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OBJECTIVES: Health status is associated with socioeconomic status (SES) of the individuals. The aim of this study was to identify any link between the SES and influenza-like illness (ILI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This observational case-control study was done on 18-70 years old patients presented with ILI (cases) at tertiary care hospital of western India. Controls were selected from demographically matched elective surgery patients except the SES. SES was evaluated as per the Modified B G Prasad 2017 scale and participants were further classified in lower SES (per capita income <2000 INR) and non-lower SES groups. RESULTS: 810 cases and 830 controls were compared. Many cases were from lower SES, had poor hand hygiene, and were using soil, mud, ash (SMA) for hand cleaning as compared to the control. Among the cases significant numbers were from lower SES (543/810[67%], P < 0.02), many were alcoholics, smokers, had poor hand hygiene, were using SMA for hand cleaning, and had preexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), while few were having diabetes in the lower SES group as compared to the non-lower SES group. ILI was more common among lower SES class in unadjusted analysis (odds ratio [OR] 1.58, 95% CI 0.89-2.76) and the results were significant even after the adjustment of covariates (OR 1.62, 95% CI, 0.94-2.85). CONCLUSION: Lower SES people were 2.8 times more prone to ILI as compared to the age- and sex-matched control in western part of India.
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Background: Caesarean delivery rate is rising continuously worldwide and is matter of concern. The Robson’s Ten-group classification system allows critical analysis of caesarean deliveries thereby helps to optimise caesarean section rates.Methods: This study was conducted at GMERS medical college and hospital, Sola, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. All patients who delivered between November 2021 and May 2022, were included in the study and were classified in 10 groups according to modified Robson’s classification system. The CS rate and contribution to the overall CS rate was calculated within each group.Results: Total number of deliveries was 836, out of them 242 was CS. The CS rate was 28.94%. The main contribution to overall caesarean rate was 39.67% by group 5, followed by 17.77% by group 1, 10.33% by group 2. CS rates among various group ranges from 100% among women with abnormal lie (group 9) to 88% in nulliparous breech (group 6), 84.95% in previous CS (group 5), 40.62% in multiparous breech (group 7) and least 3.57% in multipara spontaneous labour (group 3).Conclusions: The Robson groups 1, 2, 5 and 6 were found to be the major contributors to the overall CS rate. These groups may be targeted for effective interventions to reduce the CS rate. Reduction of primary caesarean delivery, promoting vaginal birth after CS, and careful assessment of cases before induction of labour in nulliparous women, are likely to be a few effective strategies.