TNF-α inhibitor tanfanercept (HBM9036) improves signs and symptoms of dry eye in a phase 2 trial in the controlled adverse environment in China.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the clinical safety and efficacy of tanfanercept (HBM9036) ophthalmic solution as a novel treatment for dry eye disease (DED) in a controlled adverse environment (CAE) study conducted in China. METHODS: In a single-center, double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled study, 100 patients received 0.25% tanfanercept, or placebo, twice daily for eight weeks. A mobile international CAE® DE Model was used for patient selection with a standardized challenge endpoint. Primary efficacy endpoint was fluorescein inferior corneal staining score (ICSS) pre- to post-CAE challenge from baseline. Secondary endpoints included Schirmer's Tear Test, Tear-Film Break-Up Time, Ocular Discomfort Score, Ora Calibra® Ocular Discomfort and 4-Symptom Questionnaire, total corneal staining score (TCSS), and drop comfort. Signs and symptoms were assessed both pre- and post-CAE to evaluate the efficacy of tanfanercept on both environmental and CAE endpoints. RESULTS: The tanfanercept treatment group showed improvement in ICSS pre- to post-CAE change from baseline scores when compared to placebo (- 0.61 ± 0.11 and - 0.54 ± 0.11, respectively; mean difference = 0.07, p = 0.65). TCSS pre-post-CAE change from baseline scores was also in favor of active when compared to placebo (- 1.03 ± 0.21 and - 0.67 ± 0.21, respectively; mean difference = 0.37, p = 0.23). Schirmer's score improvement was demonstrated in favor of active (1.87 ± 0.62 mm) as compared to placebo (1.28 ± 0.62 mm; mean difference = 0.59 mm, p = 0.50). Change from baseline in mean Tear-Film Break-up Time favored active treatment over placebo (mean difference = 1.21 s, p = 0.45). Notably, the tanfanercept showed more obvious benefits for each DED sign in a subgroup of subjects ≥ 35 years of age. Tanfanercept was well tolerated with no serious adverse events occurring during the study. CONCLUSION: Tanfanercept demonstrated improvements in favor of active as compared to placebo in the signs of DED, being safe and well tolerated. These data support further evaluation of tanfanercept for the treatment of DED in China. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04092907) on September 17, 2019.

A Clinical Phase II Study to Assess Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Waterfree Cyclosporine Formulation for Treatment of Dry Eye Disease.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of waterfree cyclosporine formulation (CyclASol) at 2 concentrations (0.1% and 0.05% of cyclosporine [CsA]) to vehicle when applied twice daily for 16 weeks in patients with dry eye disease (DED). An open-label Restasis (Allergan, Irvine, CA) arm was included to allow a direct comparison with an approved therapy. DESIGN: An exploratory phase II, multicenter, randomized, vehicle-controlled clinical trial, double-masked between CyclASol and vehicle with an open-label comparator. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred and seven eligible patients with a history of dry eye disease were randomized 1:1:1:1 to 1 of 4 treatment arms (CyclASol 0.05%, n = 51; CyclASol 0.1%, n = 51; vehicle, n = 52, and Restasis, n = 53). METHODS: After a 2-week run-in period with twice-daily dosing of Systane Balance (Alcon, Fort Worth, TX), patients were randomized to the respective treatment arm and dosed twice daily for 16 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The study was set up to explore efficacy on a number of sign and symptom end points including total and subregion corneal fluorescein staining, conjunctival staining, visual analog scale (VAS) for dry eye symptoms VAS severity, and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire. RESULTS: CyclASol showed a consistent reduction in corneal and conjunctival staining compared with both vehicle and Restasis over the 16-week treatment period, with an early onset of effect (at day 14). A mixed-effects model-based approach demonstrated that the CyclASol drug effect was statistically significant over vehicle (total corneal staining P < 0.1, central corneal staining P < 0.001, conjunctival staining P < 0.01). This model-based analysis suggests a significant CyclASol effect for OSDI as symptom parameter (P < 0.01). The numbers of ocular adverse events were low in all treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: CyclASol showed efficacy, safety, and tolerability at 2 concentrations in moderate-to-severe DED. In a direct head-to-head against open-label Restasis, CyclASol was found to have an earlier onset of action, as early as after 2 weeks of treatment, in relieving the signs of DED, as measured by corneal and conjunctival staining. The central region of the cornea, an important area for visual function in dry eye sufferers, was shown to have the most benefit from treatment. Excellent safety, tolerability, and comfort profile supports this new CsA formulation as having a positive benefit-to-risk ratio.

