RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The use of pancreatic prostheses in children with acute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) has evolved. The main established indication is the treatment of persistent abdominal pain. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of pancreatic stenting for refractory abdominal pain in pediatric patients with ARP and CP. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective case series study. We included patients under 16 years of age diagnosed with ARP and CP in the study. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed with the insertion of one and later two pancreatic stents. We evaluated abdominal symptoms before and after treatment, number of changes, duration of treatment, and complications with follow-up at 24 months and after withdrawal. RESULTS: Nine patients with ARP and CP were included in the study: six with undetermined etiology and three with pancreas divisum. The mean age was 12.4 years. Prosthesis placement relieved abdominal pain in 100% of cases, with 3.2 replacement sessions every 6.2 months for 27.4 months, and mild complications (15.7%). One patient experienced pain on removal of the prosthesis and required bypass surgery. CONCLUSION: Pancreatic stent placement in patients with refractory abdominal pain with ARP and CP proved to be effective and safe, providing medium-term symptom relief and minimal complications.
INTRODUCCIÓN: El uso de prótesis pancreáticas en niños con pancreatitis aguda recurrente (PAR) y crónica (PC) ha evolucionado. La principal indicación establecida es el tratamiento del dolor abdominal persistente. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia del uso prótesis pancreática para el dolor abdominal refractario en pacientes pediátricos con PAR y PC, sin respuesta a manejo conservador. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo de serie de casos. Se incluyeron pacientes menores de 16 años con diagnóstico de PAR y PC. Se realizó una colangio pancreatografía retrograda endoscópica (CPRE) para introducir inicialmente una y posteriormente dos prótesis pancreáticas. Se evaluaron síntomas abdominales antes y después del tratamiento, número de recambios, duración del tratamiento y complicaciones con seguimiento a 24 meses y posterior a su retiro. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 9 pacientes con PAR y PC: seis de etiología no determinada y tres con páncreas divisum. La edad promedio fue de 12.4 años. La colocación de prótesis alivió el dolor abdominal en el 100%, con 3.2 sesiones de recambio cada 6.2 meses en 27.4 meses, y complicaciones leves (15.7%). Un paciente presentó dolor al retirar las prótesis y requirió cirugía derivativa. CONCLUSIONES: El uso de prótesis pancreática en pacientes con dolor abdominal refractario con PAR y PC demostró ser eficaz y seguro al aliviar los síntomas a mediano plazo con mínimas complicaciones.
Assuntos
Pancreatite Crônica , Humanos , Criança , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Pancreatite Crônica/complicações , Pancreatite Crônica/cirurgia , Dor Abdominal/etiologia , StentsRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Accidental ingestion of caustics in pediatrics continues to be a frequent problem that can lead to severe injuries and permanent sequelae that require esophageal rehabilitation programs. This study aimed to describe the medical care experience of children who ingested caustic substances in a tertiary hospital in Mexico City. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive and analytical study. We described age, sex, type of caustics, clinical and endoscopic findings, and the radiological evolution of 284 patients who arrived during the acute phase. RESULTS: The records of 336 children with a history of caustic ingestion were reviewed. The median age was 1.7 years, and the predominant sex was male. Caustic soda was the most accidentally ingested substance. We found an association between the severity of the esophageal injury with the presence of more than four symptoms at diagnosis (χ², p < 0.001) and with the finding of oral lesions, sialorrhea, and vomiting (χ², p < 0.05). Forty percent (n = 114) showed normal gastrointestinal endoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: In children with caustic ingestion, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy should be performed within 72 hours to evaluate the extent of the lesions. In this study, we found that more than four symptoms at admission, and oral lesions, sialorrhea, and vomiting are associated with the severity of the esophageal injury.
