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1.
Cancer Sci ; 115(7): 2147-2158, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38715247

RESUMO

HER2 activating mutations have emerged as oncogenic drivers and therapeutic targets in a variety of human tumors. In breast cancer, these deregulations occur at low frequency, and are mostly detected in HER2-nonamplified, metastatic disease. Preclinical evidence has clarified the role of hotspot mutations in HER2 constitutive activation, defining them as an alternative mechanism to HER2 gene amplification. Furthermore, recent clinical studies have indicated the emergence of newly acquired HER2 deregulations in significant proportions of breast cancer patients who experience disease progression following both endocrine and HER2-targeted therapies. As the involvement of HER2 mutation in therapy resistance may profoundly impact patient outcomes on successive therapies, several clinical trials are currently investigating the efficacy of various HER2-targeted drugs in HER2-mutant breast cancer. In this review, we firstly summarize the structural organization of the HER2 oncogene and its historical impact on breast cancer prognosis and therapeutic advancement. Then, we provide an overview of the frequencies and functional relevance of clinically recurrent HER2 mutations in breast cancer with a special focus on their role in therapeutic resistance. Finally, we provide a collection of the clinical trials that are currently exploring novel therapeutic approaches for this patient subset and discuss the related perspectives and challenges.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Mutação , Receptor ErbB-2 , Humanos , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Receptor ErbB-2/genética , Feminino , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Terapia de Alvo Molecular/métodos , Prognóstico , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia
2.
Cell Commun Signal ; 22(1): 277, 2024 May 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38755629

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL are the most studied anti-apoptotic members of Bcl-2 family proteins. We previously characterized both of them, not only for their role in regulating apoptosis and resistance to therapy in cancer cells, but also for their non-canonical functions, mainly including promotion of cancer progression, metastatization, angiogenesis, and involvement in the crosstalk among cancer cells and components of the tumor microenvironment. Our goal was to identify transcriptional signature and novel cellular pathways specifically modulated by Bcl-2. METHODS: We performed RNAseq analysis of siRNA-mediated transient knockdown of Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL in human melanoma cells and gene ontology analysis to identify a specific Bcl-2 transcriptional signature. Expression of genes modulated by Bcl-2 and associated to Hippo pathway were validated in human melanoma, breast adenocarcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer cell lines by qRT-PCR. Western blotting analysis were performed to analyse protein expression of upstream regulators of YAP and in relation to different level of Bcl-2 protein. The effects of YAP silencing in Bcl-2 overexpressing cancer cells were evaluated in migration and cell viability assays in relation to different stiffness conditions. In vitro wound healing assays and co-cultures were used to evaluate cancer-specific Bcl-2 ability to activate fibroblasts. RESULTS: We demonstrated the Bcl-2-dependent modulation of Hippo Pathway in cancer cell lines from different tumor types by acting on upstream YAP regulators. YAP inhibition abolished the ability of Bcl-2 to increase tumor cell migration and proliferation on high stiffness condition of culture, to stimulate in vitro fibroblasts migration and to induce fibroblasts activation. CONCLUSIONS: We discovered that Bcl-2 regulates the Hippo pathway in different tumor types, promoting cell migration, adaptation to higher stiffness culture condition and fibroblast activation. Our data indicate that Bcl-2 inhibitors should be further investigated to counteract cancer-promoting mechanisms.


Assuntos
Movimento Celular , Via de Sinalização Hippo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2 , Humanos , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Proteína bcl-X/metabolismo , Proteína bcl-X/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/genética , Proliferação de Células , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Proteínas de Sinalização YAP/metabolismo , Proteínas de Sinalização YAP/genética
3.
Cancers (Basel) ; 16(15)2024 Jul 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39123356

