predicted disagreeable disinhibition, and both disinhibition domains directly predicted antisocial behavior 5 years later which, in turn, predicted drinking at weekends, drinking on weekdays, and alcohol-related problems (deviance proneness). CONCLUSIONS: The findings describe the specific role of distal (maltreatment and personality) and more proximal (antisocial behavior and drinking motives) variables in the different pathways involved in the development of alcohol use and misuse.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Alcoolismo/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Alcoolismo/psicologia , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/psicologia , Maus-Tratos Infantis/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Motivação , Inventário de Personalidade , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Short Dark Tetrad (SD4) is a recently developed instrument for assessing the "dark" personality traits of psychopathy, narcissism, Machiavellianism, and sadism. We aimed to examine the SD4's psychometric properties, adapting it into Spanish and exploring its structure, gender invariance, reliability, concurrent validity, and nomological network. METHOD: A sample of 668 adults (Mage = 26.36, SD = 10.64, 69.2% females) completed the SD4 and other self-report questionnaires. RESULTS: The results demonstrated sound indices of reliability and concurrent validity, an adequate four-factor structure, and support for gender invariance. Furthermore, most of the findings about the nomological network were in line with prior hypotheses: All four SD4 scales were associated with low levels of agreeableness and antagonism; psychopathy was also related to low conscientiousness, disinhibition and impulse-control problems; narcissism was positively associated with extraversion and negatively associated with internalizing symptoms; Machiavellianism was uncorrelated with impulsivity-related problems, which made it distinct from the psychopathy profile; finally, sadism showed a similar pattern of associations to psychopathy, albeit less strongly linked to impulsivity problems and externalizing behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the SD4 presents sound psychometric properties, although the overlap between psychopathy and sadism warrants some caution.
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Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial , Maquiavelismo , Narcisismo , Psicometria , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/psicologia , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem , Sadismo/psicologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Espanha , Adolescente , Personalidade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , AutorrelatoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Previous research has shown that personality traits and gaming motives are important predictors for explaining regular and disordered gaming. However, the mediating role of gaming motives in the relation between personality traits and video game outcomes (e.g., time spent gaming or disordered gaming) has been scarcely studied and limited cross-national studies have addressed this issue. The present study aimed to examine the direct and indirect effects of the Big Five personality traits on weekly gaming and disordered gaming via gaming motives across seven countries. METHOD: 3540 college student gamers (59.5% women) from the U.S., Canada, Spain, Argentina, Uruguay, South Africa and England completed the online survey. Structural equation modeling was conducted to test models. Multigroup models were employed to test model invariance across countries. RESULTS: Significant, albeit weak, relations were found between personality traits and gaming outcomes, and were mediated mostly by coping motives in predicting disordered gaming, and by social interaction and recreation (to a lesser extent) motives in predicting weekly gaming. Some minor, yet significant, differences across countries appeared and are discussed in detail. DISCUSSION: The present findings indicate that the differential interrelations between personality traits, gaming motives, and video gaming outcomes may be generalized in college students across countries.
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Motivação , Personalidade , Estudantes , Jogos de Vídeo , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Estudantes/psicologia , Adulto Jovem , Jogos de Vídeo/psicologia , Canadá , Estados Unidos , Universidades , Adolescente , Espanha , África do Sul , Uruguai , Inglaterra , Argentina , Adulto , Comparação Transcultural , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/psicologia , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/epidemiologia , Adaptação PsicológicaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Gaming motives appear to be an important predictor of time spent gaming and disordered gaming. The Videogaming Motives Questionnaire (VMQ) has shown adequate psychometric properties to assess gaming motives among Spanish college students. However, the utility of this measure has not yet been explored in other cultures. This research aimed to examine the structure and measurement invariance of the VMQ across seven countries and gender groups, and to provide criterion-related validity evidence for VMQ scores. METHOD: College students who reported having played videogames in the last year (n = 5192; 59.07 % women) from the US, Canada, South Africa, Spain, Argentina, England, and Uruguay completed an online survey to measure time spent gaming, disordered gaming, and the VMQ. RESULTS: Findings support a 24-item 8-intercorrelated factor model structure for the VMQ in the total sample. Our results also support configural, metric, and scalar invariance of the VMQ across gender groups and countries. Students from North America (US and Canada) scored higher on most gaming motives (except recreation and cognitive development) than students from the other countries. The correlations between VMQ and non-VMQ variables were similar across gender and countries, except in England where VMQ correlations with time spent gaming were stronger. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that the VMQ is a useful measure for assessing gaming motives across young adults from different countries.
