Enterovirus A71 Infection and Neurologic Disease, Madrid, Spain, 2016.

We conducted an observational study from January 2016 through January 2017 of patients admitted to a reference pediatric hospital in Madrid, Spain, for neurologic symptoms and enterovirus infection. Among the 30 patients, the most common signs and symptoms were fever, lethargy, myoclonic jerks, and ataxia. Real-time PCR detected enterovirus in the cerebrospinal fluid of 8 patients, nasopharyngeal aspirate in 17, and anal swab samples of 5. The enterovirus was genotyped for 25 of 30 patients; enterovirus A71 was the most common serotype (21/25) and the only serotype detected in patients with brainstem encephalitis or encephalomyelitis. Treatment was intravenous immunoglobulins for 21 patients and corticosteroids for 17. Admission to the pediatric intensive care unit was required for 14 patients. All patients survived. At admission, among patients with the most severe disease, leukocytes were elevated. For children with brainstem encephalitis or encephalomyelitis, clinicians should look for enterovirus and not limit testing to cerebrospinal fluid.

Sleep problems and circadian rhythm functioning in autistic children, autism with co-occurring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and typically developing children: A comparative study.

LAY ABSTRACT: Sleep problems are common in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and different factors can contribute to its occurrence in this population. Misalignment of the biological clock (our circadian system) has been described as one possible explanation. While there is a body of research on sleep problems, relatively less is known about circadian functioning and the specific population of autistic children with co-occurring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Using an ambulatory circadian monitoring (ACM) system, which resembles a common watch, we gathered sleep parameters and the different rhythms obtained from measuring motor activity, light exposure and distal temperature in 87 autistic children and adolescents, 27 of whom were diagnosed with co-occurring ADHD, and 30 neurotypical children and adolescents as a comparison group. Autistic children and, especially, those with co-occurring ADHD showed greater motor activity during sleep which would be worth studying in future projects which could better define this restless sleep. Of note, we observed an atypical pattern of wrist temperature, with higher values in neurotypical children, followed by autistic children and, ultimately, those with co-occurring ADHD. Temperature is one of the most valuable factors evaluated here as it is closely connected to sleep-wakefulness and the hormone melatonin. Its special pattern during day and nighttime would support the hypothesis of an atypical secretion of melatonin in autistic individuals which would also link with the higher presence of sleep problems in this neurodevelopmental condition.

Efficacy and safety of ketogenic dietary theraphies in infancy. A single-center experience in 42 infants less than two years of age.

PURPOSE: Ketogenic dietary therapies (KDT) are high-fat and low-carbohydrate diets that may achieve seizure control and improve cognitive state. We describe our KDT experience in infants (children less than two years of age). RESEARCH METHODS & PROCEDURES: We conducted a retrospective, descriptive and observational study of 42 infants treated with KDT between 2000-2018. RESULTS: The types of KDT started were: classic ketogenic diet ratio 3:1 (40), ratio 4:1 (1) and modified ketogenic diet with medium-chain triglycerides (1). Four patients switched to a modified Atkins diet. During follow-up, 79%, 57%, 38% and 17% of infants remained on KDT at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months, respectively. Seizure reduction ≥50% compared to baseline was achieved in 50%, 45%, 38% and 17% at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months, respectively. Seizure control was excellent (reduction >90%) in 33%, 31%, 26% and 12%, and seizure-free infants were 9, 9, 10 and 4, at different follow-up intervals, respectively. Sixty-three percent of infants with West syndrome were responders to KDT. Mean length of KDT was 390 days (16 days-4.9 years). Ineffectiveness was the reason for withdrawal in 50% of patients. Early adverse effects (during first month) occurred in 40% of infants. The most frequent early side effects were asymptomatic hypoglycemia and gastrointestinal disturbances. Late-onset side effects occurred in 55-14% of infants during therapy, and most frequent were hypercalciuria and dyslipidaemia. CONCLUSION: KDT are useful and effective treatments in infancy. Side effects are frequent but mild and easy to manage.