INTRODUCCIÓN: La ingesta accidental de cáusticos continúa siendo un problema frecuente en pediatría que puede llegar a producir lesiones graves y secuelas permanentes que ameritarán programas de rehabilitación esofágica. El objetivo de este estudio es describir la experiencia en la atención médica de niños con ingesta de sustancias cáusticas en un hospital de tercer nivel en la Ciudad de México. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo y analítico. Se describieron la edad, el sexo, el tipo de cáustico, los hallazgos clínicos y endoscópicos, así como la evolución radiológica, de 284 pacientes que llegaron en la fase aguda. RESULTADOS: Se revisaron los expedientes de 336 niños con antecedente de ingesta de cáusticos. La mediana de edad fue de 1.7 años, con predominio del sexo masculino. La sosa cáustica fue la sustancia más ingerida y de tipo accidental. Encontramos asociación entre la gravedad de la lesión esofágica y la presencia de más de cuatro síntomas en el momento del diagnóstico (χ2, p < 0.001,), y con el hallazgo de lesiones orales, sialorrea y vómito (χ2, p < 0.05). El 40% de los niños (n = 114) tuvieron una endoscopia digestiva normal. CONCLUSIONES: En los niños con ingesta de cáusticos debe realizarse una endoscopia digestiva alta en las primeras 72 horas para evaluar la extensión de las lesiones. En este estudio se encontró que tener más de cuatro síntomas al ingreso, así como la presencia de lesiones orales, sialorrea y vómito, se asocian con la gravedad de la lesión esofágica.
Assuntos
Queimaduras Químicas , Cáusticos , Queimaduras Químicas/diagnóstico , Cáusticos/toxicidade , Criança , Ingestão de Alimentos , Esôfago , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , MéxicoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Primary tracheobronchial tumors (PTTs) are rare heterogeneous lesions arising from any part of the tracheobronchial tree. Nonspecific symptoms may lead to delayed diagnosis that requires more aggressive surgical treatment. An analysis of cases collected by the International Network of Pediatric Airway Team was undertaken to ensure proper insight into the behavior and management of PTTs. METHODS: Patients <18 years of age with a histological confirmation of PTT diagnosed from 2000 to 2015 were included in this multicenter international retrospective study. Medical records, treatment modalities, and outcomes were analyzed. The patient presentation, tumor management, and clinical course were compared between malignant and benign histotypes. Clinical and surgical variables that might influence event-free survival were considered. RESULTS: Among the 78 children identified, PTTs were more likely to be malignant than benign; bronchial carcinoid tumor (n = 31; 40%) was the most common histological subtype, followed by inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (n = 19; 25%) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (n = 15; 19%). Regarding symptoms at presentation, wheezing (P = 0.001) and dyspnea (P = 0.03) were more often associated with benign growth, whereas hemoptysis was more frequently associated with malignancy (P = 0.042). Factors that significantly worsened event-free survival were age at diagnosis earlier than 112 months (P = 0.0035) and duration of symptoms lasting more than 2 months (P = 0.0029). CONCLUSION: The results of this international study provide important information regarding the clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and treatment of PTTs in children, casting new light on the biological behavior of PTTs to ensure appropriate treatments. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA Laryngoscope, 130:E243-E251, 2020.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Brônquicas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Brônquicas/terapia , Neoplasias da Traqueia/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Traqueia/terapia , Adolescente , Neoplasias Brônquicas/mortalidade , Neoplasias Brônquicas/patologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Taxa de Sobrevida , Neoplasias da Traqueia/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Traqueia/patologiaRESUMO
Background: Airway hemangiomas are congenital neoplasms of low incidence. Its clinical presentation consists of obstruction of the upper airway with progressive dyspnea and stridor and the life of the patient at risk. Infantile hemangiomas have an incidence at birth of 2%, increasing to 9% at 12 months of life. Almost 60% of childhood hemangiomas affect the head and neck region. However, localization in the upper airway is not as frequent and it is only reported in 1.8% of patients with cutaneous hemangiomas. The traditional treatment of laryngeal hemangiomas has been the administration of systemic corticosteroids for long periods, endolaryngeal surgery with CO2 laser, open surgery, tracheostomy or, recently, oral propranolol. Case report: Five cases of subglottic hemangioma treated with systemic propranolol are presented. The therapeutic time of response with the satisfactory control of obstructive symptoms and assurance of the airway was evaluated. In these cases, propranolol was shown to be an effective and safe option for the treatment of laryngeal hemangiomas with a therapeutic response time of 48 to 72 hours. Conclusions: In recent years, the treatment with oral propranolol has become the first therapeutic option due to its high efficacy and safety profile.