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Jogos de Vídeo , Adulto Jovem , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Universidades , Psicometria , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240726.].
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OBJECTIVE: The Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test - Revised (CUDIT-R) is a broadly employed measure of cannabis-related problems. However, minimal research has tested the measurement invariance of the CUDIT-R among youths from different countries, hindering cross-national comparisons. Thus, the present study aimed to test the measurement invariance of the CUDIT-R between seven countries and gender groups, and provide different sources of reliability and validity evidence of the scale. METHODS: A sample of 4,712 college student lifetime cannabis users (mean age = 20.57, SD = 3.97; 70.4% females) from seven countries completed the CUDIT-R. Last 30-day cannabis users (n = 2402; mean age = 20.09, SD = 3.18; 67.7% females) additionally completed another measure of cannabis-related problems, and measures of cannabis frequency, quantity and motives. RESULTS: Multigroup analysis showed configural (equal number of factors and pattern of factor-indicator relationships), metric (equal factor loadings) and scalar (equal thresholds) invariance of the CUDIT-R across five countries and across gender in the sample of lifetime cannabis users. Cronbach's alphas and ordinal omegas ranked from .72 and .85. Large correlations were found between the CUDIT-R and another cannabis-related problem scale. Small to large associations were found between the CUDIT-R and other criterion variables (frequency and quantity of consumption and cannabis-related motives) providing convergent and discriminant validity evidence. Only a few differences in the magnitude of the correlations across countries were found. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the CUDIT-R is a suitable measure to assess cannabis-related problems among college student from the U.S., Canada, South Africa, Spain, and Argentina and across gender groups.
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Cannabis , Adolescente , Adulto , Comparação Transcultural , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estudantes , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Background/objective: Research has highlighted the role of neuroticism, rumination, and depression in predicting suicidal thoughts, but studies on how these variables interplay are scarce. The aims of the present study were to test a model in which emotional stability (i.e., low neuroticism) would act as an antecedent and moderator of rumination and depressed mood in the prediction of suicidal ideation (i.e., moderated serial-mediation), and to explore their replicability across four countries and sex, among college students as an at-risk-group for suicide. Method: Participants were 3482 undergraduates from U.S, Spain, Argentina, and the Netherlands. Path analysis and multi-group analysis were conducted. Results: Emotional stability was indirectly linked to suicidal ideation via rumination and depressed mood. Moreover, emotional stability moderated the associations between rumination and depressed mood, and between depressed mood and suicidal ideation. Findings were consistent in males and females, and across countries studied. Discussion: Regardless of sex and country, people with low emotional stability reported higher levels of rumination, which in turn was associated with more depressed mood, and these were associated with higher reports of suicidal thoughts. This cascade of psychological risk factors for suicidal ideation seems to be more harmful in people who endorse low levels of emotional stability.
