Correlation between CT imaging and symptom scores in cystic fibrosis associated chronic sinusitis.

PURPOSE: There are limited guidelines for diagnosing and managing chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in the cystic fibrosis (CF) population. While CF patients are known to have significant opacification on paranasal computed tomography (CT), limited evidence suggests that CT findings are not indicative of patients' symptom burden and therefore not a reliable indicator for surgical intervention. This provides a diagnostic challenge for otolaryngologists taking care of this patient population. The purpose of this study is to better define the relationship between objective imaging findings and patients' symptom severity in the CF-CRS population with the goal of providing more selective and effective patient care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, 67 patients with CF CRS had their CT scans scored according to a modified Lund Mackay CT score (LMCTS), which was compared to their Sinonasal Outcome Test scores (SNOT-22). Total SNOT-22 and individual domains were evaluated. Pearson's correlation was performed. RESULTS: The overall mean SNOT-22 score was 32.3. The mean LMCTS was 17.6. These metrics correlate with relatively low subjective symptom scores in comparison to the high objective presence of sinus disease. While patients had high LMCTS, there was no correlation found between LMCTS and total SNOT-22 or individual SNOT-22 domains. CONCLUSIONS: CT findings in CF CRS patients do not accurately reflect patients' symptom burden and should not be used as a primary driver in the clinical management of these patients.

The role of doxycycline in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

INTRODUCTION: Many theories on the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) exist. The most effective management of CRSwNP has not been elucidated. Doxycycline, which has anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties, has shown durable effects; however, its efficacy in combination with standard therapy has not been examined. We hypothesized that its addition to the standard anti-inflammatory regimen would improve patient outcomes. METHODS: We performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at a tertiary level institution. Patients with moderate or severe CRSwNP were randomized into two groups, each receiving a 20-day course of oral corticosteroids and doxycycline or placebo. The 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22), nasal polyp scores, and visual analog scale (VAS) scores were recorded at the initial, 3-, 8- and 12-week visits. RESULTS: 49 patients were enrolled, 24 in the experimental and 25 in the placebo group with 3 moderate disease patients in each group. There were 12 dropouts in the treatment group and 14 in the placebo group. The most common reasons for dropout were severe CRS and asthma exacerbations. There was no significant difference in SNOT-22 scores, nasal polyp scores, and VAS scores between the two arms. CONCLUSIONS: Non-surgical management of patients with CRSwNP remains challenging. Our conclusions are limited given the high dropout rate and thus, limited sample size with inadequate power. This study is important, however, because a high dropout rate of mostly severe disease patients may illustrate that this patient population may not be optimally managed with medical therapy alone.

Clinical and Radiographic Characteristics of Sinonasal Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder and Invasive Fungal Sinusitis.

BACKGROUND: Sinonasal posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a serious but uncommon complication of solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation that can overlap in many features with invasive fungal sinusitis (IFS). OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical, laboratory, and radiographic features that may help to differentiate sinonasal IFS and PTLD in the posttransplant population. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with posttransplant sinonasal PTLD and IFS to evaluate for clinical, laboratory, and imaging characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 4 patients with sinonasal PTLD and 10 posttransplant IFS patients were evaluated. A total of 2 of 4 PTLD patients presented with a symptom duration of greater than 3 months compared to none in the IFS group (p = 0.07). Mean absolute neutrophil count (ANC) was 2,976 per mm3 (range 2,488-3,462) in the PTLD group compared to 773 per mm3 (range 0.0-2,744) in the IFS group (p = 0.01). Both PTLD lesions with available diffusion-weighted imaging demonstrated diffusion restriction on magnetic resonance im-aging (MRI) compared to zero of the IFS lesions (p = 0.10). No PTLD lesions demonstrated mucosal infarcts compared to three of seven IFS lesions (p = 0.23). CONCLUSION: IFS was associated with a significantly lower ANC at the time of diagnosis compared to PTLD. Additionally, three other measures trend towards association with their respective pathology. PTLD typically has a more chronic time course than IFS, diffusion restriction on MRI is predominantly associated with PTLD patients, and mucosal infarct on MRI is more suggestive of IFS. Additionally, all cases of sinonasal PTLD arose following solid organ transplantation. These factors may assist clinicians during diagnosis.

