Polymorphism in the Plasmodium vivax msp 3: gene in field samples from Tierralta, Colombia.

We evaluated the Plasmodium vivax polymorphism by studying the Pvmsp-3alpha gene's polymorphic region by PCR-RFLP in 55 samples from patients living in Tierralta, Colombia. Three different sizes of the Pvmsp-3 alpha gene were found, type A (1,900 bp), type B (1,500 bp) and type C (1,100 bp); most of the samples were type A (96.4 %). The Pvmsp-3alpha gene exhibited high polymorphism. Seven restriction patterns were found when using Alu I, and nine were found with Hha I; 12 different alleles were obtained when these patterns were combined. The findings suggest that this gene could be used in Colombia as a molecular epidemiologic marker for genotyping P. vivax.

[Efficacy of the amodiaquine+sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combination and of chloroquine for the treatment of malaria in Córdoba, Colombia, 2006]. / Eficacia de la combinación amodiaquina más sulfadoxina-pirimetamina y de la cloroquina para el tratamiento del paludismo en Córdoba, Colombia, 2006.

INTRODUCTION: The decrease in the efficacy of antimalarial drugs in the world and in Colombia hampers its control. OBJECTIVE: The in vivo therapeutic efficacy of the amodiaquine+sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combination was evaluated in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria and of chloroquine for P. vivax malaria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From May to November 2006, in vivo efficacy studies of malaria treatments were undertaken in Tierralta, Córdoba, northeastern Colombia. Standard protocols were followed as recommended by the World Health Organization/Panamerican Health Organization, with some modifications. Patients older than two years with single P. falciparum or P. vivax infection, with asexual parasitemia between 500 and 50,000 parasites/microl, were selected according to established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Supervised treatment was administered, and clinical and parasitological follow-up was carried out on days 0 (inclusion), 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28. The outcome was defined as adequate clinical and parasitological response, early therapeutic failure, or late therapeutic failure. RESULTS: Of 53 subjects selected, 50 (94.3%; CI 70%-100%) presented adequate clinical and parasitological response to the amodiaquine+sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. One patient presented early therapeutic failure, and two developed late therapeutic failure. All of the 50 patients (95%CI: 74%-100%) in the invivo efficacy study of chloroquine for vivax malaria presented adequate clinical and parasitological response. CONCLUSION: In Cordoba, the amodiaquine+sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combination and chloroquine show a high efficacy for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum and vivax malaria, respectively.

[Genotypic survey of Plasmodium falciparum based on the msp1, msp2 and glurp genes by multiplex PCR]. / Genotipificación de Plasmodium falciparum por PCR múltiple por medio de los genes msp1, msp2 y glurp, en cuatro localidades de Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: The genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum has been one of the major obstacles for the success of anti-malaria drug therapy. It provides the parasite an ability to evade the host's immune response by generating changes in its antigenic composition and resistance to antimalarial drugs. OBJECTIVE: The genetic diversity of P.falciparum was characterized in 4 Colombian localities through the analysis of polymorphic genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-one samples were obtained from patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria and screened for polymorphic variants of msp1, msp2 (merozoite surface proteins) and glurp (glutamate-rich protein) with a multiplex PCR assay. The geographic regions sampled were Tierralta (Córdoba), in northwestern Colombia and in the Orinoco river watershed of eastern Colombia--Inírida (Guainía), La Carpa (Guaviare), and Casuarito (Vichada). RESULTS: The MAD20 variant was detected in all samples analyzed for the msp1 gene. For the msp2 gene, the IC allelic family was found in 96.3% of the samples as compared to 4.9% of the samples with the FC family. Both families showed size polymorphism with bands between 467 and 513 basepairs (bp) for IC and 286 and 300 bp for FC. PCR products of differing sizes were detected for the glurp gene and grouped into 5 size classes: I (600-699 bp) 2.5%, II (700-799 bp) 19.8%, III (800-899 bp) 72.8%, IV (900-999 bp) 1.2% and V (1000-1099 bp) 3.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The msp1 molecular marker did not provide information for differentiating P. falciparum parasite populations. The msp2 gene was more suitable for studying the genetic diversity, however, further studies are required to identify polymorphisms within the two allelic families. The glurp gene showed a great genetic diversity of circulating P. falciparum populations, and suggested that this gene may be useful for distinguishing between recrudescence and reinfection.

Genotipificación de plasmodium falciparum por PCR múltiple por medio de los genes msp1, msp2 y glurp, en cuatro localidades de Colombia / Genotypic survery of plasmodium falciparum based on the msp1, msp2 and glurp genes by multiplex PCR

Introducción. La diversidad genética de Plasmodium falciparum constituye un obstáculo para el éxito de la terapia antipalúdica, pues le permite al parásito evadir la respuesta inmunitaria del huésped, lo cual genera cambios en su composición antigénica y resistencia a los medicamentos antipalúdicos.Objetivo. Estudiar la diversidad genética de P. falciparum procedente de cuatro localidades colombianas mediante el análisis de los genes polimórficos msp1, msp2 y glurp. Materiales y métodos. Se genotipificaron 81 muestras mediante PCR múltiple de pacientes infectados con P. falciparum, procedentes de Tierralta (Córdoba), Inírida (Guainía), La Carpa (Guaviare) y Casuarito (Vichada).Resultados. Para el gen msp1 se detectó MAD20 en todas las muestras analizadas. Para el gen msp2 se halló con mayor frecuencia la familia alélica IC (96,3%) comparada con FC (4,9%). En ambas familias se evidenció polimorfismo de tamaño, y se encontraron bandas en un rango entre 467 y 513 pares de bases (pb) para IC y entre 286 y 300 pb para FC. Para el gen glurp se detectaron diferentes tamaños de productos de PCR, los cuales se agruparon en cinco genotipos: I (600-699 pb) 2,5%, II (700-799 pb) 19,8%, III (800-899 pb) 72,8%, IV (900-999 pb) 1,2% y V (1.000-1.099 pb) 3,7%.Conclusiones. Nuestros resultados demuestran que el marcador molecular msp1 no proporciona información útil para diferenciar las poblaciones parasitarias de P. falciparum. El gen msp2 es apropiado para evaluar la diversidad genética, pero requiere ensayos más finos que permitan diferenciar claramente el polimorfismo de tamaño en las dos familias. Los resultados obtenidos con el gen glurp evidenciaron una gran diversidad genética en las poblaciones de P. falciparum que circulan en el país y sugieren que este gen puede ser útil para diferenciar nuevas infecciones de infecciones recurrentes o recrudecimientos.

