Reversal of stage 5 chronic kidney disease by aortic valve replacement in kidney transplant recipient: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a group of pathophysiological disorders affecting heart and kidneys. CASE PRESENTATION: We present 44-year-old kidney transplant recipient with acute-on-chronic graft failure in the course of CRS due to acutely decompensated heart failure associated with severe aortic regurgitation successfully treated with aortic valve replacement. Because of graft failure progression and difficult to eradicate infections he was treated with dialysis and radical minimization of immunosuppression. After 74 days of renal replacement therapy the patient regained graft function after successful aortic valve replacement. The dialysis could be stopped and immunosuppressive therapy was reintroduced. Heart and renal function are stable and patient is doing well without dialysis for 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: The return of kidney graft function can occur even after a long period of dialysis therapy due to improved cardiovascular function. Therefore, distinguishing an acute-on-chronic CRS subtype is mandatory to enable specific patient approach.

Comparison of Two Methods for Determination of NGAL Levels in Urine: ELISA and CMIA.

BACKGROUND: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a new useful biomarker for the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury. The aim of the study was to compare two analytical methods for measurement of urinary NGAL: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA). METHODS: Two assays were used to measure urinary NGAL: ELISA kit (R&D Systems) and ARCHITECT Urine NGAL (Abbott Laboratories). The study material was the urine obtained from 30 healthy subjects (mean age 56.4 ± 15.2). RESULTS: The median value and interquantile range of urinary NGAL in the studied group measured by ELISA (R&D Systems) were 3.5 ng/ml (1.2; 6.6) and by CMIA (ARCHITECT Urine NGAL assay, Abbott Diagnostics) were 4.4 ng/ml (1.9; 9.4). Levels of urinary NGAL obtained by CMIA were significantly higher than by ELISA. There was a significant positive correlation between the concentration of urinary NGAL determined by both methods (r = 0.8625, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The comparison of individual data obtained by ELISA and CMIA should be taken with care. From laboratory's point of view, ELISA is less expensive than CMIA method for the determination of NGAL in urine. However, CMIA method allows rapid determination of urinary NGAL concentration through automated assay.

Inflammatory cytokines gene expression in bone tissue from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis- a preliminary study.

BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether mucosal inflammation has an effect on the bone under the mucosa in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was evaluation of inflammatory cytokines genes expression in bone tissue taken from the patients who had undergone endoscopic sinus surgery for CRS. METHODS: A total group of a consecutive 49 patients with diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis based on EPOS 2007 criteria undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery for CRS were enrolled in the study. Based on histopathologic findings of the mucosal and bone tissues we evaluated the rate of inflammation. Expression of target genes: interleukin 1ß (IL1ß), interleukin 6 (IL6), interleukin 11 (IL11), tumor growth factor ß (TGF ß) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α) were analysed by real-time PCR method in samples of the ethmoid bone taken during endoscopic sinus surgery for CRS. RESULTS: Based on histopathological findings in the studied population we found symptoms of osteitis in 5 patients. In the studied population we found significant differences between patients with osteitis and without osteitis with respect to IL6 gene expression in bone tissue (p=0.0003), IL11 gene expression (p=0.02) and TNFα gene expression in bone tissue (p=0.0035). CONCLUSION: In our study we have demonstrated that in some patients with CRS and coexisting symptoms of osteitis some inflammatory markers genes expression are increased in this population.

Trichosporon asahii as a prospective pathogen in solid organ transplant recipients.

Trichosporon spp. is not an important factor of mycotic infections in immunocompetent patients. It may be a cause of invasive mycoses with a high mortality rate in patients undergoing solid organ transplantation. We have analysed the antifungal agents' susceptibility of Trichosporon asahii and its frequency of occurrence as a prospective etiological agent of infections in liver, kidney and simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant recipients. Clinical specimens (urine, blood, peritoneal fluid and swabs) were obtained from patients hospitalised in the Institute of Transplantation Medicine, Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw in 2005 and 2006. Microbiological tests were performed in Mycological Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw. A total of 475 strains of yeast-like fungi were isolated from clinical specimens taken from 263 liver, kidney and simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant recipients and from 26 organ donors. Trichosporon asahii was found in 26 clinical samples taken from 18 patients and one organ donor. Positive cultures were obtained from 22 urine samples, one stoma fluid, one wound swab, one tracheal aspirate and one ejaculate. Isolates of Trichosporon asahii were found in 6% of total positive mycological cultures in the solid organ transplant recipients. Among cultured strains, 11 isolates were resistant to fluconazole, four to itraconazole and three of them demonstrated resistance to amphotericin B.