The impact of nasal airflow on sinus mucosa: A radiographic review.

BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a disease of widespread prevalence and high morbidity. Many suggest that the introduction of toxins and allergens via nasal airflow plays a significant role in the development of CRS. In patients who have undergone total laryngectomy, nasal airflow is disrupted, providing an opportunity to examine the role of nasal airflow in sinonasal pathology. METHODS: All patients who received a total laryngectomy between 2002 and 2012 with preoperative and postoperative computed tomography (CT) scans were retrospectively reviewed. The Lund-Mackay (LM) score for each sinus was recorded for both scans. The assessment of differences in pre-operative and post-operative LM scores was analyzed utilizing paired t-tests. RESULTS: 56 patients underwent total laryngectomy and had both preoperative and postoperative CT scans. There were no significant differences in the LM scores between pre-operative and post-operative scans within each sinus (frontal sinus, p = 1.0; anterior ethmoid sinus, p = 0.77; posterior ethmoid sinus, p = 0.45; maxillary sinus, p = 0.90; sphenoid sinus, p = 0.63; ostiomeatal complex, p = 0.78) or in the total LM scores (p = 0.97). Furthermore, patients with pre-operative sinonasal mucosal thickening (total LM score > 0) showed no significant change in their total LM score post-operatively (p = 0.13). CONCLUSION: In total laryngectomy patients, studies demonstrate that a disruption in nasal airflow is correlated to altered sinonasal physiology and decreased subjective symptoms. However, our study shows that the disruption of nasal airflow results in no significant change in radiographic evidence of sinonasal mucosal thickening.

Optical imaging with a high-resolution microendoscope to identify sinonasal pathology.

OBJECTIVES: High-resolution microendoscopy (HRME) is an optical imaging modality that allows real time imaging of epithelial tissue and structural changes within. We hypothesize that HRME, using proflavine, a contrast agent that preferentially stains cell nuclei and allows detection of cellular morphologic changes, can distinguish sinonasal pathology from uninvolved mucosa, potentially enabling real-time surgical margin differentiation. STUDY DESIGN: Ex vivo imaging of histopathologically confirmed samples of sinonasal pathology and uninvolved, normal sinus epithelium. SETTING: Single tertiary-level institution. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Five inverted papillomas, one oncocytic papilloma, two uninvolved sinus epithelia specimens, and three inflammatory polyps were imaged ex vivo with HRME after surface staining with proflavine. Following imaging, the specimens were submitted for hematoxylin and eosin staining to allow histopathological correlation. RESULTS: Results show that sinonasal pathology and normal sinus epithelia have distinct HRME imaging characteristics. Schneiderian papilloma specimens show increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear crowding, and small internuclear separation, whereas normal sinus epithelia specimens show small, bright nuclei with dark cytoplasm and relatively large internuclear separation. Inflammatory polyps, however, have varying imaging characteristics, that resemble both Schneiderian papilloma and normal sinus epithelia. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the feasibility of HRME imaging to discriminate sinonasal pathology from normal sinus epithelia. While the system performed well in the absence of inflammation, discrimination of inflamed tissue was inconsistent, creating a significant limitation for this application. Novel imaging systems such as HRME with alternative contrast agents may assist with real-time surgical margin differentiation, enabling complete surgical resection of inverted papilloma and reducing recurrence rates.

Risk stratification for outpatient parathyroidectomy and predictors of postoperative complications.

