Proliferation in the developing intestine is regulated by the endosomal protein Endotubin.

During postnatal intestinal development, the intestinal epithelium is highly proliferative, and this proliferation is regulated by signaling in the intervillous and crypt regions. This signaling is primarily mediated by Wnt, and requires membrane trafficking. However, the mechanisms by which membrane trafficking regulates signaling during this developmental phase are largely unknown. Endotubin (EDTB, MAMDC4) is an endosomal protein that is highly expressed in the apical endocytic complex (AEC) of villus enterocytes during fetal and postnatal development, and knockout of EDTB results in defective formation of the AEC and giant lysosome. Further, knockout of EDTB in cell lines results in decreased proliferation. However, the role of EDTB in proliferation during the development of the intestine is unknown. Using Villin-CreERT2 in EDTBfl/fl mice, we deleted EDTB in the intestine in the early postnatal period, or in enteroids in vitro after isolation of intervillous cells. Loss of EDTB results in decreased proliferation in the developing intestinal epithelium and decreased ability to form enteroids. EDTB is present in cells that contain the stem cell markers LGR5 and OLFM4, indicating that it is expressed in the proliferative compartment. Further, using immunoblot analysis and TCF/LEF-GFP mice as a reporter of Wnt activity, we find that knockout of EDTB results in decreased Wnt signaling. Our results show that EDTB is essential for normal proliferation during the early stages of intestinal development and suggest that this effect is through modulation of Wnt signaling.

Intestinal Epithelial Expression of MHCII Determines Severity of Chemical, T-Cell-Induced, and Infectious Colitis in Mice.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) provide a barrier that separates the mucosal immune system from the luminal microbiota. IECs constitutively express low levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II proteins, which are upregulated upon exposure to interferon gamma. We investigated the effects of deleting MHCII proteins specifically in mice with infectious, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-, and T-cell-induced colitis. METHODS: We disrupted the histocompatibility 2, class II antigen A, beta 1 gene (H2-Ab1) in IECs of C57BL/6 mice (I-AbΔIEC) or Rag1-/- mice (Rag1-/-I-AbΔIEC); we used I-AbWT mice as controls. Colitis was induced by administration of DSS, transfer of CD4+CD45RBhi T cells, or infection with Citrobacter rodentium. Colon tissues were collected and analyzed by histology, immunofluorescence, xMAP, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and organoids were generated. Microbiota (total and immunoglobulin [Ig]A-coated) in intestinal samples were analyzed by16S amplicon profiling. IgA+CD138+ plasma cells from Peyer's patches and lamina propria were analyzed by flow cytometry and IgA repertoire was determined by next-generation sequencing. RESULTS: Mice with IEC-specific loss of MHCII (I-AbΔIEC mice) developed less severe DSS- or T-cell transfer-induced colitis than control mice. Intestinal tissues from I-AbΔIEC mice had a lower proportion of IgA-coated bacteria compared with control mice, and a reduced luminal concentration of secretory IgA (SIgA) following infection with C rodentium. There was no significant difference in the mucosal IgA repertoire of I-AbΔIEC vs control mice, but opsonization of cultured C rodentium by SIgA isolated from I-AbΔIEC mice was 50% lower than that of SIgA from mAbWT mice. Fifty percent of I-AbΔIEC mice died after infection with C rodentium, compared with none of the control mice. We observed a transient but significant expansion of the pathogen in the feces of I-AbΔIEC mice compared with I-AbWT mice. CONCLUSIONS: In mice with DSS or T-cell-induced colitis, loss of MHCII from IECs reduces but does not eliminate mucosal inflammation. However, in mice with C rodentium-induced colitis, loss of MHCII reduces bacterial clearance by decreasing binding of IgA to commensal and pathogenic bacteria.

Intestinal Regulatory T Cells.

Mucosal surfaces are distinctive sites exposed to environmental, dietary, and microbial antigens. Particularly in the gut, the host continuously actively adapts via complex interactions between the microbiota and dietary compounds and immune and other tissue cells. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for tuning the intestinal immune response to self- and non-self-antigens in the intestine. Its importance in intestinal homeostasis is illustrated by the onset of overt inflammation caused by deficiency in Treg generation, function, or stability in the gut. A substantial imbalance in Tregs has been observed in intestinal tissue during pathogenic conditions, when a tightly regulated and equilibrated system becomes dysregulated and leads to unimpeded and chronic immune responses. In this chapter, we compile and critically discuss the current knowledge on the key factors that promote Treg-mediated tolerance in the gut, such as those involved in intestinal Treg differentiation, specificity and suppressive function, and their immunophenotype during health and disease. We also discuss the current state of knowledge on Treg dysregulation in human intestine during pathological states such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and colorectal cancer (CRC), and how that knowledge is guiding development of Treg-targeted therapies to treat or prevent intestinal disorders.

An indisputable role of NHE8 in mucosal protection.