Transplant glomerulopathy: clinical and pathological correlations.

OBJECTIVE: Chronic transplant glomerulopathy (TG) is one of the leading causes of severe posttransplantation proteinuria and graft loss. Our current knowledge about risk factors for the development of TG, as well as factors that affect its dynamics and prognosis, is poor. We sought to describe the pathological and clinical risk factors and correlations of TG as well as parameters that influenced the survival of grafts with that pathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reevaluated 86 kidney transplant cases with TG that have been recognized on the basis of an indication biopsy since 1997. All TG as well as all pre-TG (previous) biopsies were characterized for the presence of C4d deposits in the graft. RESULTS: Younger recipient age and minimal immunosuppression due to drug withdrawal or suboptimal drug doses/blood levels within 3 to 6 months preceding the biopsy were associated with C4d deposition in peritubular capillaries (PTC; P = .0053 and P = .0365, respectively). Diffuse PTC-itis (P = .029, RR [95% confidence interval] = 3.349 [1.131-9.919]) and total interstitial inflammation score (P = .015, RR [95% confidence interval] = 9.662 [1.784-52.329]) were observed to show a negative impact on graft survival. C4d deposition in PTC and glomeruli, the level of pretransplantation sensitization, episodes of acute rejection, and C4d in previous (pre-TG) biopsies did not influence the survival of grafts with TG. CONCLUSIONS: Younger recipient age and minimal immunosuppression were associated with C4d positivity in grafts with TG. The survival of kidney grafts with TG was significantly affected by the magnitude of inflammation in the interstitium and PTC, but not by C4d positivity in PTC and glomeruli.

Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in patients after kidney transplantation treated with spiramycin.

INTRODUCTION: Previous research has pointed to a role of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in the development of chronic renal allograft dysfunction, chronic liver rejection, and vasculopathy in the transplanted heart. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of C. pneumoniae prior to and after kidney transplantation as well as to determine the role of spiramycin therapy among kidney transplant recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 50 patients (25 pairs) who received kidney transplants from cadaveric donors. One of the 2 kidneys from a donor was transplanted to a patient randomized to spiramycin (2 x 3 million U/d orally for 3 months; group S) and the other to a patient assigned as control (group C). Markers of infection were assessed on day 1 posttransplantation and 3 months later (average, 94 days). All 50 patients were examined for the presence of bacterial DNA in peripheral blood leukocytes using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and for titers of serum anti C. pneumoniae immunoglobulin (IgG) and IgA antibodies using microimmunofluorescence (MIF). C. pneumoniae infection was diagnosed by the presence of C. pneumoniae DNA in peripheral blood leukocytes or positive antibodies of both classes. RESULTS: C. pneumoniae infection was initially diagnosed in 14 patients among group S and 8 patients among group C (P = not significant [ns]) and after 3 months in 12 and 9 patients, respectively (P = ns). Conversion from positive to negative C. pneumoniae status occured in 7 patients among group S and 1 patient among group C (P = .04). Conversion from negative to positive C. pneumoniae status occured in 5 patients from group S and 2 patients from group C (P = ns). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest a possible role for spiramycin treatment of C pneumoniae infection in kidney allograft recipients. C. pneumoniae infection diagnosis and treatment should be considered to be routine for every patient awaiting transplantation.

Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 Level in Patients with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease.