Advantages of Lissamine Green Vital Staining as an Endpoint in Dry Eye Clinical Trials.

Purpose: The absence of a standardized diagnostic method for clinical signs of Dry Eye Disease (DED) complicates clinical trials for future treatments. This paper evaluated Lissamine Green (LG) conjunctival staining as a valid, stable and modifiable endpoint for both clinical practice and clinical trials. Methods: Screening and pre-randomization data from two identically designed clinical trials for DED resulted in a pooled dataset of 494 subjects. Inclusion was based on reported symptoms, lissamine green (LG) conjunctival staining, Fluorescein (Fl) corneal and conjunctival staining, and Schirmer's Test (ST). Outcome measures were assessed based on the modifiability of LG staining to exposure to a Controlled Adverse Environment (CAE®), correlation of LG to Fl staining, relative variation of LG staining scores and Schirmer test scores, and the correlation of LG staining with symptom scores. Results: The modifiability of LG conjunctival staining to environmental exposure was demonstrated, with nasal LG and FL staining displaying the most similar percent change. Nasal LG conjunctival staining scores for subjects with ST scores of less than 8mm were significantly higher than for subjects with ST greater than 8mm. LG staining scores were more consistent (25% change from baseline threshold) than ST scores. Finally, statistically significant correlations were found between LG staining and a number of symptom scores. Conclusion: This evaluation demonstrates the superiority of the utilization of a clinical endpoint focused on ocular surface damage. The reproducibility and modifiability of LG conjunctival staining to controlled adverse environment, coupled with its significant correlation with symptoms, positions it as an exemplary clinical sign endpoint for clinical management and in clinical trials. Our findings advocate for the adoption of LG conjunctival staining as a primary endpoint in both clinical research and drug development, offering a more effective means of identifying and addressing ocular surface damage in the realm of DED.

A randomized, vehicle-controlled, Phase 2b study of two concentrations of the TRPM8 receptor agonist AR-15512 in the treatment of dry eye disease (COMET-1).

PURPOSE: Dry eye disease (DED) symptoms can negatively impact quality of life (QoL). AR-15512, a transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) agonist, was evaluated as a potential therapy for DED. METHODS: In a Phase 2b study, patients with DED were randomized 1:1:1 to 0.0014% AR-15512, 0.003% AR-15512, or vehicle twice daily for 12 weeks. Eligibility criteria included DED signs and symptoms of prespecified severity levels. Outcomes assessed were DED signs (Schirmer score ± anesthetic, ocular surface staining, hyperemia), symptoms (Ocular Discomfort [ODS-VAS], Symptoms Assessment iN Dry Eye [SANDE], Eye Dryness-VAS, Ocular Pain-VAS), QoL-VAS, and adverse events. Co-primary endpoints were changes from baseline in ODS-VAS and anesthetized Schirmer score at Day 28. RESULTS: 0.003% AR-15512 (n = 122) was associated with early and sustained improvements in unanesthetized Schirmer score (Days 1 and 14, p < 0.0001), as well as improvements in ocular surface staining (Days 14 and 84, p ≤ 0.0365) and hyperemia (Day 84, p < 0.0215). Statistically significant improvements in symptoms were observed for the 0.003% concentration on SANDE (Days 14, 28, and 84, p ≤ 0.0254), ODS-VAS (Day 84, p = 0.0281), Eye Dryness-VAS (Day 84, p = 0.0302), and multiple QoL measures (Days 14, 28, and 84, p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between active and vehicle groups for the co-primary endpoints. The most common adverse events were burning and stinging upon instillation. CONCLUSIONS: Although predefined co-primary study endpoints were not met, AR-15512 demonstrated statistically significant improvements in DED signs, symptoms, and disease-related QoL.