RESUMO

We assessed the impact of DNA damage response and repair (DDR) biomarker expressions in 222 node-positive early breast cancer (BC) patients from a previous Phase III GOIM 9902 trial of adjuvant taxanes. At a median follow-up of 64 months, the original study showed no disease-free survival (DFS) or overall survival (OS) differences with the addition of docetaxel (D) to epirubicine-cyclophosphamide (EC). Immunohistochemistry was employed to assess the expression of DDR phosphoproteins (pATM, pATR, pCHK1, γH2AX, pRPA32, and pWEE1) in tumor tissue, and their association with clinical outcomes was evaluated through the Cox elastic net model. Over an extended follow-up of 234 months, we confirmed no significant differences in DFS or OS between patients treated with EC and those receiving D → EC. A DDR risk score, inversely driven by ATM and ATR expression, emerged as an independent prognostic factor for both DFS (HR = 0.41, p < 0.0001) and OS (HR = 0.61, p = 0.046). Further validation in a public adjuvant BC cohort was possible only for ATM, confirming its protective role. Overall, our findings confirm the potential role of the DDR pathway in BC prognostication and in shaping treatment strategies advocating for an integrated approach, combining molecular markers with clinical-pathological factors.

4.
Front Oncol ; 12: 1062389, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36703782

RESUMO

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a rare T-cell lymphoma associated with textured breast implants. The most common presentation is a periprosthetic seroma that occurs at least 1 year after an aesthetic or reconstructive implantation, and in these cases, the surgical treatment seems to be successful. More rarely, BIA-ALCL presents with locally advanced mass-formed disease and a related regional lymph node involvement. In all these cases with worse prognosis, a multidisciplinary approach is required, including adjuvant chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. We present a clinical case of a 49-year-old woman who developed on the left side of the breast a mass-formed stage 3 BIA-ALCL 15 years after a bilateral breast augmentation with textured silicone implant. Our multidisciplinary team (MDT) scheduled the patient for a "reverse-strategy" sequential approach consisting of induction chemotherapy, hematopoietic stem cell mobilization, and harvest followed by autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). After 100 days from the stem cell transplant, the patient showed a complete pathologic response and was a candidate for radical surgery. She underwent removal of both implants with total en bloc capsulectomy. On the left site, the periprosthetic mass was also en bloc removed. We did not perform any axillary dissection. Our surgical and hemato-oncological teams followed the patient every 3 months, and no local or systemic recurrences were observed 24 months after surgery. This case report has demonstrated the effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemotherapy as part of a "reverse strategy" in selected cases of advanced-stage BIA-ALCL in which it was not possible to perform an immediate radical surgery. Furthermore, in our case, the de-escalation strategy adopted permitted a less demolitic surgery with good functional and aesthetic results.

5.
G Chir ; 42(2): e02, 2022 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35936027

RESUMO

Background: The present study aims to evaluate how the measures to contain the SARS-CoV-2 spreading affected the surgical site infections (SSIs) rate in patients who underwent nondeferrable breast cancer surgery (BCS). Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from a consecutive series of patients underwent nondeferrable BCS in a regional Italian Covid-free hub during two different period: March to April 2020 (pandemic cohort [PC]) and March till April 2019 (control cohort [CC]). SSIs were defined according to the criteria established by the Center for disease control and prevention (CDC) and additional treatment, serous discharge, erythema, purulent exudate, separation of deep tissues, isolation of bacteria, and stay (ASEPSIS) scoring systems. Results: One hundred ninety-nine patients were included in the present study: 100 and 99 patients who underwent nondeferrable BCS from March to April 2020 (PC) and from March to April 2019 (CC), respectively. The overall SSIs rate in this series was 9.1% according to CDC criteria and 6.5% according to ASEPSIS criteria. The SSIs incidence decreased during the pandemic period. Moreover, the SSIs rate according to ASEPSIS criteria was statistically lower in the PC than in the CC. We observed significant evidence of higher SSIs, both in terms of CDC and ASEPSIS score, in patients having undergone breast reconstruction compared with patients not undergoing immediate reconstruction. Conclusions: The restrictive measures issued during the lockdown period seemed to lower the SSIs rates in patients undergoing nondeferrable BCS.