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The major advantage of the Big Five Personality Trait Short Questionnaire (BFPTSQ) over other noncommercial Five-Factor Model (FFM) personality scales is that it targets both adolescents and adults. The aim of the present study was to explore the psychometric properties of this questionnaire in a Spanish, adolescent sample. The main sample was composed of 1,082 participants (Mage = 14.16, SD = 1.56, age range = 12-17 years), 53% girls. The results showed that the expected factor structure was mostly recovered using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). The ESEM presented satisfactory fit indices, as well as metric invariance and partial scalar invariance across genders. Moreover, coefficient αs and ordinal Ωs of all the scales were over .70, and test-retest indices were significant (p < .001). Regarding the associations of BFPTSQ with a junior FFM inventory, the correlations with the broad-trait scales ranged from .61 to .72, and 29 out of 30 correlations with the facet scales were significant (p < .001). Finally, most of the expected associations between the BFPTSQ scales and the criterion measures (internalizing and externalizing symptom scales, life satisfaction, and academic performance) were confirmed, widely replicating the results found in the development of the original questionnaire. This study supports the construct validity of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability scales in Spanish-speaking adolescents. However, openness did not emerge as a well-defined factor in the present sample. The questionnaire seems to be a useful and readable measure for research and, potentially, for other applications such as clinical use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Transtornos da Personalidade , Personalidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Inventário de Personalidade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The well-established relationship between childhood adversity and psychosis is likely to involve other factors such as genetic variants that can help us to understand why not everyone exposed to adverse events develops psychotic symptoms later in life. AIMS: We investigated the influence of childhood abuse and neglect on positive and negative psychotic-like experiences in adulthood and the potential moderating effect of the BDNF-Val66Met polymorphism. METHOD: Psychotic-like experiences and childhood adversity were assessed in 533 individuals from the general population. RESULTS: Childhood abuse showed a strong independent effect on the positive dimension of psychotic-like experiences (ß = 0.16, s.e. = 0.05, P = 0.002). Furthermore, this association was moderated by the BDNF-Val66Met polymorphism (ß = 0.27, s.e. = 0.10, P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Individuals exposed to childhood abuse are more likely to report positive psychotic-like experiences. Met carriers reported more positive psychotic-like experiences when exposed to childhood abuse than did individuals carrying the Val/Val genotype. Therefore, the observed gene-environment interaction effect may be partially responsible for individual variation in response to childhood abuse.
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Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/genética , Maus-Tratos Infantis/psicologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Transtornos Psicóticos/genética , Adulto , Sobreviventes Adultos de Maus-Tratos Infantis/psicologia , Alelos , Criança , Maus-Tratos Infantis/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Genótipo , Homozigoto , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Metionina/genética , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Transtornos Psicóticos/epidemiologia , Valina/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
AIMS: This paper had three aims: (1) to validate a Spanish adaptation of the Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (M DMQ-R), (2) to explore the relationship of each drinking motive with different patterns of alcohol use, and (3) to compare the drinking motives of moderate drinkers, heavy drinkers, and alcohol abusing/dependent individuals. METHODS: Two studies were carried out. In Study 1, a sample of 488 participants completed the M DMQ-R and a self-report scale of alcohol consumption in order to study the factor structure and different indices of reliability and validity of the Spanish M DMQ-R. In Study 2, we compared the drinking motives of moderate and heavy drinkers from Study 1 and an additional sample of 59 clinical drinkers. RESULTS: The M DMQ-R demonstrated sound reliability and validity indices. Coping-with-anxiety, social, and enhancement motives predicted higher alcohol use on weekends, but only coping-with-anxiety and social motives were related to consumption on weekdays. Furthermore, moderate drinkers had the lowest scores for all motives, whereas alcohol-dependent participants obtained the highest scores for negative reinforcement drinking motives. CONCLUSION: The Spanish M DMQ-R is a reliable and valid measure of drinking motives and has potential for assisting with treatment planning for problem drinkers.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Alcoolismo/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Motivação , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , AutorrelatoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Very few studies about the psychometric properties of the Anxiety Severity Measures (ASM) proposed in the DSM-5 exist, and none in Spanish-speaking populations. Thus, the aim of the present study was to provide validity and reliability evidence for the Spanish versions of the Agoraphobia, Social Anxiety, Separation Anxiety, Panic, Generalized Anxiety and Specific Phobia Severity measures. METHOD: Participants included 567 Spaniards (mean age=21.26, SD=3.61; 68.3% women). We performed Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses to test the structure of the scales, Differential Item Functioning (DIF) by sex, Cronbach's alpha and ordinal omega to test reliability, and the Pearson correlations between the ASM and different outcomes to provide evidence for convergent/discriminant (internalizing/externalizing symptoms) and criterion validity (satisfaction, quality of life and personality). RESULTS: Structural analyses supported a one-factor solution for all of the ASM except for the Specific Phobia scale, which was also the only scale that exhibited DIF. Reliability indices ranked from .82 to .93. All six scales showed stronger associations with internalizing than externalizing measures and were also negatively related to criterion measures. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of ASM is suitable for assessing anxiety-related symptoms, except the Specific Phobia Scale, which requires further examination.