A Water-free 0.1% Cyclosporine A Solution for Treatment of Dry Eye Disease: Results of the Randomized Phase 2B/3 ESSENCE Study.

PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a topical water-free cyclosporine A formulation (CyclASol 0.1% ophthalmic solution) in comparison with vehicle for the treatment of dry eye disease (DED). METHODS: Three hundred twenty-eight patients were enrolled in this prospective, 12-week, multicenter, randomized, double-masked, confirmatory, vehicle-controlled clinical study. After a 2-week run-in period, eligible DED patients were randomized 1:1 to either CyclASol 0.1% or vehicle twice daily. The primary efficacy endpoint was change from baseline in total corneal fluorescein staining (National Eye Institute scale), and the second hierarchical primary efficacy endpoint was change from baseline in the Ocular Surface Disease Index score, both at 4 weeks. Secondary efficacy and safety assessments included conjunctival lissamine green staining (Oxford scale), visual analog scales for dry eye symptoms, and adverse event. RESULTS: Treatment with CyclASol 0.1% was superior to vehicle in the primary endpoint: total corneal fluorescein staining at week 4 (Δ -0.8; 95% confidence interval, -1.3 to -0.4; P = 0.0002, analysis of covariance). This difference had already reached statistical significance after 2 weeks and was maintained throughout the study. The study did not statistically meet its second hierarchically tested primary endpoint: Ocular Surface Disease Index score (P = 0.2634). However, CyclASol 0.1% treatment showed statistically significant improvement compared with that of vehicle in the eye dryness score at week 4 (Δ -4.783; 95% confidence interval, -9.129 to -0.438; P = 0.0311). CONCLUSIONS: CyclASol 0.1% was effective in treating signs and symptoms of DED. It significantly reduced corneal and conjunctival staining and improved ocular dryness compared with vehicle. CyclASol 0.1% was safe and showed excellent tolerability.

Symptom improvement in dry eye subjects following intranasal tear neurostimulation: Results of two studies utilizing a controlled adverse environment.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the intranasal tear neurostimulator (ITN) in improving dry eye symptoms assessed in a controlled adverse environment (CAE®). METHODS: Study 1: Multicenter, subject-masked, randomized-sequence, crossover design. Single intranasal (active) and extranasal (control) ITN administration during CAE exposure. Study 2: Single-arm, open-label design. Intranasal ITN administration ≥2 times/day for 45 days, CAE assessment at days 0 and 45. In both studies, upon CAE entry, and every 5 min thereafter, subjects assessed eye dryness score (visual analog scale, 0-100 mm; EDS-VAS), and ocular discomfort score (ODS; Ora Calibra™, 0-4), for ≈2 h. Study 1: when ODS was ≥3 at 2 consecutive timepoints, subjects applied ITN intranasally or extranasally for ≈3 min, and again when achieving the same ODS criteria in randomized sequence. Study 2: days 0 and 45, ITN was applied for ≈3 min employing the same ODS criteria as Study 1. RESULTS: Study 1: Significantly greater pre- to post-application reductions in mean [SEM] EDS (-16.5 [1.7] vs -3.1 [1.7], P < 0.0001) and ODS (-0.93 [0.08] vs -0.34 [0.08], P < 0.0001; n = 143) with intranasal vs extranasal stimulation. Study 2: On day 0 (n = 52) and day 45 (n = 48), significant pre- to post-application reductions in mean [SEM] EDS (-15.9 [2.7] and -15.2 [2.4]; P < 0.0001), and ODS (-1.3 [0.2] and -1.3 [0.1]; P < 0.0001). Few device-related adverse events were reported, none serious. CONCLUSIONS: Acute symptom relief is significant with the ITN and remains undiminished after daily use.

Dry eye in 2008.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Although researchers continue to investigate the multifarious etiologic, anatomical, physiological, and pathological factors of dry eye, successful treatment remains a challenge. RECENT FINDINGS: Dry eye prevalence is substantial across populations and the term 'dry eye' is used to describe numerous causes and varied pathophysiologies. Advanced study of the physiological aspects of the ocular anatomy (e.g. cornea and conjunctiva, tear film, eyelids) allows improved understanding of the mechanisms involved in dry eye and the impact of different causes on these entities. Sophisticated diagnostics are being developed to efficiently identify dry eye. Management options include a variety of novel agents in the pipeline. SUMMARY: The development of improved etiological understanding and diagnostics for dry eye, as well as emerging therapeutics, will likely allow targeted therapy in the future.