INTRODUCTION: The mainstay of treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism is surgery. Hypocalcemia after parathyroidectomy is common and poses a significant challenge, leading to increased patient morbidity and health care costs. While several groups have found predictor factors for hypocalcemia, none have created a risk stratification model. Here, we recognize important factors and optimal cut-off values that can allow risk stratification of patients. METHODS: A single-institution retrospective chart review of 339 patients that underwent parathyroidectomy from 2009 to 2012 was conducted. Pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative data were collected. A non-routine outcome was defined as post-operative admission, outpatient hypocalcemia-related complication, or inpatient hypocalcemia-related complication. The preoperative or intraoperative factors of patients that experienced a non-routine outcome were compared to those that did not. Optimal cut-off values were determined for preoperative and intraoperative factors and a risk stratification method was created. RESULTS: A total of 39 patients experienced a non-routine outcome including 24 postoperative admissions, 2 inpatient hypocalcemia-related complications, and 17 outpatient hypocalcemia-related complications. Patients with a non-routine outcome displayed a trend toward preoperative hypercalcemia (calcium >11.0mg/dL) than not (p=0.0543). The median preoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) level was significantly higher among patients with a non-routine outcome (p=0.0037). Furthermore, the median percent decrease in PTH at 20min intraoperatively among patients with a non-routine outcome was significantly higher compared to those that did not (p=0.0421). The optimal cut-off value for preoperative PTH was 129pg/mL and for median percent decrease in intraoperative PTH at 20min was 90.7% for predicting a non-routine outcome. A risk stratification model was created based on these data. CONCLUSION: Our analysis reveals that patients with larger intraoperative decrease in PTH levels (greater than 90.7% drop at 20min), higher preoperative hypercalcemia (greater than 11mg/dL), and higher preoperative PTH levels (greater than 129pg/mL) are more likely to experience a non-routine outcome during outpatient parathyroidectomy. Patients can be risk stratified based on this criteria.

Intraoral midline mandibulotomy improves laryngeal access for transoral resection of laryngeal cancer.

Intraoral midline mandibulotomy is a technique that can be used to increase exposure for transoral endoscopic laser microsurgery (TLS). We describe the case of a 51 year old male with persistent T1 glottic carcinoma. At initial diagnosis, he had been referred for curative radiotherapy as laryngeal access was not sufficient for TLS. For treatment of his recurrence, we describe the technique of performing a midline mandibular osteotomy to improve access to the larynx allowing for safe and effective transoral endoscopic laser microsurgery. Surgical access to the larynx was greatly improved, and we were able to perform TLS in a case that would have otherwise not been amenable to TLS. An intraoral midline mandibulotomy can improve access to the larynx and allow for successful transoral resection of laryngeal cancer in patients with otherwise inaccessible tumors.

An unusual presentation of NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type in the United States.

INTRODUCTION: NK/T-cell lymphoma (NKCL), nasal-type is rare in the United States, representing only 1.5% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Classically, patients initially present with nasal obstruction (70%), caused by invasion of the localized lesion into the sinuses and nasal cavities. Initial presentation with persistent sore throat and odynophagia due to oropharyngeal tumor extension is rare, and thus, is often overlooked as viral or bacterial pharyngitis. By studying a case of NKTCL nasal type, we emphasize the need to apply high clinical suspicion for NKTCL, nasal type for early diagnosis and improved survival. METHODS: A case report of a rare presentation of NKTCL, nasal-type is discussed. A literature review is provided to define clinical signs crucial for early diagnosis, appropriate work-up, and expedient treatment of this aggressive, rapidly progressive malignancy. RESULTS: In the present case, a 25year-old healthy male presented with a 2-week history of sore throat and odynophagia. On exam, the patient had an ulcerative lesion of the soft palate, an enlarged uvula, and tonsillar exudate with tender submandibular lymphadenopathy. After the patient failed to respond to antibiotic therapy for presumptive pharyngitis, a biopsy of the oropharyngeal tissue was completed, which identified necrotizing sialometaplasia. High clinical suspicion led to repeat deep-tissue biopsy, where a final diagnosis of NKTCL, nasal type was made. The patient then began definitive treatment with chemotherapy and radiation. CONCLUSIONS: High clinical suspicion is key to early diagnosis and improved survival of NKTCL, nasal-type. Otolaryngologists who encounter prolonged, complicated cases of pharyngitis or necrotizing sialometaplasia should consider a diagnosis of NKTCL, nasal-type, in order to prevent rapid disease progression.