The loss of the intestinal Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 8 (NHE8) results in an ulcerative colitis-like condition with reduction of mucin production and dysbiosis, indicating that NHE8 plays an important role in intestinal mucosal protection. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential rebalance of the altered microbiota community of NHE8-deficient mice via fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and feeding probiotic VSL#3. We also aimed to stimulate mucin production by sodium butyrate administration via enema. Data from 16S rRNA sequencing showed that loss of NHE8 contributes to colonic microbial dysbiosis with reduction of butyrate-producing bacteria. FMT increased bacterial adhesion in the colon in NHE8 knockout (NHE8KO) mice. Periodic-acid Schiff reagent (PAS) stain and quantitative PCR showed no changes in mucin production during FMT. In mice treated with the probiotic VSL#3, a reduction of Lactobacillus and segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) in NHE8KO mouse colon was detected and an increase in goblet cell theca was observed. In NHE8KO mice receiving sodium butyrate (NaB), 1 mM NaB stimulated Muc2 expression without changing goblet cell theca, but 10 mM NaB induced a significant reduction of goblet cell theca without altering Muc2 expression. Furthermore, 5 mM and 10 mM NaB-treated HT29-MTX cells displayed increased apoptosis, while 0.5 mM NaB stimulated Muc2 gene expression. These data showed that loss of NHE8 leads to dysbiosis with reduction of butyrate-producing bacteria and FMT and VSL#3 failed to rebalance the microbiota in NHE8KO mice. Therefore, FMT, VSL#3, and NaB are not able to restore mucin production in the absence of NHE8 in the intestine.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Loss of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 8 (NHE8), a Slc9 family of exchanger that contributes to sodium uptake, cell volume regulation, and intracellular pH homeostasis, resulted in dysbiosis with reduction of butyrate-producing bacteria and decrease of Muc2 production in the intestine in mice. Introducing fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and VSL#3 in NHE8 knockout (NHE8KO) mice failed to rebalance the microbiota in these mice. Furthermore, administration of FMT, VSL#3, and sodium butyrate was unable to restore mucin production in the absence of NHE8 in the intestine.

Perception of post-stroke patients on case management conducted by nurses.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the perception of post-stroke patients on the case management conducted by nurses. METHOD: Qualitative descriptive study with 13 post-stroke patients, followed-up with case management conducted by a nurse for six months, and interviewed at home one month after the end of the follow-up. The interviews were recorded, transcribed in full and analyzed with the help of a software. RESULTS: Of the 13 participants, 57.14% were men and 50% were between 50 and 59 years. Content analysis resulted in three categories: "Self-management of care", which addressed changes in attitudes towards treatment, mainly due to concern of recurrence in a short period of time; "Sequelae and late repercussions of the stroke", which presents participants' difficulties after the event; and "Support received after a stroke", which emphasizes the actions and attitudes of the case manager nurse during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Case management was perceived by the participant as a health-promoting tool capable of increasing treatment adherence.

Emerging Roles of Disabled Homolog 2 (DAB2) in Immune Regulation.

Disabled-2 (DAB2) is a clathrin and cargo binding endocytic adaptor protein recognized for its multifaceted roles in signaling pathways involved in cellular differentiation, proliferation, migration, tumor suppression, and other fundamental homeostatic cellular mechanisms. The requirement for DAB2 in the canonical TGFß signaling in fibroblasts suggested that a similar mechanism may exist in immune cells and that DAB2 may contribute to immunological tolerance and suppression of inflammatory responses. In this review, we synthesize the current state of knowledge on the roles of DAB2 in the cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, with particular focus on antigen presenting cells (APCs; macrophages and dendritic cells) and regulatory T cells (Tregs). The emerging role of DAB2 in the immune system is that of an immunoregulatory molecule with significant roles in Treg-mediated immunosuppression, and suppression of TLR signaling in APC. DAB2 itself is downregulated by inflammatory stimuli, an event that likely contributes to the immunogenic function of APC. However, contrary findings have been described in neuroinflammatory disorders, thus suggesting a highly context-specific roles for DAB2 in immune cell regulation. There is need for better understanding of DAB2 regulation and its roles in different immune cells, their specialized sub-populations, and their responses under specific inflammatory conditions.

Adult's perception of health care after myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVES: to describe the Adult's perception of healthcare after Myocardium Infarction. METHODS: qualitative descriptive analysis carried out with 12 adults who had myocardial infarction and conducted from February to May 2018. The research design was based on the "Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research". Data collection was performed through semi-structured questionnaire, interview script and field diary. The interviews were encoded, and their content was analyzed using software support. RESULTS: three classes were obtained: "Fear, (un) certainty and (un) awareness"; "Lifestyle and beliefs of illness" and "Health care search". Unhealthy lifestyle habits, lack of health prevention / promotion, difficulties in accessing services and lack of knowledge about the disease generated fear and uncertainty about the future. Final Considerations: the perception of acute myocardial infarction is related to the trajectory of illness, lifestyle and the belief that the infarction only affects others.

Total CD3 T Cells Are Necessary and Sufficient to Induce Colitis in Immunodeficient Mice With Dendritic Cell-Specific Deletion of TGFbR2: A Novel IBD Model to Study CD4 and CD8 T-Cell Interaction.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disorder, with the innate and adaptive immune cells contributing to disease initiation and progression. However, the intricate cross-talk between immune cell lineages remains incompletely understood. The role of CD8+ T cells in IBD pathogenesis has been understudied, largely due to the lack of appropriate models. METHODS: We previously reported spontaneous colitis in mice with impaired TGFß signaling due to dendritic cell-specific knockout of TGFbR2 (TGFßR2ΔDC). Here, we demonstrate that crossing TGFßR2ΔDC mice with a Rag1-/- background eliminates all symptoms of colitis and that adoptive transfer of unfractionated CD3+ splenocytes is sufficient to induce progressive colitis in Rag1-/-TGFßR2ΔDC mice. RESULTS: Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are required for the induction of colitis accompanied by activation of both T-cell lineages and DCs, increased expression of mucosal IFNγ, TNFα, IL6, IL1ß, and IL12, and decreased frequencies of CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Development of colitis required CD40L expression in CD4+ T cells, and the disease was partially ameliorated by IFNγ neutralization. CONCLUSIONS: This novel model provides an important tool for studying IBD pathogenesis, in particular the complex interactions among innate and adaptive immune cells in a controlled fashion, and represents a valuable tool for preclinical evaluation of novel therapeutics.