Characterization of tear production in subjects with dry eye disease during intranasal tear neurostimulation: Results from two pivotal clinical trials.

PURPOSE: The intranasal tear neurostimulator (ITN) activates the nasolacrimal pathway, which is involved with basal and bolus tear secretion. These studies characterized the acute and long-term effectiveness of the ITN in stimulating tear production in subjects with dry eye disease (DED). METHODS: Study 1: Randomized, double-masked, dual-controlled, 1-day crossover. Study 2: Single-arm, open-label, 180-day prospective cohort. Eligible subjects had basal unstimulated Schirmer test (with anesthesia) ≤10 mm and intranasal cotton swab-stimulated Schirmer test at least 7 mm greater in the same eye, and Ocular Surface Disease Index® ≥13 and ≥ 23, in Studies 1 and 2, respectively. Study 1: Subjects (n = 48) received three randomized test applications: active intranasal, extranasal (active control), and sham intranasal (inactive control) stimulation, 3 min/application with 1-hour minimum between applications. Primary outcome measure was the difference in Schirmer test scores during active intranasal and control applications. Study 2: Subjects (n = 97) performed intranasal neurostimulation for ≤3 min/application, 2-10 times/day. Primary outcome measure was the difference in Schirmer scores (stimulated minus unstimulated) at day 180. Both studies recorded device-related adverse events (AEs). RESULTS: Study 1: Schirmer scores (mean ±â€¯SEM) were significantly greater (p < 0.0001) with active intranasal (25.3 ±â€¯1.5 mm) vs extranasal (9.5 ±â€¯1.2 mm) and sham (9.2 ±â€¯1.1 mm) applications. Study 2: Schirmer scores were significantly greater (p < 0.0001) with ITN stimulation vs unstimulated at day 180 (17.3 ±â€¯1.3 mm vs 7.9 ±â€¯0.7 mm). No serious device-related AEs were reported in either study. CONCLUSION: The ITN was well-tolerated and effective in stimulating tear production with acute and long-term use in DED. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT02680158 and NCT02526290.

Ocular comfort and drying effects of three topical antihistamine/mast cell stabilizers in adults with allergic conjunctivitis: a randomized, double-masked crossover study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare short-term (5-minute) ocular comfort and drying effects of 3 topical antihistamine/mast cell stabilizers-epinastine, azelastine, and ketotifen-in patients with allergic conjunctivitis (AC). METHODS: Adults with a history of AC, as confirmed on skin testing conducted within the previous 2 years, were enrolled in this single-center, randomized, double-masked crossover study. At visit 1, patients were randomized to receive a single drop of epinastine in 1 eye and either azelastine or ketotifen in the other eye. Ocular comfort was assessed by patients on an 11-point scale (0 = very comfortable to 10 = very uncomfortable) immediately (0 minute) and at 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 minutes after instillation. Patients were also asked to describe how their eyes felt at 3 minutes using a standardized list of positive (soothing, smooth, refreshing, cool, and comfortable), neutral (thick, sticky, and filmy), and negative (stinging, irritating, and burning) descriptor words. At visits 2 to 4, patients were examined for ocular drying and tear-film stability using fluorescein staining and ocular protection index (OPI) evaluation, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 40 patients (27 women, 13 men; mean age, 40 years [range, 18-73 years]) were included in the study. The mean comfort score was significantly lower (indicating more comfort) with epinastine compared with azelastine at 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 minutes (between-treatment differences, 2.90, 1.85, 1.35, and 0.63, respectively; P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.001, and P = 0.019) and compared with ketotifen immediately after instillation (between-treatment difference, 1.2; P = 0.014). The mean ocular comfort score was significantly lower with ketotifen compared with azelastine at 0.5, 1, and 2 minutes (between-treatment differences, 2.35, 1.35, and 1.10, respectively; P = 0.001, P = 0.023, and P = 0.028). A majority (85%) of patients chose positive comfort descriptors to describe epinastine versus 34% with azelastine. No significant differences in fluorescein staining or OPI were observed. CONCLUSIONS: In this small study in patients with AC, following administration of a single drop, epinastine was rated as more comfortable than azelastine and ketotifen. None of the tested medications were associated with significant acute ocular drying effects.