BACKGROUND: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most prevalent monogenic renal disease, responsible for 10% of the patients on renal replacement therapy, including kidney transplantation. Recently, it was reported that the serum CA 19-9 level is significantly elevated in ADPKD patients without malignancy. Exclusion of malignancy, including tumor marker analysis, is essential in pretransplant evaluation, as well as in assessment of kidney transplantation recipients. METHODS: In this study the serum CA 19-9 level in ADPKD patients without malignancy was retrospectively analyzed. The mean level of CA 19-9 was 30.3 U/mL (0.8 U/L-612 U/L). RESULTS: Overall, in 24 patients (18.8%) the serum CA 19-9 level was increased above the normal level found in the general population (35 U/L), and 5 of them (4.2%) did not experience polycystic liver disease. In 4 patients (3.4%) CA 19-9 level was increased 2-fold above the norm and in 3 of them (2.5%) 3-fold over the norm and higher. A statistically significant negative correlation between serum CA 19-9 level and estimated glomerular filtration rate, both in patients with and without hepatic cysts was observed. In nearly 1 in 5 patients with ADPKD, serum CA 19-9 level should be expected to be above the norm found in the general population, despite the lack of coexistence of a tumor or cholangitis. CONCLUSION: This finding should be considered during transplantation qualification and in follow-up examination after kidney transplantation.

Effect of Successful Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Recurrence With Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents on Physical Performance in Liver Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection deregulates function of many organs and systems, affecting patient's daily functioning. The results of treatment of HCV infection recurrence after liver transplantation have improved significantly as a result of the introduction of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA). This study was aimed at prospective assessment of the effect of HCV elimination with DAA on physical performance of liver transplant recipients. METHODS: Eight women and 21 men, median age 61.3 (range, 20.1-71.5) years, participated in the study. Assessment of serum total bilirubin, alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, muscle strength, body composition, and 6-minute walk test (6MWT) were performed before treatment and 12 weeks after the end of the treatment period. RESULTS: In the 6MWT test we observed significant subjective (dyspnea: 58.3% pretreatment vs 27.6% posttreatment, P = .018; fatigue: 96.6% pretreatment vs 51.7% posttreatment, P = .0001) and objective improvement (distance: 415.4 meters pretreatment vs 505.2 meters posttreatment, P < .0000001). We did not observe an increase in muscle mass nor improvement in blood biochemical parameters. CONCLUSION: A significant objective and subjective improvement in physical performance was seen in liver transplant recipients after successful treatment of HCV infection with DAA.

Patient Quality of Life After Liver Transplantation in Terms of Emotional Problems and the Impact of Sociodemographic Factors.

INTRODUCTION: Liver transplantation is recognized as an effective and necessary treatment of chronic as well as acute hepatic failure. The assessment of quality of life (QoL) after transplantation represents an ancillary tool to evaluate the efficacy of solid organ transplantation in addition to graft and patient survival rates and complications. The global assessment of QoL after transplantation usually confirms improvement compared to pretransplant conditions. PURPOSE: An attempt to evaluate the quality of life of patients after liver transplantation, with particular reference to sociodemographic factors and emotional problems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group included 121 patients (55 women and 66 men) at the age of 19 to 71 years who underwent surgery in the Central Teaching Hospital of the Medical University of Warsaw and the Infant Jesus Teaching Hospital in Warsaw, and were subsequently treated in an outpatient transplant clinic. The scoring procedure for the areas analyzed was based on the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). RESULTS: Higher patients age was correlated with lower quality of life of patients after liver transplantation, including physical functioning (patients >40 years of age declared lower physical performance, and patients <30 years of age indicated greatest limitations in their kind of work or other activities). The frequency of pain was also age-dependent (mostly patients >50 years of age). Women more often than men had worrying thoughts, were feeling tense or wound up, and had sudden feelings of anxiety or panic. By contrast, older people often declared that they felt to be slowed down. CONCLUSIONS: To reduce pain and to improve physical performance of the study patients, rehabilitation procedures should be considered. Patients indicating symptoms associated with anxiety and depression should be referred to a clinical psychologist.

Role of Transforming Growth Factor-ß in Hypertensive Living Kidney Donors.