Interaction and involvement of cellular adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of Schistosomiasis mansoni.

Parasites from genus Schistosoma currently infect more than 200 million people worldwide. Infection with Schistosoma mansoni causes intestinal schistosomiasis with geographical distribution across Africa, Middle East, Caribbean, Brazil, Venezuela and Suriname. People with Schistosomiasis mansoni suffer from a chronic disease as result of an exacerbated immune response to the eggs deposited in hepatic tissue. The presence of eggs in the tissue triggers the recruitment and activation of immune cells to wall off and isolate them from the rest of the organism. In this context, immune cells turn activated and increase the expression of cellular adhesion molecules (CAM), such as l-selectin and LFA-1, and DC-SIGN which through interaction with CAM expressed on activated endothelial vessels, help moving leukocytes quickly to the sites of infection (inflammation around the eggs), as a strategy to defend the organism from foreign invaders. Since the vertebrate host is not able to eliminate the foreign invader a granuloma formation take place in the tissue where the eggs are trapped, originating granulomas. Patients and mice with chronic schistosomiasis have increased levels of CAM in their circulation and egg-trapped tissue, which may contribute to the inflammatory process, granuloma formation and pathology aggravation. Here we systematically reviewed the findings raised over the last two decades that addressed the involvement of cellular adhesion molecules in the intestinal and hepatic inflammatory response and liver granuloma formation during Schistosomiasis mansoni. This review intends to contribute to the understanding of Schistosomiasis mansoni pathogenesis by discussing alterations and interactions in cellular adhesion molecules during the disease.

Rapid Downregulation of DAB2 by Toll-Like Receptor Activation Contributes to a Pro-Inflammatory Switch in Activated Dendritic Cells.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal in regulating tolerogenic as well as immunogenic responses against microorganisms by directing both the innate and adaptive immune response. In health, phenotypically different DC subsets found in the gut mucosa are maintained in their tolerogenic state but switch to a pro-inflammatory phenotype during infection or chronic autoinflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The mechanisms that promote the switch among the mucosal DCs from a tolerogenic to an immunogenic, pro-inflammatory phenotype are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that disabled homolog 2 (DAB2), recently described as a negative regulator of DC immunogenicity during their development, is regulated during intestinal inflammation and modulates mucosal DC function. We show that DAB2 is highly expressed in colonic CD11b+CD103- DCs, a subset known for its capacity to induce inflammatory Th1/Th17 responses in the colon, and is downregulated predominantly in this DC subset during adoptive T cell transfer colitis. Administration of Dab2-deficient DCs (DC2.4 Dab2-/- cells) modulated the course of DSS colitis in wild-type mice, enhanced mucosal expression of Tnfa, Il6, and Il17a, and promoted neutrophil recruitment. In bone-marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC), DAB2 expression correlated with CD11b levels and DAB2 was rapidly and profoundly inhibited by TLR ligands in a TRIF- and MyD88-dependent manner. The negative modulation of DAB2 was biphasic, initiated with a quick drop in DAB2 protein, followed by a sustained reduction in Dab2 mRNA. DAB2 downregulation promoted a more functional and activated DC phenotype, reduced phagocytosis, and increased CD40 expression after TLR activation. Furthermore, Dab2 knockout in DCs inhibited autophagy and promoted apoptotic cell death. Collectively, our results highlight the immunoregulatory role for DAB2 in the intestinal dendritic cells and suggest that DAB2 downregulation after microbial exposure promotes their switch to an inflammatory phenotype.

Resources for health maintenance in persons deprived of liberty with arterial hypertension: a salutogenic approach / Recursos para el mantenimiento de la salud en prisioneros con hipertensión arterial: un enfoque saludgénico / Recursos para manutenção da saúde em pessoas presas com hipertensão arterial: uma abordagem salutogênica

ABSTRACT Objective: to know the generalized resistance resources of people deprived of liberty with systemic arterial hypertension in a triple border region. Method: a qualitative study based on the theoretical framework of Salutogenesis, in which 38 people deprived of liberty in Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brazil, participated from February to July 2022. Guiding questions were used in the interviews which were submitted to thematic content analysis. Results: 12 generalized resistance resources emerged in the reports of people deprived of liberty with systemic arterial hypertension: health team; access to medications; work; lifestyle habits: food, physical activity and restriction of access to drugs/cigarettes/alcoholic beverages; stress/anxiety control; reading and games; religiosity; family; self-care; cellmates; and employees. Conclusion: people deprived of liberty with systemic arterial hypertension have generalized resistance resources to manage their life and health, which are related to personal care, the social group and the environment. It is noteworthy that once they are identified, the generalized resistance resources can be used by health professionals to manage SAH, other chronic diseases and aid in health promotion.

RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer los recursos generalizados de resistencia de las personas privadas de libertad con hipertensión arterial sistémica en una región de la triple frontera. Método: investigación cualitativa basada en el referencial teórico de la Salutogénesis, en la que participaron 38 personas privadas de libertad de Foz do Iguazú, Paraná, Brasil, de febrero a julio de 2022. Se utilizaron preguntas orientadoras en las entrevistas, que fueron sometidas al análisis de contenido en la modalidad temática. Resultados: 12 recursos generalizados de resistencia surgieron en los relatos de detenidos con hipertensión arterial sistémica: equipo de salud; acceso a medicamentos; trabajar; hábitos de vida: alimentación, actividad física y restricción de acceso a drogas/cigarrillos/bebidas alcohólicas; control del estrés/ansiedad; lectura y juegos; religiosidad; familia; cuidados personales; compañeros de cubículo y empleados. Conclusión: las personas privadas de libertad con hipertensión arterial sistémica poseen recursos generalizados de resistencia para el manejo de su vida y salud, los cuales están relacionados con el cuidado personal, el grupo social y el medio ambiente. Se destaca que, una vez identificados, los recursos generalizados de resistencia pueden ser utilizados por los profesionales de la salud en el manejo de la HAS, otras enfermedades crónicas y promoción de la salud.

RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer os recursos generalizados de resistência das pessoas privadas de liberdade com hipertensão arterial sistêmica de uma região de tríplice fronteira. Método: pesquisa qualitativa pautada no referencial teórico da Salutogênese, da qual participaram 38 pessoas privadas de Liberdade de Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brasil, no período de fevereiro a julho de 2022. Utilizou-se de questões norteadoras nas entrevistas, as quais foram submetidas a análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática. Resultados: emergiram 12 recursos generalizados de resistência nos relatos das pessoas presas com hipertensão arterial sistêmica: equipe de saúde; acesso às medicações; trabalho; hábitos de vida: alimentação, atividade física e restrição ao acesso a drogas/cigarro/bebida alcóolica; controle do estresse/ansiedade; leitura e jogos; religiosidade; família; autocuidado; companheiros de cubículo e funcionários. Conclusão: as pessoas privadas de liberdade com hipertensão arterial sistêmica apresentam recursos generalizados de resistência para manejar sua vida e saúde, os quais se relacionam ao cuidado pessoal, ao grupo social e ao ambiente. Destaca-se que, uma vez identificados, os recursos generalizados de resistência podem ser utilizados pelos profissionais de saúde no gerenciamento da HAS, outras doenças crônicas e promoção da saúde.

Infection by Schistosoma mansoni during pregnancy: Effects on offspring immunity.

About 25 million Brazilians live in areas at risk of contracting the disease caused by the trematoda Schistosoma mansoni, the schistosomiasis mansoni. Although the adult parasites inhabit the blood vessels, probably the main element responsible for the pathology of the disease are the eggs, whose deposition in the liver results in formation of granulomas and hypersensitivity mediated by CD4 T cells. In the course of infection, the profile of T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokines released by immune cells is correlated with the extent of inflammation in the granuloma and with the disease severity. While a Th1 immune response favors the local inflammation and the disease progression, the Th2 immune response has protective character. Also during pregnancy, it is essential a fine adjustment of a Th1/Th2 in the maternal-fetal interface, which ensures the pregnancy progress with peculiar immune characteristics. In particular, the maternal exposure to antigens has been associated with their presence in fetal circulation. The exposure to intrauterine antigens can imply an immune tolerance of the fetus to such components. In turn, the transfer of antigens and antibodies from mother to offspring during breastfeeding is an important stage of maturation and capacitation of immune offspring in future infections against pathogens. This review aims to gather bibliographic data to assist in the understanding of immunological features printed on offspring of mothers infected with S. mansoni, which affect latter immune responses to related or unrelated antigens.

Senso de coerência em pessoas privadas de liberdade: ferramenta para a promoção da saúde / Sense of coherence in people deprived of liberty: a tool for health promotion / Sentido de coherencia en personas privadas de libertad: herramientas para la promoción de salud

Objetivo: determinar o Senso de Coerência em pessoas privadas de liberdade de uma região de tríplice fronteira e correlacionar com variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e hábitos de vida. Método: estudo transversal realizado com 326 pessoas privadas de liberdade que autopreencheram o Questionário de Senso de Coerência, de abril a agosto de 2021. Protocolo de Pesquisa aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados: homens (90,80%), com idade média de 32,28 anos, solteiros (43,25%), baixa escolaridade (55,83%) e prevalência do Senso de Coerência moderado (65,95%) foram identificados. O Senso de Coerência teve relação estatisticamente significante com a idade (p-valor=0,011) e realização de atividades na unidade penal (p-valor=0,005). Senso de Coerência fraco foi prevalente em pessoas com transtornos mentais (p-valor=0,001) e doenças infectocontagiosas (p-valor=0,018). Considerações finais: analisar o Senso de Coerência em grupos vulneráveis, como as pessoas privadas de liberdade, permite apreender como compreendem, manejam e significam suas vidas, constituindo-se de ferramenta para a promoção da saúde.

Objective: to determine the Sense of Coherence in people deprived of liberty in a tri-border region and correlate it with sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle variables. Method: in this cross-sectional study, 326 people deprived of liberty self-completed the Sense of Coherence Questionnaire, between April and August 2021. The research protocol was approved by the research ethics committee. Results: men (90.80%), mean age 32.28 years, single (43.25%), with little education (55.83%), and moderate prevalence of Sense of Coherence (65.95%) were identified. Sense of Coherence was statistically significantly related to age (p-value = 0.011) and performing activities in the penal unit (p-value = 0.005). Weak sense of coherence was prevalent in those with mental disorders (p-value = 0.001) and infectious diseases (p-value = 0.018). Final cosiderations: examination of Sense of Coherence in vulnerable groups, such as people deprived of liberty, affords an understanding of how they comprehend, manage and give meaning to their lives, and thus constitutes a tool for health promotion.