RGN-259 (thymosin ß4) improves clinically important dry eye efficacies in comparison with prescription drugs in a dry eye model.

This study evaluated the clinical activity of RGN-259 (thymosin ß4) in comparison with cyclosporine A (CsA), diquafosol (DQS), and lifitegrast (LFA) in a murine model of dry eye. The model was NOD.B10-H2b mice in a 30-40% humidified environment together with daily scopolamine hydrobromide injections for 10 days. After desiccation stress, all drugs were evaluated after 10 treatment days. RGN-259 increased tear production similar to that in the DQS- and LFA-treated mice while CsA was inactive. RGN-259 improved corneal smoothness and decreased fluorescein staining similar to that of LFA group while CsA and DQS were inactive. Corneal epithelial detachment was reduced by RGN-259, and DQS and LFA showed similar activity but the CsA was inactive. RGN-259 increased conjunctival goblet cells and mucin production comparable to that seen with CsA, while DQS and LFA were inactive. RGN-259 reduced the over-expression of inflammatory factors comparable to that with CsA and LFA, while DQS was inactive. RGN-259 increased mucin production comparable to that observed with CsA, while DQS and LFA were inactive. In conclusion, RGN-259 promoted recovery of mucins and goblet cells, improved corneal integrity, and reduced inflammation in a dry eye mouse model and was equal to or more effective than prescription treatments.

Blink: Characteristics, Controls, and Relation to Dry Eyes.

Blink is a complex phenomenon that is profoundly affected by diverse endogenous and exogenous stimuli. It has been studied in the context of cognition, emotional, and psychological states, as an indicator of fatigue and sleepiness, particularly in the automobile and transportation industry, in visual tasking, and finally, as it relates to tear film stability and ocular surface health. The fact that it is highly variable and has input from so many sources makes it very difficult to study. In the present review, the behavior of blink in many of these systems is discussed, ultimately returning in each instance to a discussion of how these factors affect blink in the context of dry eyes. Blink is important to ocular surface health and to an individual's optimal functioning and quality of life. Disturbances in blink, as cause or effect, result in a breakdown of tear film stability, optical clarity, and visual function.

An open-label, investigator-masked, crossover study of the ocular drying effects of two antihistamines, topical epinastine and systemic loratadine, in adult volunteers with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.

BACKGROUND: Systemic antihistamines such as loratadine are efficacious in the treatment of many allergic conditions. However, their use has been associated with drying effects, particularly of the ocular surface. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the ocular drying effects of topical treatment with epinastine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution 0.05 % twice daily and systemic treatment with loratadine 10 mg once daily in patients with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis through the use of several standard clinical tests for dry eye. METHODS: This was a single-center, 4-visit, open-label, investigator-masked crossover study in healthy adult volunteers with a history of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Participants received 4 days of treatment with topical epinastine administered as 1 drop per eye twice daily and 4 days of treatment with systemic loratadine once daily, with a 10-day washout between treatments. Fluorophotometry was conducted at the baseline visit, at the crossover visit, and after 4 days of each treatment to assess tear volume, tear flow, and tear turnover rate. Decreases from baseline in tear volume, tear flow, or tear turnover rate were considered indicative of a drying effect. Keratitis, global (corneal and conjunctival) fluorescein staining (scale from 0-20 points), and tear film break-up time (TFBUT) were assessed after fluorophotometry at each visit. An increase in keratitis (as measured by global fluorescein staining) and conjunctival lissamine green staining, and a decrease in TFBUT were considered further evidence of a drying effect. RESULTS: Eighteen subjects were enrolled in and completed the study (78% female; 94% white; age range, 18-55 years). After 4 days of twice-daily use, topical epinastine was associated with no significant changes in tear volume, tear flow, or global fluorescein staining. After 4 days of once-daily use, systemic loratadine was associated with a 33.7% reduction in tear volume (mean reduction, 4.5 microL; range, -7.53 to 22.36 microL; P < 0.05), a 35.0% reduction in tear flow (mean reduction, 0.93 microL/min; range, -2.57 to 2.73 microL/min; P < 0.05), and a 21.7% increase in global fluorescein staining (mean increase, 0.74 point; range, -2.5 to 6.5 points; P < 0.05). No significant change in TFBUT was observed with either treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These healthy adult volunteers with a history of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis had no clinical signs of ocular drying after 4 days of twice-daily treatment with topical epinastine. After 4 days of once-daily dosing, systemic loratadine was associated with clinical signs of ocular dryness, including decreased tear volume and tear flow. Use of loratadine was also associated with an increase in global fluorescein staining, indicating an increase in ocular surface damage.