Síndrome de Kleine-Levin: diagnóstico diferencial en los síndromes encefalíticos recurrentes del adolescente / Kleine-Levin syndrome: differential diagnosis in recurrent encephalitic syndromes in adolescence

Introducción. El síndrome de Kleine-Levin es una enfermedad rara de causa desconocida que se caracteriza por episodios recurrentes autolimitados de hipersomnia acompañados de alteración cognitiva y conductual. Entre los episodios, los pacientes tienen un patrón de sueño y cognitivo normal. Casos clínicos. Se presentan tres pacientes de 14 años, dos chicos y una chica. Comenzaron tras un desencadenante (vacuna, una infección respiratoria por influenza B; en el caso de la chica, coincidían con la menstruación). En el episodio agudo mostraban tendencia al sueño y en vigilia destacaba bradipsiquia, inquietud motora y gran labilidad emocional, con tendencia al llanto y necesidad de la presencia de los familiares. Presentaron una duración aproximada de 10-15 días y periodicidad mensual, y se mostraron asintomáticos entre los episodios. Los tres pacientes fueron valorados por pediatras, diagnosticados y tratados de encefalitis autoinmune. Sólo uno cumplía la tríada típica de hipersomnia, hiperfagia e hipersexualidad, pero ninguno de los tres datos se había recogido en la historia clínica inicial y la familia sólo lo refería tras una anamnesis dirigida. Conclusiones. En el síndrome de Kleine-Levin, los síntomas neurológicos durante el cuadro agudo son aún más frecuentes que los psiquiátricos. La tendencia al sueño y el hecho de que durante la vigilia no estén asintomáticos y se muestren lentos, apáticos, lábiles e irascibles, sitúa en primer lugar la sospecha de síndrome encefalítico. Debemos tener presente esta entidad en encefalitis recurrentes de etiología no filiada (AU)

Introduction. The Kleine-Levin syndrome is a rare disease of unknown origin characterized by recurrent and self-limited episodes of hypersomnia that are also accompanied by a cognitive and behavioral dysfunction. Patients present normal sleeping and behavior patterns between episodes. Case reports. We present three patients who are 14 years old: two boys and one girl. They started having the episodes after a predisposing factor (vaccine, influenza B and menstruation). During the episode they presented hypersomnolence and while wakefulness they were bradipsychic, in motor restlessness and with emotional liability. They also presented a tendency towards crying and claimed the presence of relatives constantly. The episodes lasted between 10 and 15 days and they appeared monthly, being asymptomatic between episodes. All three patients were attended initially by pediatricians, diagnosed and treated as autoimmune encephalitis. Only one of our cases had the three typical symptoms of hypersomnia, hyperfagia and hypersexuality. However, none of the three had been asked initially and the family only referred to it after the directed anamnesis. Conclusions. The Kleine-Levin syndrome presents neurologic symptoms initially more frequently than psychiatric ones. Hypersomnia and behavioural disturbances during wakefulness, bradypsychia, apatheia and emotional liability make us suspect that it could be an encephalitis process. We should be aware of this entity if we face a patient with recurrent encephalitis of unknown origin (AU)

Alteraciones reversibles en la neuroimagen asociadas al tratamiento con vigabatrina en lactantes con espasmos epilépticos / Reversible alterations in the neuroimages associated with vigabatrine treatment in infants with epileptic spasms

Introducción. La vigabatrina (VGB) es un fármaco de primera línea para el tratamiento de espasmos infantiles. Diversos estudios han hallado anomalías en la resonancia magnética (RM) cerebral, que afectaban particularmente a los ganglios de la base, y especialmente en secuencias de difusión, en lactantes con espasmos que recibían VGB en altas dosis (> 100 mg/kg/día), y se ha observado la desaparición de las lesiones tras la retirada de dicho tratamiento. Casos clínicos. Se presentan dos casos clínicos con inicio de una encefalopatía epiléptica en el primer año de vida y crisis en forma de espasmos infantiles. Ambos recibieron tratamiento con distintos fármacos, entre ellos VGB hasta dosis de 200 mg/kg/día. Con 11 y 28 meses de vida, respectivamente, aparecían imágenes en la RM cerebral con una marcada hiperintensidad de señal en secuencias ponderadas en T2 en ambos pálidos, tálamos, porción posterior del tronco encefálico y núcleos dentados, que asociaban restricción en secuencias de difusión. Ambos disponían de estudios previos de RM, sin alteraciones. Tras excluir una metabolopatía subyacente, se decidió la retirada de la VGB y tres meses después, en una RM de control, se apreció la total reversibilidad de dichas lesiones. Conclusiones. Deben evaluarse con cautela los hallazgos de la RM cerebral en lactantes que reciban VGB en altas dosis para el tratamiento de espasmos. Su aparente efecto citotóxico sobre los ganglios de la base podría simular metabolopatías/ enfermedades mitocondriales. Conocer este efecto de la VGB y sus características típicas en la RM puede evitar pruebas innecesarias, como una biopsia muscular o un nuevo cribado metabólico (AU)