Objetivo: determinar el Sentido de Coherencia en personas privadas de libertad en una región de triple frontera y correlacionarlo con variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y de estilo de vida. Método: estudio transversal realizado con 326 personas privadas de libertad que llenaron el Cuestionario de Sentido de Coherencia autoaplicado, de abril a agosto de 2021. Protocolo de investigación aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación. Resultados: se identificaron hombres (90,80%), con promedio de edad de 32,28 años, solteros (43,25%), escolaridad baja (55,83%) y prevalencia de Sentido de Coherencia moderado (65,95%). El Sentido de Coherencia tuvo una relación estadísticamente significativa con la edad (p-valor=0,011) y el desempeño de actividades en la unidad penal (p-valor=0,005). El Sentido de Coherencia débil prevaleció en personas con trastornos mentales (p-valor de = 0,001) y enfermedades infectocontagiosas (p-valor = 0,018). Consideraciones finales: analizar el Sentido de Coherencia en grupos vulnerables, como las personas privadas de libertad, permite captar cómo comprenden, gestionan y dan sentido a sus vidas, lo que constituye una herramienta para la promoción de la salud.

Intervenções educativas remotas para o letramento de adultos com hipertensão arterial na atenção primária / Intervenciones educativas remotas para la instrucción de adultos con hipertensión arterial en la atención primaria / Remote educational interventions for the literacy of adults with arterial hypertension in primary care

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as intervenções educativas remotas para o letramento de adultos com hipertensão arterial na atenção primária. Método: intervenção prática, desenvolvida a partir do conhecimento sobre a hipertensão, de adultos cadastrados em unidade básica de saúde localizada em uma Região Metropolitana, no estado do Paraná, Brasil, de março a dezembro de 2020. Aplicou-se questionário clínico e sociodemográfico, Item-Eight Health Literacy Assessment Tool e Hypertension Knowledge-Level Scale. As ligações telefônicas foram audiogravadas e, posteriormente, transcritas em diário de campo. Os dados dos instrumentos foram analisados por frequência simples, relativa, média e desvio padrão, e as informações do diário de campo por domínios. Resultados: na avaliação do letramento em saúde, observou-se aumento da média na questão relativa às informações de saúde de baixa e alta qualidade na internet. No instrumento de conhecimento, as questões relativas à adesão medicamentosa, dieta e mudança no estilo de vida apresentaram 100% de acertos no segundo momento. Conclusão: as intervenções educativas remotas demonstraram influência no letramento em saúde e no conhecimento sobre a hipertensão, havendo aumento de acertos nas questões relativas às informações de saúde na internet e de mudança no estilo de vida. Sendo assim, destaca-se o potencial do telemonitoramento como forma de acompanhamento e promoção de saúde, favorecendo o controle da doença.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar las intervenciones educativas remotas para el aprendizaje de adultos con hipertensión arterial en la atención primaria. Método: intervención práctica, desarrollada a partir del conocimiento sobre la hipertensión, de adultos registrados en unidad básica de salud ubicada en una Región Metropolitana, en el estado de Paraná/Brasil, de marzo a diciembre de 2020. Se aplicó cuestionario clínico y sociodemográfico, Item-Eight Health Literacy Assessment Tool y Hypertension Knowledge-Level Scale. Las llamadas telefónicas fueron audiograbadas y, posteriormente, transcriptas en diario de campo. Los datos de los instrumentos fueron analizados por frecuencia simple, relativa, media y desviación estándar, y las informaciones del diario de campo por dominios. Resultados: en la evaluación de la Instrucción en salud, se observó aumento de la media en la cuestión respecto a las informaciones de salud de baja y alta calidad en internet. En el instrumento de conocimiento, las cuestiones relativas a la adhesión medicamentosa, dieta y cambio en el estilo de vida presentaron 100% de aciertos en el segundo momento. Conclusión: las intervenciones educativas remotas han demostrado influencia en la instrucción en salud y en el conocimiento sobre la hipertensión, habiendo aumento de aciertos en las cuestiones relativas a las informaciones de salud en internet y de cambio en el estilo de vida. Así, se destaca el potencial del telemonitoreo como forma de acompañamiento y promoción de salud, favoreciendo el control de la enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the remote educational interventions for the literacy of adults with hypertension in primary care. Method: practical intervention, developed from the knowledge about hypertension, of adults registered in a basic health unit located in a Metropolitan Region, in the state of Paraná, Brazil, from March to December 2020. A clinical and sociodemographic questionnaire, Item-Eight Health Literacy Assessment Tool and Hypertension Knowledge-Level Scale were applied. Telephone calls were audio-recorded and later transcribed into a field diary. Instrument data were analyzed by simple, relative, mean frequencies and standard deviation, and field diary information by domains. Results: in the assessment of health literacy, an increase in the mean was observed in the question related to low and high quality health information on the internet. In the knowledge instrument, the questions related to medication adherence, diet and change in lifestyle presented 100% of correct answers in the second moment. Conclusion: remote educational interventions showed influence on health literacy and knowledge about hypertension, with an increase in correct answers on issues related to health information on the internet and change in lifestyle; thus, the potential of telemonitoring as a way of monitoring and promoting health, favoring the control of the disease is highlighted.