An evaluation of tear film breakup time extension and ocular protection index scores among three marketed lubricant eye drops.

PURPOSE: To report the performance of an artificial tear containing propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol as active demulcents with hydroxypropyl-guar as a gelling agent (Systane Lubricant Eye Drops; Alcon, Fort Worth, TX) and compare it with that of 2 artificial tears containing carboxymethylcellulose (Refresh Tears and Refresh Endura Lubricant Eye Drops; Allergan, Irvine, CA). METHODS: This was a single-center, 3-visit, randomized, double-masked crossover study that evaluated the effect of Systane versus Refresh Tears and Refresh Endura using tear film breakup time (TFBUT) and ocular protection index (OPI) in subjects with dry eye (n = 50). TFBUT values (5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after instillation) divided by interblink interval (IBI) yielded OPI scores. RESULTS: Systane significantly improved TFBUT at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 60 minutes versus Refresh Tears and at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes versus Refresh Endura. Systane OPI scores were significantly higher than Refresh Tears at 15 and 30 minutes and than Refresh Endura at 5 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that Systane Lubricant Eye Drops was more effective than Refresh Tears at prolonging TFBUT up to 20 minutes after instillation and more effective than Refresh Endura at prolonging TFBUT up to 30 minutes after instillation. These data show that Systane is an effective first-line dry eye therapy and a superior ocular surface protector compared with Refresh Endura and Refresh Tears in the sample test population.

Use of the Controlled Adverse Environment (CAE) in Clinical Research: A Review.

The many internal and external factors that contribute to the pathophysiology of dry eye disease (DED) create a difficult milieu for its study and complicate its clinical diagnosis and treatment. The controlled adverse environment (CAE®) model has been developed to minimize the variability that arises from exogenous factors and to exacerbate the signs and symptoms of DED by stressing the ocular surface in a safe, standardized, controlled, and reproducible manner. By integrating sensitive, specific, and clinically relevant endpoints, the CAE has proven to be a unique and adaptable model for both identifying study-specific patient populations with modifiable signs and symptoms, and for tailoring the evaluation of interventions in clinical research studies.

Dynamic Sensitivity of Corneal TRPM8 Receptors to Menthol Instillation in Dry Eye Versus Normal Subjects.

PURPOSE: To assess the sensitivity of corneal cold receptors to a known transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) agonist, menthol, in dry eye and normals, and to determine whether factors such as disease duration or age affect responses. METHODS: Dry eye disease (DED) (N = 33) and normal (N = 15) subjects were randomly assigned to receive Rohto® Hydra (0.01% menthol) or Systane® Ultra treatments (OU) in a prospective, double-blind, crossover study. DED subjects had documented disease and symptom response scores >2 on a 0- to 5-point scale. Normals had no history of DED and scores <2 on the same scale. Endpoints included mean cooling score (0 = not cool and 10 = very cool) evaluated at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 min post-instillation, sum cooling scores (5 time points, range 0-60), and ocular signs and symptoms. RESULTS: Mean (±SD) ages were similar, 62.2 ± 8.6-year (DED) versus 53.5 ± 7.6-year (normal). Corneal sensitivity scores were not different between groups. Mean cooling scores at 0.5-4 min post-menthol instillation were significantly higher in DED subjects (P ≤ 0.03). Sum cooling scores were significantly higher (P = 0.04) in DED subjects with a disease duration <10 years (N = 18, 28.3 ± 2.58) versus ≥10 years (N = 15, 20.2 ± 2.76). Age did not affect cooling response in either group. CONCLUSION: DED subjects had greater sensitivity to cold than normal subjects. DED duration, and not age, was critical to cooling sensitivity. The finding that cooling scores were higher in subjects with DED for less than 10 years compared to more than 10 years suggests that corneal cold receptor sensitivity decreases as the duration of DED increases.

