The effects of skin temperature and testing site on blood glucose measurements taken by a modern blood glucose monitoring device.

BACKGROUND: Modern blood glucose (BG) monitoring devices (e.g., InDuo [LifeScan, Inc., Milpitas, CA]) require very low blood volumes, allowing for testing at sites other than the traditional fingertip, but the reliability of such testing has not been fully elucidated. The aim of this randomized study was to compare the effects of cold/warm skin temperature combined with alternative site (forearm) testing versus conventional fingertip measurements on fasting and postprandial conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 19 patients who had previously used InDuo for 6 weeks. Four simultaneous (within 1 min) BG readings (left and right forearm and fingertips) were obtained from each patient 15, 10, and 5 min before eating. Ten minutes before eating, the patient immersed one arm in cold water (15.5 degrees C) and the other in warm water (35 degrees C). At time 0 min arms were removed from water baths, and the patient was offered a standard meal (duration 15 min). Arms were again immersed in water baths, and BG was measured from the same locations 20 min after eating and at subsequent 15-min intervals for 185 min. The effects of site testing and temperature were assessed in this period by identifying maximum BG concentrations (C (max)) and time to C (max) (T (max)). RESULTS: Significantly lower Cmax values were observed for (1) cold forearm versus cold fingertip (mean Delta 28.6 mg/dL, P < 0.001), (2) warm forearm versus warm fingertip (mean Delta 12 mg/dL, P = 0.028), (3) cold fingertip versus warm fingertip (mean Delta 17.2 mg/dL, P = 0.002), and (4) cold forearm versus warm forearm (mean Delta 33.7 mg/dL, P < 0.001). Significantly longer Tmax values were reported for cold forearm versus warm forearm (mean Delta 22.4 min, P < 0.001) and cold forearm versus cold fingertip (mean Delta 20 min, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that cold skin and forearm conditions significantly underestimate BG concentrations and delay T(max) compared with warm skin and fingertip measurements.

InDuo, a novel combined insulin injection and blood glucose monitoring device - effective and save as other devices, and patient preference.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Frequent blood glucose (BG) monitoring and insulin administration are necessary in intensive insulin regimes. A new integrated system, InDuo is a compact and portable combined insulin doser and BG monitor, designed to overcome some of the limitations of current insulin therapy. The aim of the study was to compare InDuo and a non-integrated system (HumaPen Ergo and Accu-Chek Sensor Meter) for efficacy and safety, and to evaluate patients preference. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The trial design was a multicentre, randomised, 12-week, open-label, comparative, two period crossover. One hundred and ten patients with diabetes, treated with a basal bolus regime, were included. The subjects were assigned to use either InDuo or the non-integrated system. After six weeks of treatment, the subjects were transferred to the alternative system. To assess efficacy, fasting plasma glucose (FBG), 7-point blood glucose profile, serum fructosamine and HbA1c were measured. Serum fructosamine and FBG were measured at baseline and at six and 12 weeks; HbA1c was measured at baseline and week 12. Safety endpoints were number and severity of hypoglycaemic episodes, adverse events and adverse device effects. Patient preference was assessed by a comparative device questionnaire at 12 weeks. RESULTS: Analysis with an ANOVA mixed model showed no difference after each treatment between serum fructosamine or between FBG levels. HbA1c decreased during the trial from 7.5 % +/- 1.2 to 7.1 % +/- 0.8 at 12 weeks. The safety profiles were similar for both treatments for hypoglycaemic episodes. The incidence of adverse events was also similar. There were 10 adverse device effects reported: eight for the Innovo device in the InDuo, one for the InDuo device and one for the Accu-Chek Sensor Meter. The comparative device questionnaire at 12 weeks showed patients strongly preferred InDuo to HumaPen Ergo and Accu-Chek Sensor Meter (all p < 0.0001). Of those preferring InDuo, more than 60 % classified their choice as very or extremely strong. Both memory functions in InDuo(R) (i. e., for insulin dosage and for blood glucose readings) were used by more than 70 % of the patients. CONCLUSION: Treatment with the InDuo system was as effective and safe as treatment with the non-integrated system. Almost 75 % preferred using InDuo to the non-integrated HumanPen Ergo and Accu-Chek Sensor Meter.

Intracellular formation of two soluble glycoproteins in BHK cells infected with vesicular stomatitis virus serotype New Jersey.

Infection of BHK 21 cells with VSV serotype New Jersey gave rise to three intracellular viral glycoproteins: the membrane-integrated G protein and the two soluble glycoproteins Gs and Gss which lacked the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains as was deduced from limited chemical cleavage of the glycoproteins by hydroxylamine. Both soluble glycoproteins were completely protected by the microsomal membrane against proteolytic digestion. The soluble glycoproteins were formed in the endoplasmic reticulum because both were fully endo H sensitive after a 5-min pulse with [35S]methionine. Protease inhibitors and lysosomorphic agents had no effect on the yield of Gs and Gss. Tunicamycin treatment of VSV-infected cells reduced extensively viral particle maturation without affecting significantly the release of Gs and Gss. Two other glycosylation inhibitors, swainsonine and deoxynojirimycin did not decrease virus particle formation and secretion of both soluble glycoproteins. Since the glycosylation inhibitors showed a differential effect on the processing and transport of the glycoproteins a precursor-product relationship between G protein and soluble glycoproteins is highly unlikely. Both soluble glycoproteins were also synthesized in vitro in a reticulocyte lysate without microsomal membranes when primed with RNA extracted from VSV-infected cells or with newly transcribed mRNA from nucleocapsids in a coupled transcription system. Thus, proteases localized in the lumen of the ER seemed to be not essential for the generation of both soluble glycoproteins.