Perception of post-stroke patients on case management conducted by nurses / Percepción de personas que han sufrido un accidente cerebrovascular sobre la gestión del caso conducida por un enfermero / Percepção de pessoas pós-Acidente Vascular Cerebral sobre o gerenciamento de caso conduzido por enfermeiro

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the perception of post-stroke patients on the case management conducted by nurses. Method: Qualitative descriptive study with 13 post-stroke patients, followed-up with case management conducted by a nurse for six months, and interviewed at home one month after the end of the follow-up. The interviews were recorded, transcribed in full and analyzed with the help of a software. Results: Of the 13 participants, 57.14% were men and 50% were between 50 and 59 years. Content analysis resulted in three categories: "Self-management of care", which addressed changes in attitudes towards treatment, mainly due to concern of recurrence in a short period of time; "Sequelae and late repercussions of the stroke", which presents participants' difficulties after the event; and "Support received after a stroke", which emphasizes the actions and attitudes of the case manager nurse during the follow-up period. Conclusion: Case management was perceived by the participant as a health-promoting tool capable of increasing treatment adherence.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar la percepción de personas que han sufrido un Accidente Cerebrovascular sobre la gestión del caso realizada por un enfermero. Método: Se trata de una investigación cualitativa descriptiva, llevada a cabo entre 13 participantes que sufrieron un Accidente Cerebrovascular, cuyo seguimiento fue gestionado por un enfermero durante seis meses y que fueron entrevistados en sus domicilios un mes después de haberse terminado el seguimiento. Las entrevistas se grabaron y se transcribieron en su totalidad y se analizaron con la ayuda de programas informáticos Resultados: De los 13 participantes, el 57,14% era del sexo masculino y el 50% tenía una edad comprendida entre los 50 y los 59 años. El análisis del contenido dio como resultado tres categorías: "Autogestión del cuidado", que se refiere a los cambios de actitud hacia el tratamiento, principalmente por el miedo a una recidiva en un período corto; la segunda trata de las "Secuelas y repercusiones tardías del Accidente Cerebrovascular", que presenta las dificultades de los participantes después del hecho, y la tercera se refiere al "Apoyo recibido después del Ictus", que hace hincapié en las acciones y actitudes del enfermero gestor del caso durante el período de seguimiento. Conclusión: La gestión del caso fue percibida por el participante como una herramienta de promoción de la salud, capaz de aumentar la adhesión al tratamiento.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar a percepção de pessoas pós-Acidente Vascular Cerebral acerca do gerenciamento de caso conduzido pelo enfermeiro. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa descritiva, com 13 participantes pós-Acidente Vascular Cerebral, acompanhados pelo gerenciamento de caso conduzido por enfermeiro durante seis meses e entrevistados em seus domicílios um mês após do término do acompanhamento. As entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas na íntegra e analisadas com auxílio de software. Resultados: Dos 13 participantes, 57,14% eram homens, 50% com idade variando de 50 a 59 anos. A análise do conteúdo resultou em três categorias: "Autogestão do cuidado", referente às modificações de atitudes em relação ao tratamento, devido principalmente ao medo de recidiva em curto período de tempo; "Sequelas e repercussões tardias do Acidente Vascular Cerebral", que apresenta as dificuldades dos participantes após o evento; e "Apoio recebido pós-Acidente Vascular Cerebral", que enfatiza as ações e atitudes do enfermeiro gerente de caso no período de acompanhamento. Conclusão: O gerenciamento de caso foi percebido pelo participante como uma ferramenta promotora de saúde e capaz de aumentar a adesão ao tratamento.

Perception of post-stroke patients on case management conducted by nurses / Percepción de personas que han sufrido un accidente cerebrovascular sobre la gestión del caso conducida por un enfermero / Percepção de pessoas pós-Acidente Vascular Cerebral sobre o gerenciamento de caso conduzido por enfermeiro

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the perception of post-stroke patients on the case management conducted by nurses. Method: Qualitative descriptive study with 13 post-stroke patients, followed-up with case management conducted by a nurse for six months, and interviewed at home one month after the end of the follow-up. The interviews were recorded, transcribed in full and analyzed with the help of a software. Results: Of the 13 participants, 57.14% were men and 50% were between 50 and 59 years. Content analysis resulted in three categories: "Self-management of care", which addressed changes in attitudes towards treatment, mainly due to concern of recurrence in a short period of time; "Sequelae and late repercussions of the stroke", which presents participants' difficulties after the event; and "Support received after a stroke", which emphasizes the actions and attitudes of the case manager nurse during the follow-up period. Conclusion: Case management was perceived by the participant as a health-promoting tool capable of increasing treatment adherence.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar la percepción de personas que han sufrido un Accidente Cerebrovascular sobre la gestión del caso realizada por un enfermero. Método: Se trata de una investigación cualitativa descriptiva, llevada a cabo entre 13 participantes que sufrieron un Accidente Cerebrovascular, cuyo seguimiento fue gestionado por un enfermero durante seis meses y que fueron entrevistados en sus domicilios un mes después de haberse terminado el seguimiento. Las entrevistas se grabaron y se transcribieron en su totalidad y se analizaron con la ayuda de programas informáticos Resultados: De los 13 participantes, el 57,14% era del sexo masculino y el 50% tenía una edad comprendida entre los 50 y los 59 años. El análisis del contenido dio como resultado tres categorías: "Autogestión del cuidado", que se refiere a los cambios de actitud hacia el tratamiento, principalmente por el miedo a una recidiva en un período corto; la segunda trata de las "Secuelas y repercusiones tardías del Accidente Cerebrovascular", que presenta las dificultades de los participantes después del hecho, y la tercera se refiere al "Apoyo recibido después del Ictus", que hace hincapié en las acciones y actitudes del enfermero gestor del caso durante el período de seguimiento. Conclusión: La gestión del caso fue percibida por el participante como una herramienta de promoción de la salud, capaz de aumentar la adhesión al tratamiento.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar a percepção de pessoas pós-Acidente Vascular Cerebral acerca do gerenciamento de caso conduzido pelo enfermeiro. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa descritiva, com 13 participantes pós-Acidente Vascular Cerebral, acompanhados pelo gerenciamento de caso conduzido por enfermeiro durante seis meses e entrevistados em seus domicílios um mês após do término do acompanhamento. As entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas na íntegra e analisadas com auxílio de software. Resultados: Dos 13 participantes, 57,14% eram homens, 50% com idade variando de 50 a 59 anos. A análise do conteúdo resultou em três categorias: "Autogestão do cuidado", referente às modificações de atitudes em relação ao tratamento, devido principalmente ao medo de recidiva em curto período de tempo; "Sequelas e repercussões tardias do Acidente Vascular Cerebral", que apresenta as dificuldades dos participantes após o evento; e "Apoio recebido pós-Acidente Vascular Cerebral", que enfatiza as ações e atitudes do enfermeiro gerente de caso no período de acompanhamento. Conclusão: O gerenciamento de caso foi percebido pelo participante como uma ferramenta promotora de saúde e capaz de aumentar a adesão ao tratamento.