Introduction. The genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum has been one of the major obstacles for the success of anti-malaria drug therapy. It provides the parasite an ability to evade the host’s immune response by generating changes in its antigenic composition and resistance to antimalarial drugs.Objective. The genetic diversity of P.falciparum was characterized in 4 Colombian localities through the analysis of polymorphic genes. Materials and methods. Eighty-one samples were obtained from patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria and screened for polymorphic variants of msp1, msp2 (merozoite surface proteins) and glurp (glutamate-rich protein) with a multiplex PCR assay. The geographic regions sampled were Tierralta (Córdoba), in northwestern Colombia and in the Orinoco river watershed of eastern Colombia-- Inírida (Guainía), La Carpa (Guaviare), and Casuarito (Vichada). Results. The MAD20 variant was detected in all samples analyzed for the msp1 gene. For the msp 2 gene, the IC allelic family was found in 96.3% of the samples as compared to 4.9% of the samples with the FC family. Both families showed size polymorphism with bands between 467 and 513 basepairs (bp) for IC and 286 and 300 bp for FC. PCR products of differing sizes were detected for the glurp gene and grouped into 5 size classes: I (600-699 bp) 2.5%, II (700-799 bp) 19.8%, III (800-899 bp) 72.8%, IV (900-999 bp) 1.2% and V (1000-1099 bp) 3.7%.Conclusions. The msp1 molecular marker did not provide information for differentiating P. falciparum parasite populations. The msp 2 gene was more suitable for studying the genetic diversity, however, further studies are required to identify polymorphisms within the two allelic families. The glurp gene showed a great genetic diversity of circulating P. falciparum populations, and suggested that this gene may be useful for distinguishing between recrudescence and reinfection.

Polymorphism in the Plasmodium vivax msp 3: gene in field samples from Tierralta, Colombia

We evaluated the Plasmodium vivax polymorphism by studying the Pvmsp-3 gene's polymorphic region by PCR-RFLP in 55 samples from patients living in Tierralta, Colombia. Three different sizes of the Pvmsp-3 gene were found, type A (1,900 bp), type B (1,500 bp) and type C (1,100 bp); most of the samples were type A (96.4 percent). The Pvmsp-3 gene exhibited high polymorphism. Seven restriction patterns were found when using Alu I, and nine were found with Hha I; 12 different alleles were obtained when these patterns were combined. The findings suggest that this gene could be used in Colombia as a molecular epidemiologic marker for genotyping P. vivax.

Eficacia de la combinación amodiaquina más sulfadoxina-pirimetamina y de la cloroquina para el tratamiento del paludismo en Córdoba, Colombia, 2006 / Efficacy of the amodiaquine+sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combination and of chloroquine for the treatment of malaria in Córdoba, Colombia, 2006

Introducción. La disminución de la eficacia de los medicamentos antipalúdicos en el mundo y en Colombia, dificulta el control de la enfermedad. Objetivo. Evaluar la eficacia terapéutica in vivo de la combinación amodiaquina más sulfadoxina-pirimetamina para el tratamiento del paludismo no complicado por Plasmodium falciparum y de la cloroquina para el tratamiento del paludismo por P. vivax en Tierralta, Córdoba. Materiales y métodos. Durante el período de mayo a noviembre de 2006, se realizaron estudios de eficacia in vivo siguiendo los protocolos estandarizados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, con algunas modificaciones. Se estudiaron pacientes mayores de dos años, con parasitemia entre 500 y 50.000 formas asexuales/µl, seleccionados conforme a los criterios de inclusión y exclusión previamente definidos. Se administró tratamiento supervisado y se realizó seguimiento clínico y parasitológico en los días 0 (inclusión), 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21 y 28. El desenlace se definió como respuesta clínica y parasitológica adecuada, fracaso terapéutico precoz o fracaso tardío al tratamiento. Resultados. De los pacientes evaluados, 50/53 (94,3 por ciento) (IC95 por ciento: 70 por ciento-100 por ciento) presentaron respuesta clínica y parasitológica adecuada al tratamiento con amodiaquina más sulfadoxina-pirimetamina para paludismo no complicado por P. falciparum, un paciente presentó fracaso terapéutico precoz y dos presentaron fracaso terapéutico tardío. Los 50 pacientes evaluados (100 por ciento) (IC95 por ciento: 74 por ciento-100 por ciento) presentaron respuesta clínica y parasitológica adecuada al tratamiento con cloroquina para el paludismo por P. vivax. Conclusiones. En Córdoba, la combinación amodiaquina más sulfadoxina-pirimetamina y la cloroquina son eficaces para el tratamiento del paludismo no complicado por P. falciparum y por P. vivax, respectivamente.