BACKGROUND: Transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) is involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension and the development of hypertensive target organ damage. TGF-ß may promote blood pressure elevation through several mechanisms. The identification of risk factors of hypertension in living kidney donors may provide proper postoperative management. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine the serum TGF-ß concentration in living kidney donors after nephrectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 66 living donor open nephrectomies were performed in the Department of General and Transplantation Surgery at the Medical University of Warsaw between 1995 and 2005. Forty living kidney donors reported for the follow-up. Physical examination, blood and urine tests, ECG, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, cardiac sonography, and ophthalmoscopy were performed. Serum TGF-ß concentration was measured by ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 13.0. RESULTS: The mean observation period was 65.6 months. The mean donor age at the time of donation and at the follow-up visit was 40.7 and 46.2, respectively. Hypertension was observed in 24% women and in 37% men after surgery. The significantly higher frequency of hypertension was observed after nephrectomy (P = .001). The strongest predictor of hypertension was age. The mean serum TGF-ß concentration was 39.3 ng/mL. No significant differences were observed between hypertensive and normotensive donors (P = .061). A significantly higher TGF-ß concentration was found 4 and 5 years after donation (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: TGF-ß is not associated with hypertension and glomerular filtration rate in living kidney donors after nephrectomy. Careful monitoring of hypertension in living kidney donors after nephrectomy is essential.

Kidney Transplant Recipients With Rheumatic Diseases: Epidemiological Data From the Polish Transplant Registries 1998-2015.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common complication of rheumatic disorders. We analyzed the incidence of different rheumatic conditions as a primary diagnosis of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in kidney transplant recipients in Poland. Data were received from the national waiting list for organ transplantation (Poltransplant) registries. Primary diagnosis leading to ESRD were analyzed in 15,984 patients who received kidney transplants between 1998 and 2015. There was no information about primary diagnosis in 4981 cases (31%) and in 1482 cases (9%) the diagnosis was described as unknown. Rheumatic diseases were specified in 566 (5.14%) kidney transplant recipients: lupus erythematosus, (systemic lupus erythematous nephritis) in 211 (1.92%), vasculitis in 176 (1.60%), amyloidosis AA in 82 (0.75%), hemolytic uremic syndrome in 59 (0.54%), secondary glomerulonephritis in 24 (0.22%), scleroderma in 9 (0.08%), rheumatoid arthritis in 4 (0.04%) and Sjögren syndrome in 1 (0.01%). Graft survival at 1 and 5 years were significantly better in the nonrheumatic versus rheumatic group (90 vs 87% and 76 vs 72% respectively, P = .04). Recipient survival at 5 years was significantly better in the nonrheumatic versus the rheumatic group (88 vs 84%, P = .02). Our study showed that systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic vasculitides are the major rheumatic causes of ESRD in the Polish population. Long-term graft and recipient survival were significantly better in the nonrheumatic versus the rheumatic group in the Poltransplant cohort.

Cardiovascular Disease in Kidney Transplantation and Its Association With Blood Concentrations of Cyclosporine and Cyclosporine Metabolites.

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is the first calcineurin inhibitor used as immunosuppressive agent. Its administration is associated with multiple adverse effects including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), but their mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Cyclosporine metabolites are not well studied in this context. This study was aimed at analysis of the incidence of CVDs and their association with concentrations of cyclosporine and its metabolites. Sixty patients after kidney transplantation (KTX) taking an immunosuppressive regimen including CsA participated in the study. There were 22 women (36.67%) and 38 men (63.33%), mean age 51.73 years, mean 109.38 months after KTX. We observed a correlation between mean diastolic blood pressure and concentrations of metabolite to parent drug ratios of AM1-CsA/CsA (r = 0.35, P = .006), dihydroxy-CsA/CsA (r = 0.42, P = .001), trihydroxy-CsA/CsA (r = 0.42; P = .003) and desmethyl-carboxy-CsA/CsA (r = 0.65, P = .003). There were no significant associations of other CsA metabolites' parameters with CVDs (coronary disease, hypertension, stroke, arrhythmia, diabetes mellitus, obesity). Study results suggest that blood pressure increases associated with CsA therapy could be caused by CsA metabolites that influence mainly diastolic blood pressure levels. A lack of such differences in relation with other CVDs may suggest that more complex mechanisms are involved in the development of cardiovascular injury and disease after kidney transplantation.

Clinical Significance of Gastrointestinal Carriage of Klebsiella Pneumoniae-Producing Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases in Kidney Graft Recipients.

