3,4-Seco-Isopimarane Diterpenes from the Twigs and Leaves of Isodon Flavidus.

Three isopimarane diterpenes [fladins B (1), C (2), and D (3)] were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Chinese folk medicine, Isodon flavidus. The chemical structures were determined by the analysis of the comprehensive spectroscopic data, and the absolute configuration was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The structures of 1-3 were formed from isopimaranes through the rearrangement of ring A by the bond break at C-3 and C-4 to form a new δ-lactone ring system between C-3 and C-9. This structure type represents the first discovery of a natural isopimarane diterpene with an unusual lactone moiety at C-9 and C-10. In the crystal of 1, molecules are linked to each other by intermolecular O-H···O bonds, forming chains along the b axis. Compounds 1-3 were evaluated for their bioactivities against different diseases. None of these compounds displayed cytotoxic activities against HCT116 and A549 cancer cell lines, antifungal activities against Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes, or antiviral activities against HIV entry at 20 µg/mL (62.9-66.7) µM. Compounds 1 and 3 did not show antiviral activities against Ebola entry at 20 µg/mL either; only 2 was found to show an 81% inhibitory effect against Ebola entry activity at 20 µg/mL (66.7 µM). The bioactivity evidence suggested that this type of compound could be a valuable antiviral lead for further structure modification to improve the antiviral potential.

Rubesanolides F and G: Two Novel Lactone-Type Norditerpenoids from Isodon rubescens.

A phytochemical investigation of the leaves of the medicinal plant Isodon rubescens led to the isolation of the two new degraded abietane lactone diterpenoids rubesanolides F (1) and G (2). Their structures were elucidated based on the analyses of the HRESIMS and 1D/2D NMR spectral data, and their absolute configurations were determined by ECD spectrum calculations and X-ray single crystal diffraction methods. Compounds 1 and 2, with a unique γ-lactone subgroup between C-8 and C-20, were found to form a carbonyl carbon at C-13 by removal of the isopropyl group in an abietane diterpene skeleton. Rubesanolide G (2) is a rare case of abietane that possesses a cis-fused configuration between rings B and C. The two isolates were evaluated for their biological activities against two cancer cell lines (A549 and HL60), three fungal strains (Candida alba, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus nigricans) and three bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis).

Two new bioactive diterpenes identified from Isodon interruptus.

In the course of our ongoing studies to discover bioactive chemical constituents from plants in the genus Isodon, two new diterpenes, kunminolide A (1) and rabdokunmin F (2) were isolated from the leaves of the medicinal plant Isodon interruptus. Kunminolide A (1) is a novel abietane-like diterpene with a novel skeleton, herein designated as 9, 10-seco-neoabietane. Rabdokunmin F (2) is an ent-kaurene diterpene with C-18 oxidized to a carboxylic acid group. The structures were determined by spectroscopic means including analysis of 1D- and 2D-NMR spectral data. Crystals of 1 obtained from methanol were suitable for X-ray analysis, which confirmed the chemical structure. Kunminolide A (1) demonstrated chemopreventive potential by inducing QR1 activity with a CD value of 14.3 µM, and rabdokunmin F (2) was found to have cytotoxic activities with IC50 values in the range of 1.1-3.0 µM.

Two cytotoxic 6,7-seco-spiro-lacton-ent-kauranoids from Isodon rubescens.

The present study was performed to investigate the chemical components of the branches and leaves of Isodon rubescens. Two 6,7-seco-spiro-lacton-ent-kauranoids were obtained. Based on the extensive spectroscopic analyses, their structures were elucidated as 6-epi-11-O-acetylangustifolin (1) and 11-O-acetylangustifolin (2), respectively. The structure of 2 was further comfirmed by X-ray crystallography analysis. MTT method was employed to evaluate their cytotoxity against human lung cancer cell lines A549 and leukemia cell lines K562.

Henrin A: A New Anti-HIV Ent-Kaurane Diterpene from Pteris henryi.