6.
Cancers (Basel) ; 14(19)2022 Oct 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36230758

RESUMO

The Hippo pathway and its two key effectors, Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), are consistently altered in breast cancer. Pivotal regulators of cell metabolism such as the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Stearoyl-CoA-desaturase 1 (SCD1), and HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) are relevant modulators of TAZ/YAP activity. In this prospective study, we measured the tumor expression of TAZ, YAP, AMPK, SCD1, and HMGCR by immunohistochemistry in 65 Her2+ breast cancer patients who underwent trastuzumab-based neoadjuvant treatment. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the immunohistochemical expression of the Hippo pathway transducers and cell metabolism regulators on pathological complete response. Low expression of cytoplasmic TAZ, both alone and in the context of a composite signature identified by machine learning including also low nuclear levels of YAP and HMGCR and high cytoplasmic levels of SCD1, was a predictor of residual disease in the univariate logistic regression. This finding was not confirmed in the multivariate model including estrogen receptor > 70% and body mass index > 20. However, our findings were concordant with overall survival data from the TCGA cohort. Our results, possibly affected by the relatively small sample size of this study population, deserve further investigation in adequately sized, ad hoc prospective studies.

7.
Cancers (Basel) ; 13(16)2021 Aug 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34439215

RESUMO

The actual role of chemotherapy in vulvar cancer is undeniably a niche topic. The low incidence of the disease limits the feasibility of randomized trials. Decision making is thus oriented by clinical and pathological features, whose relevance is generally weighted against evidence from observational studies and clinical practice. The therapeutic management of vulvar cancer is increasingly codified and refined at an individual patient level. It is of note that the attitude towards evidence sharing and discussion within a multidisciplinary frame is progressively consolidating. Viable options included in the therapeutic armamentarium available for vulvar cancer patients are frequently an adaption from standards used for cervical or anal carcinoma. Chemotherapy is more frequently combined with radiotherapy as neo-/adjuvant or definitive treatment. Drugs commonly used are platinum derivative, 5-fluorouracil and mitomicin C, mostly in combination with radiotherapy for radiosensitization. Exclusive chemotherapy in the neo-/adjuvant setting comprises platinum-derivative, combined with bleomicin and methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, ifosfamide or taxanes. In advanced disease, current regimens include cisplatin-based chemoradiation, with or without 5-fluorouracil, or doublets with platinum in combination with a taxane. Our work is also enriched by a concise excursus on the biologic pathways underlying vulvar cancer. Introductory hints are also provided on targeted agents, a rapidly evolving research field.

8.
J Exp Clin Cancer Res ; 39(1): 171, 2020 Aug 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32854728

RESUMO

The Covid-19 pandemic has challenged hard the national health systems worldwide. According to the national policy issued in March 2020 in response to the evolving Covid-19 pandemic, several hospitals were re-configured as Covid-19 centers and elective surgery procedures were rescheduled according to the most recent recommendations. In addition, Covid-19 protected cancer hubs were established, including the Regina Elena National Cancer Institute of Rome, Central Italy. At our Institute, the Breast Surgery Department continued working under the sign of a multidisciplinary approach. The number of professional figures involved in case evaluation was reduced to a minimum and interactions took place in the full respect of the required safety measures. Treatments for benign disease, pure prophylactic surgery and elective reconstructive procedures were all postponed and priority was assigned to the histologically-proven malignant breast tumors and highly suspicious lesions. From March 15th though April 30th 2020, we treated a total of 79 patients. This number is fully consistent with the average quantitative standards reached by our Department under ordinary circumstances. Patients were mostly discharged the day after surgery and none was readmitted due to surgery-related late complications. More generally, post-operative complications rates were unexpectedly low, particularly in light of the relatively high number of reconstructive procedures performed in this emergency situation. A strict follow up was performed based on the close contact with the surgical staff by telephone, messaging apps and telemedicine.Patients ascertainment for their Covid-19 status prior to hospital admission and hospital discharge allowed to maintain the "no-Covid-19" status at our Institution. In addition, during the aforementioned time window, none of the care providers developed SARS-CoV-2 infection or disease, as shown by the results of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin M and G profiling. In conclusions, elective breast cancer surgery procedures were successfully performed in a lockdown situation due to a novel viral pandemic. The well-coordinated regional and hospital efforts in terms of medical resource re-allocation and definition of clinical priorities allowed to maintain high quality standards of breast cancer care while ensuring safety to the cancer patients and care providers involved.


Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/isolamento & purificação , Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/cirurgia , Carcinoma Lobular/cirurgia , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Mastectomia/estatística & dados numéricos , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Padrões de Prática Médica/normas , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Neoplasias da Mama/virologia , COVID-19 , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/patologia , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/virologia , Carcinoma Lobular/patologia , Carcinoma Lobular/virologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/transmissão , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Itália/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/transmissão , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Prognóstico , Receptor ErbB-2/metabolismo , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Receptores de Progesterona/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2
9.
J Cancer ; 10(24): 5903-5914, 2019.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31762800

RESUMO

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by distinctive biological features that confer an aggressive clinical behavior. In TNBC patients, the absence of well-defined driver pathways such as hormonal receptor expression or hyperactivation of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) significantly reduce the spectrum of therapeutic options, which are currently mainly confined to chemotherapy. Thus far, median overall survival for patients with metastatic TNBC is about 9-12 months with conventional cytotoxic agents. However, the heterogeneity recently revealed at a gene expression level inside the TNBC family may help inform therapeutic decisions concerning the use of chemotherapy and hopefully lead the way to novel targeted options that include immunotherapy. Eribulin, a halichondrin class antineoplastic drug, is currently recommended for treatment of HER2 negative metastatic or recurrent breast cancer (BC) previously exposed to anthracyclines and taxanes, also for patients with a TNBC. It is currently indicated from the second line of treatment. In this review, we aim to analyze a wide range of cumulated evidence on eribulin use in TNBC including preclinical studies, intervention and observational clinical trials. Data from the real-world setting and the emerging evidence increasingly substantiating the rationale for combinations with new generation treatment strategies, e.g., PARP-inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, will be also discussed.

10.
Obes Surg ; 27(5): 1145-1151, 2017 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27812790

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Obesity is an independent cardiovascular risk factor and a catalyst of other cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and metabolic syndrome. METHODS: We analyzed cardiovascular risk in obese patients before and after sleeve gastrectomy (SG). To this end, we studied changes in body mass index (BMI), blood chemistry parameters that characterize the risk of atherosclerosis and instrumental parameters (objective markers of this risk), namely intima-media thickness (IMT) and flow-mediated dilation (FMD), the latter reflecting endothelial function. We also considered purely cardiac parameters-mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE)-which describe cardiac risk more specifically than the ejection fraction. Alteration of one or more of these parameters determines an increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: The results showed that weight loss, in patients undergoing SG, is accompanied by a reduced BMI and a marked improvement in blood chemistry, confirming what has already been shown in many other studies, but the most interesting finding was the effect of SG on the instrumental markers of atherosclerosis. In particular, carotid IMT was significantly reduced (p < 0.001) and FMD significantly improved. MAPSE and TAPSE also improved significantly at both follow-up assessments (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that SG should be considered from a broader perspective, i.e. as a weight loss treatment that also improves obesity-related morbidity and mortality, benefitting both the patient and, in an economic sense, the society as a whole.