Implementation of a Streamlined Care Pathway to Reduce Cost and Length of Stay for Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery.

BACKGROUND: We implemented a streamlined care pathway for patients undergoing endoscopic transsphenoidal (TSA) pituitary surgery. Select patients are recovered in the postanesthesia care unit and transferred to a step-down unit for intermediate neurologic care (INCU), with clinicians trained to manage cerebrospinal fluid leak, diabetes insipidus (DI), and other complications. METHODS: We evaluated all TSA surgeries performed at 1 academic medical center from 7th January, 2017 to 30th March, 2020, collecting patient factors, tumor characteristics, cost variables, and outcomes. The INCU pathway was implemented on 7th January 2018. Pathway patients were compared with nonpathway patients across the study period. Outcomes were assessed using multivariate regression, adjusting for patient and surgical characteristics, including intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak, postoperative DI, and tumor dimensions. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-seven patients were identified. Seventy-nine were on the INCU pathway. Mean age was 53.5 years. Most patients were male (66%), privately insured (62%), and white (66%). Mean total cost of admission was $27,276. Mean length of stay (LOS) was 3.97 days. Use of the INCU pathway was associated with total cost reduction of $6376.33 (P < 0.001, 95% confidence interval [CI]: $3698.21-$9054.45) and LOS reduction by 1.27 days (P = 0.008, 95% CI: 0.33-2.20). In-hospital costs were reduced across all domains, including $1964.87 in variable direct labor costs (P < 0.001, 95% CI: $1142.08-$2787.64) and $1206.52 in variable direct supply costs (P < 0.001, 95% CI: $762.54-$1650.51). Pathway patients were discharged earlier despite a higher rate of postoperative DI (25% vs. 11%, P = 0.011), with fewer readmissions (0% vs. 6%, P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: A streamlined care pathway following TSA surgery can reduce in-hospital costs and LOS without compromising patient outcomes.

In-Hospital Cost Comparison for Open Versus Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Meningioma Resection.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the in-hospital cost implications of an endoscopic expanded endonasal approach (EEEA) for meningioma resection relative to the open transcranial approach. METHODS: All anterior skull base meningioma surgeries performed over a period from January 1st, 2015 to October 31th, 2017 were evaluated. The electronic medical record was reviewed for patient factors, tumor characteristics, and cost variables associated with each hospital stay and univariate analysis was performed using R software. All cost data were converted into August 2021-equivalent dollar amounts using the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics consumer price index. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients met study criteria, including 27 patients undergoing an open transcranial approach and 8 undergoing an EEEA. Average length of stay for patients undergoing an open approach was 9.3 days compared to 5.6 within the EEEA group (P = .126). The average total in-hospital cost of patient undergoing an EEEA was $35417.1 compared to $46406.9 among patients undergoing an open transcranial approach (P = .168). On univariate analysis, the cost of an open transcranial approach relative to the EEEA was $10989.8 (P = .411). CONCLUSIONS: The open transcranial approach remained the dominant surgical approach to anterior skull base meningiomas over our study time period. However, despite limited patient numbers the EEEA was associated with decreased total in-hospital costs.