Nursing Care for People with Chronic Diseases and Pulmonary Infection by Coronavirus: An Integrative Review / Cuidados en enfermería a personas con enfermedades crónicas e infección pulmonar por coronavírus: revisión integrativa / Cuidados de enfermagem para pessoas com doenças crônicas e infecção pulmonar por coronavírus: revisão integrativa

Objetivo: identificar as implicações para a enfermagem das infecções pulmonares por coronavírus nas pessoas com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e propor ações para o cuidado. Materiais e método: revisão de literatura, com busca dos estudos primários nas bases de dados da Biblioteca Regional Virtual de Saúde, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, National Library of Medicine e Scopus, de 15 a 30 de março de 2020, em português, inglês e espanhol, com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa em adultos com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis com infecção respiratória por vírus da família do coronavírus, de 2010 a 2020. Resultados: analisaram-se 11 artigos que possibilitaram identificar diretrizes para as ações de enfermagem nos níveis comunitário e hospitalar, e nos cuidados críticos; entre os cuidados propostos para as pessoas com doenças crônicas, estão a educação em saúde, o incentivo ao controle da doença, a imunização e a mudança do estilo de vida, o monitoramento de casos suspeitos e confirmados, o uso de máscaras em ambientes coletivos. Conclusões: destaca-se o papel da enfermagem em todos os níveis de atendimento da saúde e as possibilidades de aprendizagem e aperfeiçoamento das ações de cuidado mediante a utilização de evidências obtidas em experiência anterior.

Objetivo: identificar las implicaciones para la enfermería de las infecciones pulmonares por coronavírus en personas con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y plantear acciones para el cuidado. Materiales y método: revisión de literatura desde la búsqueda de los estudios primarios en las bases de datos de la Biblioteca Regional Virtual en Salud, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, National Library of Medicine e Scopus, del 15 al 30 de marzo del 2020, en portugués, inglés y español, con enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo en adultos con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles con infección respiratoria por virus de la familia del coronavírus, del 2010 al 2020. Resultados: se analizaron 11 artículos que posibilitaron identificar directrices para las acciones de enfermería en los niveles comunitario y hospitalario, y en los cuidados críticos; entre los cuidados propuestos para las personas con enfermedades crónicas están la educación en salud, el fomento al control de la enfermedad, la inmunización y el cambio de estilo de vida, el monitoreo de casos sospechosos y confirmados, el uso de tapabocas en ambientes colectivos. Conclusiones: se destaca el rol de la enfermería en todos los niveles de atención en salud y las posibilidades de aprendizaje y perfeccionamiento de las acciones de cuidado mediante la utilización de evidencias obtenidas en experiencia anterior.

Objective: To identify the implications, for Nursing, of pulmonary infections by coronavirus in people with chronic non-communicable diseases and to propose actions for care. Materials and method: A literature review, with a search for primary studies in the Biblioteca Regional Virtual de Saúde, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, National Library of Medicine and Scopus databases, from March 15th to March 30th, 2020, in Portuguese, English, and Spanish, with a quantitative and qualitative approach, in adults with chronic non-communicable diseases with respiratory infection by viruses of the coronavirus family, from 2010 to 2020. Results: A total of 11 articles were analyzed, which made it possible to identify guidelines for Nursing actions at the community and hospital levels and in critical care; among the care actions proposed for people with chronic diseases are education in health, encouragement to control the disease, immunization and lifestyle change, monitoring of suspected and confirmed cases, and use of masks in public environments. Conclusions: The study highlights the role of Nursing at all health care levels and the possibilities for learning and improving care actions through the use of evidence obtained from previous experiences.

Adult's perception of health care after myocardial infarction / Percepción del cuidado a la salud de adultos después del infarto de miocardio / Percepção do cuidado à saúde de adultos após o infarto do miocárdio

ABSTRACT Objectives: to describe the Adult's perception of healthcare after Myocardium Infarction. Methods: qualitative descriptive analysis carried out with 12 adults who had myocardial infarction and conducted from February to May 2018. The research design was based on the "Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research". Data collection was performed through semi-structured questionnaire, interview script and field diary. The interviews were encoded, and their content was analyzed using software support. Results: three classes were obtained: "Fear, (un) certainty and (un) awareness"; "Lifestyle and beliefs of illness" and "Health care search". Unhealthy lifestyle habits, lack of health prevention / promotion, difficulties in accessing services and lack of knowledge about the disease generated fear and uncertainty about the future. Final Considerations: the perception of acute myocardial infarction is related to the trajectory of illness, lifestyle and the belief that the infarction only affects others.