Assuntos
Transtornos Fóbicos , Qualidade de Vida , Adolescente , Adulto , Ansiedade/diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Autorrelato , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The present research built on the Self-Reported Delinquency interview and the Antisocial Behavior Scale to develop an updated brief instrument to measure antisocial behavior. College students (n = 3188, 67.75% women) from the USA, Argentina, the Netherlands and Spain completed an online survey. Analyses that combined approaches from the Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory were conducted to select the items for the brief version. Findings suggested that a 13-item Brief Antisocial Behavior Scale (B-ABS) fulfilled the high-quality criteria: salient factor loadings, adequate discrimination, variability in response endorsement, adequate fit based on infit/outfit values, nondifferent item functioning across the four participating countries, and Cronbach's alpha and ordinal omega coefficients higher than .70. The B-ABS scores generally significantly correlated with personality scores, mental health and marijuana outcomes, showing criterion-related validity evidence. Our overall findings suggest that B-ABS adequately assesses antisocial behavior in young adults from different countries/cultures.
Assuntos
Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/diagnóstico , Saúde Mental , Personalidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/psicologia , Argentina , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Países Baixos , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Espanha , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The impact of violent video game exposure (VVGE) on aggressive behaviors has been extensively explored, but still remains controversial. Although some studies have shown slight detrimental short-term effects of VVGE, other studies have failed to find any consequence. In addition, the existence of long-lasting effects on aggressiveness, or their impact on adolescents, are still not well established. One limitation of most of these studies is that they do not control for other important risk variables for aggressive behaviors, such as personality and deviant peers, nor have they investigated the possible moderation role of these risk factors in the link between VVGE and aggression. Therefore, the main aim was to examine the additive and interactive role of VVGE, personality, and deviant peers in adolescent aggressive behaviors cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Many regression analyses and a cross-lagged autoregressive model were carried out. At both waves, aggressive behavior was predicted by having deviant peers and specific personality traits, especially low agreeableness. VVGE also presented a slight but significant effect at both waves, but it became nonsignificant when controlling for other variables. No long-term effects on the relation between VVGE and aggressive behaviors were found. Some moderation effects were consistently found at both waves: when participants reported having more deviant peers, the effects of VVGE and low agreeableness on aggressive behaviors significantly increased. These findings suggest that multiple biopsychosocial variables and their complex interplay need to be examined to gain a better understanding of the origin and expression of aggressive behavior.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Agressão/psicologia , Exposição à Violência/psicologia , Personalidade , Jogos de Vídeo/psicologia , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Grupo Associado , Análise de Regressão , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Gaming motives are important factors for explaining individual differences in videogame-related behaviors. The aim of the present study was to develop a new comprehensive but brief instrument-the Videogaming Motives Questionnaire (VMQ)-which embraces some of the most relevant gaming motives. In a first study, a pilot exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with data from 140 undergraduates was performed on items from twelve potential motives. This identified eight main factors: recreation, social interaction, coping, violent reward, fantasy, cognitive development, customization, and competition. In Studies 2 and 3, an EFA and a confirmatory factor analysis were performed on two independent samples of 407 adolescents and 260 young adults, respectively. The VMQ presented a robust eight-factor structure, with all scales showing adequate reliability indices. In reference to criterion validity, all motives presented specific associations with hours spent playing videogames, disordered gaming, and game genre preferences. More specifically, and in both adolescents and young adults, social interaction was the main motive related to time spent gaming, whereas disordered gaming was related to both coping and social interaction motives. Based on these findings, it is concluded that the VMQ is a brief and psychometrically appropriate tool for assessing the most relevant videogaming motives.