Henrin A (1), a new ent-kaurane diterpene, was isolated from the leaves of Pteris henryi. The chemical structure was elucidated by analysis of the spectroscopic data including one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectra, and was further confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The compound was evaluated for its biological activities against a panel of cancer cell lines, dental bacterial biofilm formation, and HIV. It displayed anti-HIV potential with an IC50 value of 9.1 µM (SI = 12.2).

Abietane diterpenoids from Isodon amethystoides and their biological activities.

Seven undescribed abietane diterpenoids [abietamethinols A-G (1-7)] were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Isodon amethystoides. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR, and they were further confirmed by X-ray crystallographic data. Lophanic acid was considered as the precursor of 1-7 in the biosynthesis pathway hypothesis. These compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic, anti-bacterial and anti-AIV (avian influenza virus) activities. Compound 5 showed 42.9% inhibitory activity against the cancer cell line SMMC-7721 at the concentration of 40 µM, 3 and 4 could inhibit the bacterial growth of Streptococcus sobrinus by 55.3% and 63.2% at the concentrations of 148.6 and 141.9 µM, respectively, and 4 was demonstrated with antiviral activity against AIV with the inhibitory effect of 68.4% at 25 µM.

Design and synthesis of oridonin derivatives as cytotoxic agents.

Oridonin is one of the ent-kaurane diterpenes that have been studied extensively for various bioactivities. In an effort to expand natural scaffold-based library as anticancer agents, we have designed and synthesised a number of novel oridonin derivatives and evaluated their bioactivities on a panel of human cancer cell lines (HCT116, A375, MCF-7, HepG2, and A549). Compound 4b bearing a 4-fluorophenyl moiety was found to be the most active compound with an IC50 value of 0.3 µM against MCF-7 cells, which was 7.4-fold more active than oridonin. This study could provide some insightful information for further synthesis of oridonin derivatives as anticancer agents.

Bioactive icetexane and abietane diterpenes from Isodon phyllopodus.

A new icetexane diterpenoid, 11, 12, 20α-trihydroxyl-7ß-methoxyicetexa-8, 11, 13-triene-19, 10-lactone [Phyllane A (1)], and a new abietane diterpenoid, 7ß, 20-epoxy-3ß, 17-acetoxy-abieta-8, 11, 13-teriene-11, 12-diol [phyllane B (2)], along with two known compounds (3 and 4) were isolated from the methanol (MeOH) extract of twigs and leaves of the folk medicinal Isodon phyllopodus. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses including 2 D NMR spectral data, and further confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction. Moreover, the compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity and anti-HIV activities, and phyllane A showed anti-HIV activity with an IC50 value of 15.7 µM, but phyllane B was found to be cytotoxic to the A549 host cells with a CC50 value of 108.5 µM.

Isolation, evaluation of bioactivity and structure determination of amethinol A, a prototypic amethane diterpene from Isodon amethystoides bearing a six/five/seven-membered carbon-ring system.

We report the isolation of a novel diterpene, designated as `amethane', from Isodon amethystoides (Lamiaceae). The diterpene [amethinol A; systematic name: (4aR,4bR,7R,10aS)-4b,7-dihydroxy-7-isopropyl-1,1-dimethyl-9-oxododecahydrobenzo[a]azulene-4a(2H)-carboxylic acid], possesses a unique skeleton containing a six/five/seven-membered tricyclic system. Intermolecular O-H...O close contacts were found to the carboxyl, carbonyl and hydroxy groups, connecting molecules into a two-dimensional structure. A possible biosynthetic pathway has been proposed. In addition, the compound was evaluated for its biological activities against different disease targets, and was found to significantly attenuate RORγt-dependent autoimmune responses.

Lycodine-Type Lycopodium Alkaloids from the Whole Plants of Huperzia serrata.