In-Hospital Costs for Open versus Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Craniopharyngioma Resection.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the in-hospital cost implications of an expanded endoscopic endonasal approach (EEEA) for craniopharyngioma resection relative to the traditional open transcranial approach. METHODS: All craniopharyngioma surgeries performed at a single institution over a period from January 1st 2001 to October 31th 2017 were evaluated. The electronic medical record was reviewed for patient factors, tumor characteristics, and cost variables associated with each hospital stay and univariate regression analysis was performed using R software. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients met study criteria, including 22 undergoing an open approach and 14 undergoing an EEEA. There was a significantly longer average length of stay among patients undergoing open resection (21.5 vs. 10.6 days, p = 0.024). The average total in-hospital cost of a patient undergoing an EEEA was $58979.3 compared to $89142.3 for an open approach (p = 0.127). On univariate regression analysis, the total in-hospital cost for a patient undergoing an open approach relative to an EEEA was $30163.0 (p = 0.127). The open approach was exclusively performed from study onset until April 2010 (16 patients). From April 2010 to August 2013, 6 open approaches and 5 EEEA were performed. The EEEA has been exclusively performed from August 2013 until the conclusion of our study period (9 patients). CONCLUSIONS: There has been a shift toward surgical resection of craniopharyngioma via an EEEA approach for amenable tumors. Our study demonstrates that the EEEA has become the preferred surgical approach at our institution, and shows that the EEEA is associated with shorter postoperative length of stay and lower total in-hospital cost. Laryngoscope, 133:83-87, 2023.

Economic Evaluation of Dupilumab Versus Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for the Treatment of Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps.

BACKGROUND: Dupilumab is a novel monoclonal antibody that recently received US Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) has been the mainstay of treatment for patients refractory to initial medical therapy. Data comparing the cost-effectiveness of these treatments are scarce. The objective of this study is to compare the cost-effectiveness of dupilumab and ESS treatment for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps refractory to medical therapy. METHODS: A cohort-style Markov decision tree economic evaluation with 10-year time horizon was performed. The two comparative treatment strategies were dupilumab therapy or ESS followed by postoperative maintenance therapy. Patients with response to treatment continued with either maintenance or dupilumab therapy; patients with no response underwent ESS. The primary outcome measure was incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year calculated from Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) scores. Sensitivity analyses were performed including discounting scenarios and a probabilistic sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: The dupilumab strategy cost $195,164 and produced 1.779 quality-adjusted life-years. The ESS strategy cost $20,549 and produced 1.526 quality-adjusted life-years. This implies an incremental cost of $691,691 for dupilumab for every 1-unit increase in quality-adjusted life-year compared with ESS. Probability sensitivity analysis indicated that ESS was more cost-effective than dupilumab in all iterations. CONCLUSIONS: While dupilumab and ESS may demonstrate similar clinical effectiveness, ESS remains the most cost-effective treatment option and should remain the standard of care for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps refractory to medical therapy.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Otolaryngology Community Practice in Massachusetts.

OBJECTIVES: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) significantly affected many health care specialties, including otolaryngology. In response to governmental policy changes, many hospitals and private practices in Massachusetts canceled or postponed nonurgent office visits and elective surgeries. The objective of this study was to quantify the impact of COVID-19 on the provision and practice trends of otolaryngology services for 10 private practices in Massachusetts. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Multipractice study for community practices in Massachusetts. METHODS: Electronic billing records from 10 private otolaryngology practices in Massachusetts were obtained for the first 4 months of 2019 and 2020. Questionnaires from these otolaryngology practices were collected to assess financial and staffing impact of COVID-19. RESULTS: The local onset of the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant decrease of 63% of visits in comparison to equivalent weeks in 2019. Virtual visits overtook in-person visits over time. A greater decline in operating room (OR) procedures than for office procedures was recorded. Ninety percent of practices reduced working hours, and 80% furloughed personnel. Seventy percent of practices applied for the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). CONCLUSION: COVID-19 has had a multifaceted impact on private otolaryngology practices in Massachusetts. A significant decline in provision of otolaryngology services aligned with the Massachusetts government's public health policy changes. The combination of limited personnel and personal protective equipment, as well as suspension of nonessential office visits and surgeries, led to decrease in total office visits and even higher decrease in OR procedures.

