National differences in gender-science stereotypes predict national sex differences in science and math achievement.

About 70% of more than half a million Implicit Association Tests completed by citizens of 34 countries revealed expected implicit stereotypes associating science with males more than with females. We discovered that nation-level implicit stereotypes predicted nation-level sex differences in 8th-grade science and mathematics achievement. Self-reported stereotypes did not provide additional predictive validity of the achievement gap. We suggest that implicit stereotypes and sex differences in science participation and performance are mutually reinforcing, contributing to the persistent gender gap in science engagement.

Fusion of Heterogeneous Adversarial Networks for Single Image Dehazing.

In this paper, we propose a novel image dehazing method. Typical deep learning models for dehazing are trained on paired synthetic indoor dataset. Therefore, these models may be effective for indoor image dehazing but less so for outdoor images. We propose a heterogeneous Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) based method composed of a cycle-consistent Generative Adversarial Networks (CycleGAN) for producing haze-clear images and a conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (cGAN) for preserving textural details. We introduce a novel loss function in the training of the fused network to minimize GAN generated artifacts, to recover fine details, and to preserve color components. These networks are fused via a convolutional neural network (CNN) to generate dehazed image. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on both synthetic and real-world hazy images.

Effect of arousal and retention delay on memory: a meta-analysis.

Two meta-analyses were conducted to examine the magnitude of the interaction between arousal and retention delay on various types of memory, e.g., verbal, visual, etc., as initially reported by Kleinsmith and Kaplan in 1963 and 1964. Results of the first meta-analysis (29 studies, N = 2,637) indicated that the interaction was robust (d = .779), with low arousal leading to better immediate memory than high arousal, whereas high arousal led to better delayed memory than low arousal. Incorporating additional studies, a subsequent meta-analysis (48 studies, N = 3,143) on the effect of arousal on memory, taking retention delay as a moderator, provided further support. At a 2-min. delay, low arousal led to better immediate memory than high arousal (d = -.459). This difference decreased at a 20-min. delay (d = .106), when directions of high and low arousal effects on memory appeared to reverse. At longer delays than 20 min., high arousal led to better delayed memory than low arousal (ds = .753, .219, and .472, for delays of 45-min., 1-day, and more than 1-day, respectively).

Overweight people have low levels of implicit weight bias, but overweight nations have high levels of implicit weight bias.

Although a greater degree of personal obesity is associated with weaker negativity toward overweight people on both explicit (i.e., self-report) and implicit (i.e., indirect behavioral) measures, overweight people still prefer thin people on average. We investigated whether the national and cultural context - particularly the national prevalence of obesity - predicts attitudes toward overweight people independent of personal identity and weight status. Data were collected from a total sample of 338,121 citizens from 71 nations in 22 different languages on the Project Implicit website (https://implicit.harvard.edu/) between May 2006 and October 2010. We investigated the relationship of the explicit and implicit weight bias with the obesity both at the individual (i.e., across individuals) and national (i.e., across nations) level. Explicit weight bias was assessed with self-reported preference between overweight and thin people; implicit weight bias was measured with the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The national estimates of explicit and implicit weight bias were obtained by averaging the individual scores for each nation. Obesity at the individual level was defined as Body Mass Index (BMI) scores, whereas obesity at the national level was defined as three national weight indicators (national BMI, national percentage of overweight and underweight people) obtained from publicly available databases. Across individuals, greater degree of obesity was associated with weaker implicit negativity toward overweight people compared to thin people. Across nations, in contrast, a greater degree of national obesity was associated with stronger implicit negativity toward overweight people compared to thin people. This result indicates a different relationship between obesity and implicit weight bias at the individual and national levels.

Emotions and attributions of legal responsibility and blame: a research review.

Research on the effects of emotions and moods on judgments of legal responsibility and blame is reviewed. Emotions and moods may influence decision makers in 3 ways: by affecting their information processing strategies, by inclining their judgments in the direction of the valence of the emotion or mood, and/or by providing informational cues to the proper decision. A model is proposed that incorporates these effects and further distinguishes among various affective influences in terms of whether the affect is provoked by a source integral or incidental to the judgment task, and whether it affects judgment directly (e.g., by providing an informational cue to judgment) or indirectly (e.g., by affecting construal of judgment target features, which in turn affects the judgment). Legal decision makers' abilities to correct for any affective influences they perceive to be undesirable and normative implications for legal theory and practice are briefly discussed.

Naturalistic language sampling in typically developing children.

This study compared naturalistic samples of three features of language in 30 two-year-olds--total utterances, word roots, and MLU--in the home in three contrasting situations: the child observed playing by her/himself with mother near by, the child and mother observed in direct play interaction, and the child and mother unobserved at a time the mother judged would provide a sample of the child's 'optimal' language. Children produced more utterances and word roots and expressed themselves in longer MLU when in interaction than when playing 'alone', but children's utterances, word roots, and MLU were greatest in the 'optimal' language production situation. Girls used more word roots and spoke in longer MLU (especially in the 'optimal' language situation) than boys. Despite mean level differences, children maintained their rank orders across the three situations in use of word roots and in MLU. These findings have implications for understanding children's language and the representativeness of sampling child language.