The burden of Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL+) urinary tract infections (UTIs) is a growing problem after kidney transplantation (KTX). The study was aimed at evaluating the incidence of KP ESBL+ gut colonization in KTX recipients and its correlation with clinical outcomes with special regard to UTIs. The study included all KTX patients hospitalized in our department between January 2014 and December 2016. During this period 2018 KTX patients were admitted: 605 in 2014, 750 in 2015, and 663 in 2016, respectively. Screening for drug-multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae gut carriage was performed in 104 patients (2014), 122 (2015), and 166 (2016). In 2014, 2015, and 2016, 18 (17.3%), 26 (21.3%), and 30 (18.1%) patients had positive test results, and 44 (42.3%), 36 (29.5%), and 45 (27.4%) KTX patients were diagnosed with KP ESBL+ UTI. In 2014, KP ESBL+ UTI was diagnosed in 30 (34.9%) cases with negative anal swab and in 14 patients (77.8%) with positive test result (P = .0008). In 2015, KP ESBL+ UTI was diagnosed in 21 patients (21.9%) with negative anal swab and in 15 (57.7%) with positive test result (P = .0004). In 2016, KP ESBL+ UTI was diagnosed in 24 patients (17.8%) with negative anal swab and in 21 (72.4%) with positive test result (P = .000001). In conclusion, we have revealed a strong association between gut K. pneumoniae colonization, female sex, and MPA intake and KP ESBL+ urinary tract infections in kidney transplant recipients. Our results indicate the very important role of KP ESBL+ screening, while strategies of identified carriers require further research.

Holistic Long-Term Care Over Elderly Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Kidney transplantation is an optimal method of renal replacement therapy in patients with phase V chronic kidney disease. Elderly patients (older than 60 years) with a kidney transplant create a significant and constantly growing pool of patients with this type of organ transplantation. In this group of patients, long-term care should be particularly stringent and vigilant. Apart from typical conditions associated with chronic kidney disease and possible post-transplant complications as well as side effects of immunosuppressive treatment, the patient also experiences changes and limitations associated with the progress of age and diseases typical for old age, characterized by a higher risk of infection, and changed pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics. Undoubtedly, patients should remain under the medical care of qualified transplantologists, but constant cooperation with a general practitioner and geriatrician would be of added value. Study results show that although most of the elderly kidney recipients have constant contact with their general practitioners, and almost half of them use private care, contribution of the geriatrician to the transplant care system is unsatisfactory, and elderly kidney recipients would expect more extensive outpatient care.

Resistance to Aminoglycosides of Methicillin-Resistant Strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Originating in the Surgical and Transplantation Wards of the Warsaw Clinical Center-A Retrospective Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Aminoglycoside resistance (AR) is common in health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA). AR is most often associated with the production of antibiotic modifying enzymes: bidomain AAC(6')-Ie/APH(2″)-Ia acetyltransferase and phosphotransferase, ANT(4')-Ia nucleotidyltransferase, and APH(3″)-IIIa phosphotransferase. AIM: Determination of aminoglycoside sensitivity, presence of genes encoding enzymes, and molecular typing of HA-MRSA strains derived from patients hospitalized in surgical and transplantation wards. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-four HA-MRSA strains, isolated from various materials from patients in the surgical and transplantation wards of Warsaw's clinical hospital, hospitalized between 1991 and 2007. The MIC values of gentamicin-GEN/tobramycin-TOB/amikacin-AK/netilmicin-NET were determined by the E-test (CLSI/EUCAST). Genes mecA/aacA-aphD/aadD/aph(3″)-IIIa were detected using PCR. SCCmec types were determined according to the Oliveira method and the sequence type (ST)/clonal complex (CC) by the MLST method. RESULTS: Of the isolates tested, 36 (66.7%) showed resistance to at least one aminoglycoside: TOB (57.4%), GEN (53.7%), AK (55.6%), NET (24.1%). The aacA-aphD gene was present in 29 MRSA-GEN-R (most often in combination with aadD, 15/29 or aph(3″)-IIIa, 10/29); the aacA-aphD gene was the only determinant of resistance in 1 isolate. The AR variants mainly belonged to the CC8 clonal complex (ST239/247/241/254/8) and most frequently contained SCCmec type III (3A) cassettes. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance to at least one aminoglycoside was present in 66.7% of HA-MRSA and in more than 22% to all of them. The presence of the aacA-aphD gene was sufficient to express the resistance phenotype to GEN/TOB/AK/NET. Resistant isolates were closely related to each other.

