Detection of aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk and raw cow's milk in Istanbul, Turkey.

This survey was undertaken to determine the extent of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in human breast milk and raw cow's milk in Istanbul, Turkey. Samples of human and raw cow's milk were collected randomly and analyzed for AFM1 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection in which the samples were cleaned up with immunoaffinity columns. In this study, AFM, was detected in 8 (13.1%) of 61 human breast milk samples examined (mean +/- SD level, 5.68 +/- 0.62 ng/liter; range, 5.10 to 6.90 ng/liter) and 20 (33.3%) of 60 raw cow's milk samples examined (range, 5.40 to 300.20 ng/liter). Five (8.3%) of the positive raw cow's milk samples had AFM1 levels (153.52 +/- 100.60 ng/liter; range, 61.20 to 300.20 ng/liter) that were higher than the maximum tolerance limit (0.05 ppb) stipulated by regulations in Turkey and some other countries.

[Morphologic structures and identification of dark (dematiaceous) fungi]. / Esmer (dematiaceous) mantarlarin morfolojik yapilari ve tanimlanmalari.

Dematiaceous fungi are dark brown, olivaceous or black pigmented groups of fungi. As only and shared characteristic, they belong to the class of Deuteromycetes, order Moniliales, genus Hyphomycetes, and they produce melanin or dihydroxinaphtalene-melanin. Their identification is mainly based on their morphological structure. In this review article, some microscopic properties and differentiation criteria have been discussed for the morphological identification of these fungi.