Drivers of In-Hospital Costs Following Endoscopic Transphenoidal Pituitary Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the patient and clinical factors that determine variability in hospital costs following endoscopic transphenoidal pituitary surgery. METHODS: All endoscopic transphenoidal pituitary surgeries performed from January 1, 2015, to October 24, 2017, with complete data were evaluated in this retrospective single-institution study. The electronic medical record was reviewed for patient factors, tumor characteristics, and cost variables during each hospital stay. Multivariate linear regression was performed using Stata software. RESULTS: The analysis included 190 patients and average length of stay was 4.71 days. Average total in-hospital cost was $28,624 (95% confidence interval $25,094-$32,155) with average total direct cost of $19,444 ($17,136-$21,752) and total indirect cost of $9181 ($7592-$10,409). On multivariate regression, post-operative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak was associated with a significant increase in all cost variables, including a total cost increase of $40,981 ($15,474-$66,489, P = .002). Current smoking status was associated with an increased total cost of $20,189 ($6,638-$33,740, P = .004). Self-reported Caucasian ethnicity was associated with a significant decrease in total cost of $6646 (-$12,760 to -$532, P = .033). Post-operative DI was associated with increased costs across all variables that were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Post-operative CSF leak, current smoking status, and non-Caucasian ethnicity were associated with significantly increased costs. Understanding of cost drivers of endoscopic transphenoidal pituitary surgery is critical for future cost control and value creation initiatives. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 131:760-764, 2021.

The impact of expanded endonasal skull base surgery on midfacial growth in pediatric patients.

OBJECTIVE: Surgical resection of skull base tumors in children is increasingly accomplished through an expanded endonasal approach (EEA). We aim to evaluate the potential effect of the EEA on midfacial growth as a result of iatrogenic damage to nasal growth zones. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of children undergoing craniopharyngioma resection via an open transcranial or EEA. Pre- and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging was evaluated for growth in four midfacial measurements based on established cephalometric landmarks: anterior midface height, posterior midface height, palatal length, and sella-nasion distance. Statistical analysis was conducted using a mixed-effects linear regression model. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients underwent an EEA (n = 12) or open transcranial approach (n = 10) for tumor resection with 3 years of imaging follow-up. There was no difference in midfacial growth between groups for each measurement. Compared to the open group, patients undergoing EEA demonstrated relative anterior midface height growth of -0.42 mm (P = 0.880), posterior midface height growth of -0.44 mm (P = 0.839), palatal length growth of 0.35 mm (P = 0.894), and sella-nasion distance growth of -2.16 (P = 0.365). CONCLUSION: We found no difference in midfacial growth measurements between patients undergoing craniopharyngioma resection via an EEA and the open transcranial route after 3 years of imaging follow-up. Preliminary results on midfacial growth demonstrate that the EEA is a safe alternative to traditional transcranial approaches for the pediatric population. Further investigation with larger sample size and longer duration of follow-up is warranted to more thoroughly investigate the long-term implications of the EEA to the skull base. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 130:338-342, 2020.

Accuracy of Self-reported Diagnosis of Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

Large cohort studies of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) prevalence often include patients who have been inappropriately diagnosed with the disease. In this investigation, new patients presenting to a tertiary rhinology practice completed a screening questionnaire that included questions about self-reported CRS status, demographic information, and symptomatology. Treating rhinologists evaluated patients according to clinical practice guideline criteria for CRS; 91 patients were ultimately diagnosed with CRS. The sensitivity of self-report for CRS was 84%; the specificity was 82%; and the estimated negative predictive value ranged from 97% to 99%. Prior sinus surgery or oral steroid use correlated with CRS self-report, and a concurrent self-report of nasal polyps or nasal steroid use improved the positive predictive value of CRS self-report. Self-report of CRS status may represent an effective and relatively inexpensive screening mechanism for CRS in large cohort studies, particularly when combined with other associated diagnostic features that improve performance parameters of self-report.

Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma: A Forgotten Entity in Older Patients.

INTRODUCTION: Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (NA) characteristically affects adolescent men. Although benign, these tumors can cause local destruction and surgical resection is warranted. OBJECTIVE: We present a case of a 62-year-old man with nasal congestion and epistaxis, found to be a right NA on pathology. We also present a review of the available NA staging systems. FINDINGS: In this case of NA, imaging revealed an aggressive, hypervascular mass in the nasal cavity with involvement of the middle cranial fossa and cavernous sinus. The patient underwent complete endoscopic surgical resection following vascular embolization. CONCLUSIONS: Although it is rare, NA should not be disregarded in the elderly population.