The IMPACT study: a prospective evaluation of the effects of cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion 0.05% on ocular surface staining and visual performance in patients with dry eye.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion 0.05% on ocular surface staining and visual performance in patients with dry eye. METHODS: This was a single-center, 6-month, open-label, Phase IV study. Patients with bilateral dry eye disease and a symptom score of ≥2 on the Ocular Discomfort and 4-Symptom Questionnaire, an Ocular Surface Disease Index score of >12, at least one eye with Schirmer's score <10 mm/5 minutes, and central corneal staining graded as ≥2 on the Ora Calibra™ Corneal and Conjunctival Staining Scale were enrolled. Cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion 0.05% (Restasis(®)) was instilled twice daily in each eye. The primary efficacy endpoints were ocular surface staining and visual function at 6 months. Secondary outcome measures included Schirmer's test, tear film breakup time, symptoms, and adverse events. RESULTS: A total of 40 patients with the mean age of 59.4 years (range, 40-78 years) were enrolled; 35 (87.5%) were female and 37 (92.5%) completed the study. At 6 months, inferior corneal, central corneal, total corneal, and total ocular surface fluorescein staining were significantly improved from baseline in both eyes (P<0.001). Patient responses on the Ocular Surface Disease Index showed significant improvement in blurred vision and visual function related to reading, driving at night, working with a computer or bank machine, and watching television (P≤0.041). At 6 months, 35.1% of patients achieved ≥5 mm improvement and 18.9% achieved ≥10 mm improvement in the average eye Schirmer score. Mean tear film breakup time improved by >50% in both eyes (P>0.001). Patients reported significant improvement in ocular discomfort and dry eye symptoms (P<0.001). No patients discontinued treatment because of stinging or any other ocular adverse event. CONCLUSION: Dry eye patients with difficulties with day-to-day visual function demonstrated improvement in both signs and symptoms of dry eye and reported improved visual function after 6 months of treatment with cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion 0.05%.

Diurnal Tracking of Blink and Relationship to Signs and Symptoms of Dry Eye.

PURPOSE: To assess diurnal changes in the signs and symptoms of dry eyes and their relationship to diurnal interblink interval (IBI) in normal subjects and in subjects with dry eye. METHODS: Blink data were collected from 9:00 AM to 8:00 PM during 2 days of normal activity using an electrocardiogram monitoring device. All subjects recorded ocular discomfort (0-5 scale) and primary activity hourly each day in a diary. Inferior and central fluorescein staining was graded by slit lamp (0-4) at the start and end of each day. Blink activity was detected using an algorithm based on recognition of the waveform corresponding to the kinematic properties of the blink signal. RESULTS: Normal subjects (N = 12) reported negligible symptoms, and results did not show a diurnal change in group hourly IBI. Mean daily IBI for the group with dry eye (N = 15) (4.63 ± 1.63 s) was shorter than that for the normal group (5.28 ± 1.48 s) (P = 0.0483). Correlation of diurnal symptoms and mean hourly IBI was relatively weak (r = -0.248). A repeated-measures model found IBI to be significantly associated with the time of day (P = 0.0028). Inferior corneal staining showed a small but significant diurnal increase for both normal group and group with dry eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Diurnal blink tracking reveals significant trending with symptoms. Diurnal change in IBI may be an appropriate surrogate for symptoms in the study of dry eye.

Methodologies for the study of ocular surface disease.