Assuntos
Cirurgia Bariátrica , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Obesidade/cirurgia , Adulto , Aterosclerose/complicações , Índice de Massa Corporal , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Espessura Intima-Media Carotídea , Dislipidemias/complicações , Feminino , Gastrectomia/métodos , Humanos , Hipertensão/complicações , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade Mórbida/cirurgia , Fatores de Risco , Redução de Peso , Adulto Jovem
11.
Exp Clin Transplant ; 15(3): 366-368, 2017 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26671706

RESUMO

We report the first case of a liver transplant in a patient with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and associated hepatitis B virus-hepatitis D virus cirrhosis and its inherent technical issues. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita is an autoimmune multisystem disorder involving skin and mucosa characterized by the appearing of blisters and erosions. The more severe forms may result in nutritional compromise, anemia, osteopenia, dilated cardiomyopathy, laryngeal mucosal involvement, esophageal strictures, bladder, and kidney involvement requiring surgical intervention. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita has become recognized as a multisystem disorder that poses several surgical challenges. This case shows that liver transplant is a feasible procedure in patients affected by epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Patients with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita require a particular pretransplant assessment and a dedicated intra- and postoperative management of every invasive procedure that can traumatize the skin and mucosal epithelium to achieve an uneventful liver transplant. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita does not represent a contraindication to liver transplant, and immunosuppression after transplant may favor a good systemic control of this immunologic disorder.


Assuntos
Doença Hepática Terminal/cirurgia , Epidermólise Bolhosa Adquirida/complicações , Hepatite B/complicações , Hepatite D/complicações , Transplante de Fígado , Doença Hepática Terminal/diagnóstico , Doença Hepática Terminal/imunologia , Doença Hepática Terminal/virologia , Epidermólise Bolhosa Adquirida/diagnóstico , Epidermólise Bolhosa Adquirida/imunologia , Feminino , Hepatite B/diagnóstico , Hepatite B/imunologia , Hepatite B/virologia , Hepatite D/diagnóstico , Hepatite D/imunologia , Hepatite D/virologia , Humanos , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Transplante de Fígado/efeitos adversos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Resultado do Tratamento
12.
J Womens Health (Larchmt) ; 25(4): 348-54, 2016 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26555221

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: We set out to study, through ultrasound examinations, the carotid bifurcation in men and women with/without carotid stenosis to look for anatomical and electrophysiologic differences. We evaluated other variables to look for differences that might explain the dissimilar behavior of this disease in the two sexes and the presence and impact of risk factors. METHODS: We examined 974 subjects aged 25 to 88 years (478 men and 496 women) in whom we considered heart rate, smoking status, and the presence of hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. Ultrasound examination of the neck vessels included measurement of intimal medial thickness (IMT), vessel diameter, and outflow area/inflow area ratio. We established plaque location, echogenicity and echostructure, and the percentage of stenosis owing to plaque and measured systolic velocity, flow direction, and the depth of detection of these parameters. We used the apnea and hyperpnea test to assess cerebrovascular reactivity. RESULTS: Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia were the most frequent risk factors. Women had a higher heart rate, whereas men had significantly greater IMT. The presence of atheromatous plaque was significantly correlated with age in both sexes, with men having a higher prevalence of carotid plaques. The sexes differed significantly with regard to plaque location, echogenicity, echostructure, and intracranial circulation. Women had a slightly higher blood flow velocity in the intracranial arteries. Risk factors affected plaque formation and extent more in men than in women. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that carotid stenosis is a gender-related trait.


Assuntos
Artérias Carótidas/diagnóstico por imagem , Estenose das Carótidas/patologia , Túnica Íntima/patologia , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doenças das Artérias Carótidas/diagnóstico por imagem , Estenose das Carótidas/diagnóstico por imagem , Estenose das Carótidas/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Hipercolesterolemia/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Hipertrigliceridemia/epidemiologia , Itália , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Placa Aterosclerótica/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais
13.
Case Rep Radiol ; 2013: 517879, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23970990

RESUMO

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST) is extremely rare malignancy in the general population, occurring more frequently in patients with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). In the literature five cases of MPNST arising from the parapharyngeal space (PPS) in patients without neurofibromatosis have been reported. We report imaging techniques in a patient with MPNST in the PPS, who had neither a family history nor sign of NF1. Computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed for a correct therapeutic planning. CT and MRI findings were correlated with hystopathological diagnosis.

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