Introduction. Vigabatrin (VGB) is a first-line drug for the treatment of infantile spasms. Recently, several reports claim the existence of abnormalities in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (particularly affecting basal ganglia, and visible in T2 and diffusion sequences) in infants with spasms that were receiving high doses of VGB (> 100 mg/kg/day), which appear to be reversible after withdrawal of treatment. Case reports. We present two cases with an epileptic encephalopathy in the first year of life and seizures consisting of infantile spasms. Both were treated with several antiepileptic drugs, including VGB up to a maximum dosage of 200 mg/ kg/day. At the age of 11 and 28 months, respectively, MRI images showed marked signal hyperintensities on T2-sequences on bilateral globus pallidus, thalamus, posterior portion of the brainstem and dentate nuclei, also visible on diffusion sequences. Both had previous unaltered MRI studies. After excluding an underlying metabolic disease, VGB withdrawal is decided, appreciating the reversibility of those lesions in a prospective MRI study, three months later. Conclusions. We must consider and carefully evaluate findings on brain MRI in infants receiving VGB at high doses for treatment of spasms. The apparent cytotoxic effect on basal ganglia could simulate metabolic/mitochondrial diseases. By knowing this effect of VGB and its typical MRI features, unnecessary testing can be avoided in young infants with epileptic encephalopathies, including complex procedures like muscle biopsy or a new metabolic screening (AU)

Siringomielias en pediatría: estudio retrospectivo de 25 casos / Syringomyelias in paediatrics: a retrospective study of 25 cases

Introducción. Se define siringomielia como una cavidad que contiene líquido cefalorraquídeo dispuesta en el interior de la médula espinal. Objetivo. Describir las características clínicas de una serie de pacientes con siringomielia, su diagnóstico y tratamiento. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo realizado mediante la revisión de historias clínicas en nuestro centro. Resultados. Se revisaron 25 pacientes diagnosticados de siringomielia. En cinco el diagnóstico fue casual y ocho presentaban una patología grave previa (tumoral, ósea o vascular). Dos pacientes comenzaron con hidrocefalia y clínica de hipertensión intracraneal y únicamente dos destacaban cefalea como único síntoma. Cuatro presentaron escoliosis progresiva, dos de ellos como queja inicial, y precisaron cirugía con artrodesis y uso de corsé, respectivamente. Destaca la precocidad del diagnóstico. La mayoría presentaba únicamente pérdida de fuerza leve, con potenciales somatosensoriales y electromiograma normales. En todos se hicieron controles con resonancia magnética. Ocho pacientes precisaron craniectomía descompresiva con laminectomía posterior C1-C2, con drenaje de la cavidad siringomiélica en cuatro. Nueve requirieron válvula de derivación y dos precisaron, además, ventriculostomía. Conclusiones. La presencia de siringomielia en pediatría es rara, y se asocia generalmente a malformaciones en la fosa posterior y antecedentes de disrafismo espinal. Destaca la escoliosis progresiva como posible manifestación aislada. Un abordaje multidisciplinar con controles radiológicos seriados y la valoración por servicios de neurología y neurocirugía pediátricos son mandatorios para su seguimiento (AU)

Introduction. Syringomyelia is defined as a cavity containing cerebrospinal fluid inside the spinal cord. Aim. To describe the clinical characteristics of a series of patients with syringomyelia, as well as its diagnosis and treatment. Patients and methods. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study by reviewing the medical records at our centre. Results. We reviewed 25 patients diagnosed with syringomyelia. In five cases, the diagnosis was reached casually, and eight of them presented a previous severe pathology (tumour, bone or vascular). Two patients began with hydrocephalus and clinical signs and symptoms of intracranial hypertension and just two of them reported headaches as the only symptom. Four presented progressive scoliosis, two of them as the initial complaint, and required surgery with arthrodesis and the use of a corset, respectively. A notable feature was the earliness of the diagnosis. Most of them only presented a slight loss of strength, with normal somatosensory potentials and electromyogram. Check-ups were carried out with magnetic resonance. Eight patients required a decompressive craniectomy with posterior C1-C2 laminectomy, with drainage of the syringomyelic cavity in four cases. Nine of them required a bypass valve and a ventriculostomy also had to be performed in two of them. Conclusions. The presence of syringomyelia is rare in paediatric patients, and is generally associated with malformations in the posterior fossa and a medical history of spinal dysrhaphism. Progressive scoliosis stands out as a possible isolated manifestation. A multidisciplinary approach with regular radiological check-ups and evaluation by paediatric neurology and neurosurgery services are mandatory for its follow-up (AU)