Three new lycodine-type Lycopodium alkaloids, namely 1-methyllycodine (1), 8α-hydroxy-15,16-dehydro-des-N-methyl-α-obscurine (2), N-methyl-16-hydroxyhuperzine B (3), and one new natural lycodine-type Lycopodium alkaloid, N-methylhuperzine A (4), along with 11 known analogues (5-15), were isolated from the whole plants of club moss Huperzia serrata. The structures of 1-4 were elucidated on the basis of NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometry data. Among them, compound 1 was the first lycodine-type alkaloid possessing a methyl group at C-1. In addition, the structure of 5 was confirmed by the single-crystal X-ray crystallography data and its 13C NMR was reported for the first time in current study. Compounds 1-5 were tested their BACE1 inhibitory activity.

Discovery of antifungal constituents from the Miao medicinal plant Isodon flavidus.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Leigong Mountain is an area in the Southwest of China where there is a high incidence rate of athlete's foot, but the Miao people, a Chinese minority who reside in this mountainous area have suffered less from this disease due to their use of the herbal medicine Isodon flavidus (Hand.-Mazz.) H. Hara. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study is to identify the active chemical constituents responsible for antifungal effects of the folk medicine plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The natural compounds were separated from the methanol extract of the twigs and leaves of I. flavidus by phytochemical study using chromatographic methods, and their chemical structures were determined by analysis of the spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR spectra. The absolute configuration of fladin A (1) was further confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The compounds were evaluated for their antifungal activity against the athlete's foot fungus Trichophyton rubrum. They were further evaluated for their antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity against the dental pathogens Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Candida albicans. RESULTS: Phytochemical and biological studies of I. flavidus led to the discovery of two antifungal compounds, fladin A (1) and lophanic acid (2). Fladin A (1) is a novel diterpene with an unprecedented cyclic ether group formed between C-4 and C-9. Lophanic acid (2) displayed inhibition activity against the athlete's foot fungus Trichophyton rubrum with an MIC value of 7.8µg/mL, and fladin A (1) also showed inhibition activity against the fungus with a MIC value of 62.5µg/mL. CONCLUSIONS: Our identification of two antifungal compounds provided strong evidence for the Miao people to use I. flavidus as a medicinal plant for treatment of athlete's foot disease. The very different chemical structures of the active compounds from those in the market presents them as potential antifungal lead compounds for follow-up study.

[Studies on chemical constituents in the leaf of Ligustrum delavayanum].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents in the leaf of Ligustrum delavayanum Hariot. METHOD: The constituents were isolated with column chromatographies and the structures were identified by MS, IR, UV and NMR. RESULT: Four compounds were isolated and identified as beta-sitosterol, oleanic acid, 2 alpha-hydroxyursolic acid, and acteoside. CONCLUSION: All the compounds were isolated from the plant for the first time.

A one-dimensional coordination polymer formed from the reaction of 1,1-diphenyl-3,3'-[(1R,2R)-cyclohexane-1,2-diylbis(azanediyl)]dibut-2-en-1-one with MnCl2·4H2O.

In the title coordination polymer, catena-poly[[dichloridomanganese(II)]-µ-1,1-diphenyl-3,3'-[(1R,2R)-cyclohexane-1,2-diylbis(azaniumylylidene)]dibut-1-en-1-olate-κ(2)O:O'], [MnCl2(C26H30N2)]n, synthesized by the reaction of the chiral Schiff base ligand 1,1-diphenyl-3,3'-[(1R,2R)-cyclohexane-1,2-diylbis(azanediyl)]dibut-2-en-1-one (L) with MnCl2·4H2O, the asymmetric unit contains one crystallographically unique Mn(II) ion, one unique spacer ligand, L, and two chloride ions. Each Mn(II) ion is four-coordinated in a distorted tetrahedral coordination environment by two O atoms from two L ligands and by two chloride ligands. The Mn(II) ions are bridged by L ligands to form a one-dimensional chain structure along the a axis. The chloride ligands are monodentate (terminal). The ligand is in the zwitterionic enol form and displays intramolecular ionic N(+)-H...O(-) hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions between pairs of phenyl rings which strengthen the chains.