RESUMEN Objetivos: describir las percepciones del cuidado a la salud de adultos después del infarto de miocardio. Métodos: investigación cualitativa descriptiva analítica realizada de febrero a mayo de 2018 con 12 adultos que tuvieron infarto de miocardio. El dibujo ha sido basado en el "Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research". La recogida de datos ha sido realizada mediante cuestionario semiestructurado, guion de entrevista y diario de campo. Las entrevistas han sido codificadas, y su contenido ha sido analizado con auxilio de software. Resultados: se obtuvieron tres clases: "Medo, duda y (des)conocimiento"; "Estilo de vida y creencias de enfermedad" y "Búsqueda por el cuidado de salud". Los hábitos de vida no saludables, la falta de prevención/promoción de la salud, las dificultades de acceso a los servicios y el desconocimiento de la enfermedad generaron medo y duda cuanto al futuro. Consideraciones Finales: la percepción del infarto agudo relacionase con la trayectoria de la enfermedad, estilo de vida y creencia de que el infarto solo acomete al otro.

RESUMO Objetivos: das percepções do cuidado à saúde de adultos após o infarto do miocárdio. Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa descritiva analítica realizada com 12 adultos que tiveram infarto do miocárdio, de fevereiro a maio de 2018. O desenho baseou-se no "Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research". A coleta de dados foi realizada mediante questionário semiestruturado, roteiro de entrevista e diário de campo. As entrevistas foram codificadas, e seu conteúdo foi analisado com auxílio de software. Resultado: obtiveram-se três classes: "Medo, (in)certeza e (des)conhecimento"; "Estilo de vida e crenças do adoecimento" e "Busca pelo cuidado de saúde". Os hábitos de vida não saudáveis, a falta de prevenção/promoção da saúde, as dificuldades de acesso aos serviços e o desconhecimento da doença geraram medo e incerteza quanto ao futuro. Considerações Finais: a percepção do infarto agudo se relaciona com a trajetória do adoecimento, estilo de vida e crença de que o infarto só acomete o outro.

Sistemas de cuidados à saúde de pessoas com infarto do miocárdio: revisão da literatura / Sistemas de cuidados de salud en personas con infarto de miocardio: revisión de la literatura / Health care systems for the treatment of individuals with myocardial infarction: literature review

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar na literatura de enfermagem os sistemas de cuidados à saúde utilizados pelas pessoas com infarto do miocárdio. Método: revisão integrativa, realizada em cinco bases de dados, nacionais e internacionais, no período de 2007 a 2017. Identificou-se 398 estudos e 13 foram analisados segundo a categorização dos sistemas de cuidados à saúde (formal e informal). Resultados: verificou-se que o cuidado à saúde sofre influência de valores, crenças e normas sociais, as quais são construídas ao longo da vida e direcionam a busca pelos diferentes sistemas de atendimento durante o episódio agudo do infarto, destacando-se o sistema informal, estruturado por meio da comunidade e da família. Conclusão: a compreensão por parte dos profissionais de enfermagem em relação aos sistemas de cuidados à saúde auxilia na elaboração de ações de educação em saúde e no gerenciamento do cuidado as pessoas acometidas pelo infarto do miocárdio.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar en la literatura de enfermería los sistemas de cuidados de salud utilizados por las personas con infarto de miocardio Método: Revisión integrativa realizada en cinco bases de datos, nacionales e internacionales, en el período de 2007 a 2017. Se identificaron 398 estudios. Trece fueron analizados según la categorización de los sistemas de cuidados de salud (formal e informal). Resultados: Se verificó que el cuidado de salud resulta influido por valores, creencias y normas sociales, construidas a lo largo de la vida, que orientan la búsqueda de los diferentes sistemas de atención durante el episodio agudo del infarto, destacándose el sistema informal, estructurado a través de la comunidad y la familia. Conclusión: La compresión de los profesionales de enfermería respecto de los sistemas de cuidados de salud ayuda a elaborar acciones de educación en salud y en la gestión del cuidado a las personas que padecieron infarto de miocardio.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify in the nursing literature the health care systems used by individuals going through myocardial infarction. Method: Integrative review conducted in five national and international databases from 2007 to 2017. In the review, 398 studies were identified and 13 were analyzed according to the classification of the health care systems into formal and informal. Results: Health care was impacted by values, beliefs and social norms constructed throughout the lives of the individuals, and which guide the search for different health care systems during the acute episode of infarction, with emphasis to the informal system structured by the individuals' families and community. Conclusion: The understanding of health care systems by nursing professionals facilitates the elaboration of educational health actions and the management of care to patients going through myocardial infarction.

Synthesis and evaluation of new 6-hydroximinosteroid analogs as cytotoxic agents.

Taking into account the structural requirements for cytotoxicity, several new hydroximinosteroid derivatives have been prepared and evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against A-549, H116, PSN1, and T98G cultured tumor cell lines in order to obtain further information on the potential pharmacophoric core of this type of compound. The influence of the oxygenated position in the A ring, the presence of an additional oxygenated position at C-7 and C-16, and a fluorinated position at C-5 were considered in order to study the structure-activity relationships. The results reveal the importance of oxygenated positions in the A ring (e.g., 4,5-epoxide showed an IC50 value against HCT-116 under micromolar level) for an increase in cytotoxic activity in this type of compound. Furthermore, they showed an important selectivity toward colon tumor line (HCT-116).