Lack of Sphenoid Pneumatization Does Not Affect Endoscopic Endonasal Pediatric Skull Base Surgery Outcomes.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Currently, due to the rarity of pathology, there are limited data surrounding outcomes of pediatric skull base surgery. Traditionally, surgeons have proceeded with caution when electing endonasal endoscopic transsellar/transplanum approaches to the skull base in pediatric patients due to poor sphenoid pneumatization. In this study, we review outcomes of endoscopic pediatric skull base surgery based on sphenoid pneumatization patterns. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. METHODS: A review of all cases of pediatric (age < 18 years) craniopharyngioma managed via an endoscopic endonasal approach at a tertiary academic medical center. RESULTS: A total of 27 patients were included in the analysis. The median age was 8 years. Nineteen (70%) patients were male. Presellar, sellar/postsellar, and conchal sphenoid pneumatizations were found in 6, 11, and 10 patients, respectively. There was no significant association between sphenoid pneumatization pattern and extent of resection (gross vs. subtotal, P = .414), postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak (P = .450), intraoperative estimated blood loss (P = .098), total operative time (P = .540), and length of stay (P = .336). On multivariate analysis, after accounting for age, sex, preoperative cranial nerve involvement, and cavernous sinus invasion, there remained no significant association between sphenoid pneumatization pattern and extent of resection (P = .999) and postoperative CSF leak (P = .959). CONCLUSIONS: Sphenoid pneumatization pattern does not appear to affect outcomes in endoscopic skull base surgery in the pediatric population. Importantly, lack of sphenoid pneumatization does not impede gross total resection or increase complications. Thorough knowledge of the anatomy during the endoscopic approach is critical to optimize outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 129:832-836, 2019.

Endoscopic endonasal resection versus open surgery for pediatric craniopharyngioma: comparison of outcomes and complications.

OBJECTIVE: Craniopharyngioma represents up to 10% of pediatric brain tumors. Although these lesions are benign, attempts at gross-total resection (GTR) can lead to serious complications. More conservative approaches have emerged but require adjuvant radiation. Endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES) aimed at GTR has the potential to result in fewer complications, but there has been limited comparison to open surgery. The authors performed a review of these two approaches within their institution to elucidate potential benefits and complication differences. METHODS: The authors performed a retrospective review of pediatric patients undergoing resection of craniopharyngioma at their institution between 2001 and 2017. Volumetric analysis of tumor size and postoperative ischemic injury was performed. Charts were reviewed for a number of outcome measures. RESULTS: A total of 43 patients with an average age of 8.2 years were identified. Open surgery was the initial intervention in 15 and EES in 28. EES was performed in patients 3-17 years of age. EES has been the only approach used since 2011. In the entire cohort, GTR was more common in the EES group (85.7% vs 53.3%, p = 0.03). Recurrence rate (40% vs 14.2%, p = 0.13) and need for adjuvant radiation (20.0% vs 10.7%, p = 0.71) were higher in the open surgical group, although not statistically significant. Pseudoaneurysm development was only observed in the open surgical group. Volumetric imaging analysis showed a trend toward larger preoperative tumor volumes in the open surgical group, so a matched cohort analysis was performed with the largest tumors from the EES group. This revealed no difference in residual tumor volume (p = 0.28), but the volume of postoperative ischemia was still significantly larger in the open group (p = 0.004). Postoperative weight gain was more common in the open surgical group, a statistically significant finding in the complete patient group that trended toward significance in the matched cohort groups. Body mass index at follow-up correlated with volume of ischemic injury in regression analysis of the complete patient cohort (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: EES was associated with similar, if not better, extent of resection and significantly less ischemic injury than open surgery. Pseudoaneurysms were only seen in the open surgical group. Weight gain was also less prevalent in the EES cohort and appears be correlated with extent of ischemic injury at time of surgery.