Evaluation of the Relationship Between Concentrations of Tacrolimus Metabolites, 13-O-Demethyl Tacrolimus and 15-O-Demethyl Tacrolimus, and Clinical and Biochemical Parameters in Kidney Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND: Tacrolimus (Tac), an essential component of immunosuppressive therapy after solid-organ transplantation, has a narrow therapeutic index and requires therapeutic drug monitoring. Monitoring of Tac predose blood concentrations seems to be not always sufficient to avoid adverse effects. The aim of the study was to evaluate the levels of main Tac metabolites, 13-O-demethyl tacrolimus (13-DMT), 31-O-demethyl tacrolimus (31-DMT), and 15-O-demethyl tacrolimus (15-DMT), in kidney transplant recipients and to link them to clinical and biochemical parameters. METHODS: In 63 kidney transplant patients, concentrations of 13-DMT, 31-DMT, and 15-DMT were quantified using liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). RESULTS: None of the patients had detectable 31-DMT blood levels. There was a positive correlation between 13-DMT/Tac and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) (r = 0.29, P = .046) and a negative correlation between 13-DMT/Tac and hemoglobin (r = -0.33, P = .008). Tac level did not correlate with ALAT nor with hemoglobin. There was no relationship between 13-DMT/Tac or 15-DMT/Tac and other biochemical or hematologic parameters or data, such as age, body mass index, arterial pressure, or time posttransplant. We observed significantly higher Tac concentrations in patients with hypercholesterolemia or hypertriglyceridemia compared with those without these comorbidities (6.45 ± 2.32 vs 5.16 ± 2.12 ng/mL, P = .043; 6.60 ± 2.30 vs 5.34 ± 2.20 ng/mL, P = .033, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our data may reflect 13-DMT accumulation in liver dysfunction and higher Tac clearance in anemia. However, these results may suggest that 13-DMT/Tac ratio is a marker of myelotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Further studies should be carried out to determine whether monitoring of 13-DMT could be beneficial in minimizing the adverse effects.

Psychological Aspects of Living Kidney Donation in Poland: Experience of One Center.

BACKGROUND: Living kidney transplantation is the optimal treatment of end-stage renal disease. The benefits for recipients are obvious. The psychological consequences for living kidney donors in Poland are not known. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to evaluate the psychological aspects of living kidney donation in Poland. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 66 living donor open nephrectomies were performed in our institution between 1995 and 2005. The psychological aspects were assessed in 40 donors after nephrectomy. The study applied the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), the Situation Assessment Questionnaire, the Health Behaviors Survey, and our own questionnaire. The mean observation period was 65.6 months. RESULTS: There was a trend toward better life satisfaction in living kidney donors compared to Polish adults. Donor life satisfaction was significantly lower when the recipient was dead than when the recipient was alive. Most donors perceived the kidney donation as a challenge in cognitive judgment. The mean score of the Health Behaviors Survey was not significantly different than in the general population in Poland. The mean pain score after donation was 3.2 in a 5-item scale (1 = severe pain, 5 = mild pain). The mean time of return to work was 3.5 months. No donors regretted their decisions about kidney donation. CONCLUSION: Living kidney donation in Poland has a positive impact on donors' quality of life. Among living kidney donors, the sense of danger concerning the risk of donation depends on the degree of the relationship with the recipient.

Do Anatomical Anomalies Affect the Results of Living Donor Kidney Transplantation?

BACKGROUND: Multiple renal artery kidneys still represent a special challenge for surgeons, during both nephrectomy for organ donation and transplantation. Recognition of anatomical conditions with advanced imaging methods is one of the most important elements of the preoperative evaluation process. AIM: The purpose of the current study was to assess if anatomical abnormalities affect the outcomes of living kidney donor transplantation procedures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 60 living kidney donors and their recipients was performed. Patients were assigned to two groups: pairs with a single allograft vessels (group I) and pairs with any anatomical abnormalities of the transplanted organ (group II). The impact of anatomical abnormalities on initial and long-term outcomes of the transplantation were analyzed. RESULTS: The analyzed study group consisted of 60 pairs (35 included in group I and 25 in group II). Immediate graft function was observed in 65.7% vs 64% individuals, recpectively (n.s.). Mean serum creatinine concentration was 1.6, 1.46, and 1.44 mg/mL (group I) vs 1.78, 1.78, and 1.65 mg/mL (group II) at 1, 6, and 12 months posttransplant, respectively (n.s.). Glomerular filtration rate (using the Chronic Kindey Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation) was estimated at 54.3, 59.9, and 61.0 mL/min/1.73 m2 (group I) vs 59.8, 57.6, and 59.8 mL/min/1.73 m2 (group II) at the same time points, respectively (n.s.). CONCLUSIONS: Presence of single renal vessels was not a predictor of immediate graft function in living-donor kidney transplantation. Transplantation outcomes for kidneys with anatomical anomalies did not differ when compared to organs with typical anatomy. Multiple renal arteries did not impact initial graft function if precise surgical technique and proper preoperative diagnostics were provided.