The ability to obtain reliable results from clinical trials of therapies for ocular allergic disease and dry eye disease is often limited because of inadequate control of variables, such as environment, patient life style, compliance, and individual fluctuations that occur from one assessment visit to another. The controlled allergen challenge (CAC) model of allergic conjunctivitis allows signs and symptoms of the disease to be elicited in a physiologically accurate and reproducible manner. The rigid criteria for subject selection, the controlled allergic reaction, and the standardized and quantified grading systems allow for a reproducible baseline from which statistically and clinically significant differences between formulations can be assessed. Similarly, the controlled adverse environment (CAE) model for dry eye mimics the environmental stimuli that lead to ocular surface drying. Preselected subjects have a reproducible, homogeneous baseline reaction from which the effects of various treatments can be significantly evaluated and compared. CAC and CAE provide accurate means to study highly variable and individual ocular surface disease.

Thymosin beta 4 ophthalmic solution for dry eye: a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial conducted using the controlled adverse environment (CAE™) model.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of thymosin beta 4 ophthalmic solution (RGN-259; Tß4) in subjects with moderate to severe dry eye using the CAE™ model. METHODS: This single-center, prospective, double-masked, placebo-controlled Phase II study randomized 72 qualifying subjects 1:1 to receive either 0.1% Tß4 or placebo treatment for a total of 28 days. The study consisted of six visits over a 32-day period, including a screening visit (day -1), controlled adverse environment challenge (CAE) visits (day 1, day 28), and follow-up visits (days 14, 29, and 30). The primary efficacy endpoints were ocular discomfort scores and inferior corneal staining measured at visit 5 on day 29. Secondary endpoints included central and superior corneal staining, conjunctival staining, conjunctival redness, tear-film break-up time, and daily symptom scores recorded over the course of the study. Safety measures included visual acuity, slit-lamp evaluation, conjunctival redness, tear film break-up time, intraocular pressure, dilated funduscopy, and corneal sensitivity. RESULTS: Neither of the primary endpoints, ie, ocular discomfort or inferior corneal staining, showed a significant difference between treatment and control groups at visit 5. Despite this, significant differences between treatment groups were observed for a number of secondary endpoints. The discomfort scores in the CAE on day 28 were reduced by 27% in 0.1% Tß4-treated subjects compared with the placebo group (P=0.0244). Subjects in the 0.1% Tß4 treatment group also showed statistically significant improvements in central and superior corneal staining compared with staining scores in the control group (P=0.0075 and P=0.0210). No adverse events were observed. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the efficacy of 0.1% Tß4 as a topical treatment for relief of signs and symptoms of dry eye. Significant improvements in both signs and symptoms of dry eye were observed, and the treatment exhibited a large safety window, with no adverse events reported by any subjects enrolled in the study.

Optimizing Reading Tests for Dry Eye Disease.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the visual function information obtained from multiple reading tests in a dry eye population. METHODS: In this case-control, single-center clinical research center-based study, 15 subjects with dry eye (mean age 65 years) and 10 normal subjects (mean age 40 years) were included. The Standardized Mini-Mental Examination was given to assure that subjects had normal cognitive function. Reading tests were both sentence based (Radner reading acuity test, reading contrast sensitivity test at a fixed print size, and menu-reading test) and paragraph based (Wilkins test and International Reading Speed Texts [IReST]). Wilkins and IReST tests were slightly modified to increase difficulty and visual stress. The main outcome measures were cognitive function, fatigue, dry eye symptoms, reading acuity, reading rate, and blink rate. RESULTS: Results showed significantly lower rates in all reading tests in subjects with dry eye than in normal subjects; in the age-matched subgroup, only the menu and contrast sensitivity tests lost significance. Fatigue was significantly related to the IReST test, both at normal and critical print sizes. Reflex tearing was monitored and shown to significantly decrease the reading rate. IReST scores were considered the baseline, and the percent change from one test to IReST was also used to differentiate dry eye and normal subjects. The blink rate, symptoms, and demographics were not significantly correlated with reading tests. CONCLUSIONS: Reading is a relevant end point that differentiates dry eye and normal subjects. This study evaluated a variety of reading tests for relevance as a measurable assessment of visual function in dry eye disease.