Effect of Selective Antibiotic Pressure on the MLS-B Phenotype in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Originating From Patients From Transplantation Wards: 24 Years of Observations.

INTRODUCTION: Staphylococcus aureus infection, and health care-associated-methicillin resistant S aureus (HA-MRSA) in particular, is a serious risk for patients treated with organ transplantation. The frequent combined resistance of these bacteria to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin-B (MLS-B) limits the use of these drugs in therapy. AIM: Evaluation of the mechanism of MLS-B resistance among HA-MRSA strains derived from patients treated in surgical-transplantation wards, over a 24-year period, and assessment of correlation of clindamycin use and resistance phenotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and twelve HA-MRSA strains from patients in surgical-transplantation wards (clinical hospital, Warsaw), hospitalized in the period from 1991 to 2014. Methicillin-resistance was determined using phenotypic and genetic methods by detecting the mecA gene. Erythromycin/clindamycin resistance was determined by E-test, the iMLS-B (inductive) and cMLS-B (constitutive) phenotypes by the D-test method. The number of defined daily doses (DDD), statistically per 1000 person-days, was calculated in accordance with the WHO guidelines. RESULTS: Resistance to erythromycin/clindamycin in MRSA strains increased from 1991 to 2004-2007 from 64.7/11.8% to 100/76.9%, respectively. The frequency of the cMLS-B phenotype in the years 1991/2010-2011/2012 was 5.9%/76.9%/69.7%, respectively, and correlated with the increased use of clindamycin in the examined wards. In 2012, the percentage of MLS-B-sensitive isolates increased from 3.9 to 21.7%, while constitutive resistance decreased to 69.7%, which correlated with a decrease in the use of clindamycin. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of cMLS-B to iMLS-B phenotypes in HA-MRSA is related to the amount of clindamycin used in hospital wards. Limiting the selection pressure of antibiotics can lead to complete loss of resistance or return to the inductive mechanism of its regulation.

Outcomes of Prolonged Treatment With Intravenous Immunoglobulin Infusions for Acute Antibody-mediated Rejection in Kidney Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is one of the main problems after kidney transplantation (KTx). The results of intensive AMR treatment with plasmapheresis (PF) and repeated infusions of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) are presented. METHODS: Diagnosis of AMR was based on graft biopsy and the presence of donor-specific antibodies (DSAs). AMR therapy consisted of 5 PF and IVIg infusions given after the last PF. Subsequent IVIg doses were given every 4 weeks for 6 months. Graft biopsy and DSA assessment were repeated at the end of the treatment (ET). RESULTS: Four women and 10 men were included in our study; mean time from KTx to AMR was 79 (range, 3-193) months. During the treatment, 4 patients had graft failure. Graft function at baseline was significantly worse (P = .02) in this group compared with patients who completed the therapy. At baseline, mean flourescence intensity (MFI) was 6574 (range, 852-15,917) in the whole group, 7088 (range, 1054-15,917) in patients who completed treatment, and 4828 (range, 852-11,797) in patients who restarted hemodialysis. At ET, DSA MFI decreased in 8 of 10 patients (80%) who completed the therapy. The MFI decrease was 3946 (range, 959-11,203). Control graft biopsies revealed decreased intensity of C4d deposits in peritubular capillaries in 7 patients (78%) and decreased peritubular capillaritis in 2 patients (22%). CONCLUSION: Intensive, prolonged AMR therapy with PF and IVIg resulted in a decrease in DSA titer and intensity of C4d deposits, but was not associated with reduction of microcirculation inflammation. Treatment was ineffective in patients with baseline advanced graft insufficiency.