Introducción: Los hemangiomas de la vía aérea son neoplasias congénitas de baja incidencia. Su presentación clínica consiste en una obstrucción de la vía aérea superior con disnea progresiva y estridor, ocasionando una obstrucción grave, aguda y grave de la vía aérea. Los hemangiomas infantiles tienen una incidencia al nacimiento del 2%, incrementándose al 9% a los 12 meses de vida. Casi el 60% de los hemangiomas infantiles afectan la región de la cabeza y el cuello. Sin embargo, la localización en la vía aérea superior no es tan frecuente y solo se informa en el 1.8% de los pacientes con hemangiomas cutáneos. El tratamiento tradicional de los hemangiomas laríngeos ha sido la administración de corticoides sistémicos por periodos largos, la cirugía endolaríngea con láser de CO2, la cirugía abierta, la traqueostomía y, recientemente, el propranolol oral. Casos clínicos: Se presentan cinco casos de hemangiomas subglóticos tratados con propranolol sistémico y la evaluación del tiempo de respuesta terapéutica, definido como el control satisfactorio de los síntomas obstructivos y aseguramiento de la vía aérea. En estos casos, el propranolol mostró ser una opción efectiva y segura para el tratamiento de hemangiomas laríngeos, con un tiempo de respuesta terapéutica de 48 a 72 horas. Conclusiones: El tratamiento con propranolol oral se ha convertido en los últimos años en la primera opción terapéutica debido a su alta eficacia y su buen perfil de seguridad.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Hemangioma/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Laríngeas/tratamento farmacológico , Propranolol/uso terapêutico , Administração Oral , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Hemangioma/complicações , Humanos , Lactente , Neoplasias Laríngeas/complicações , Masculino , Propranolol/administração & dosagem , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Introduction: Congenital pulmonary malformations are a rare cause of neonatal morbidity. Some of them have a common origin, which allows the identification of combined lesions. Its diagnosis can be made prenatally by ultrasound, with the limitation that this study is performed in specialized centers and depends on the expertise of the operator. The association of pulmonary sequestration and congenital malformation of the airway has been described in approximately 40-60 cases since its first description in 1949. Many lesions are not perceptible in intrauterine life and in the neonatal period there are recurrent respiratory symptoms that in some cases are associated with a congenital pulmonary malformation. Case report: We report the case of a young infant, who was diagnosed with pulmonary sequestration at 24 weeks of gestational age, undergoing intrauterine surgical treatment with a report of complete resolution of the malformation in posterior ultrasounds. She was valued by pediatric pneumology at 4 months of age, where angiotomography was performed and the presence of pulmonary sequestration was confirmed by lobectomy. The histopathological study reported extralobar pulmonary sequestration with congenital malformation of the pulmonary airway type 2. These combined lesions were identified by histopathological study. The treatment of choice was surgical. Conclusions: Upon the confirmation of a malformation, we emphasize the importance of performing a screening in order to search for other that could be associated.
Introducción: Las malformaciones pulmonares congénitas son una causa poco frecuente de morbilidad neonatal. Algunas de ellas tienen un origen común, lo que permite identificar lesiones combinadas. Su diagnóstico puede realizarse de forma prenatal mediante ultrasonido, con las limitaciones de que solo se realiza en centros especializados y que depende de la pericia del operador. La asociación entre el secuestro pulmonar y la malformación congénita de la vía aérea se ha descrito aproximadamente en 40-60 casos desde 1949, cuando se observó por primera vez. Muchas lesiones no son perceptibles en la vida intrauterina. Sin embargo, en el periodo neonatal se presentan síntomas respiratorios recurrentes que en algunos casos están asociados con una malformación pulmonar. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de una lactante diagnosticada con secuestro pulmonar a las 24 semanas de edad gestacional. Recibió tratamiento quirúrgico intrauterino con reporte de resolución completa de la malformación en ultrasonidos posteriores. Fue valorada por neumología pediátrica a los 4 meses de edad. Se realizó una angiotomografía y se confirmó la presencia de secuestro pulmonar, por lo que se realizó una lobectomía. El estudio histopatológico reportó secuestro pulmonar extralobar con malformación congénita de la vía aérea pulmonar tipo 2. Estas lesiones combinadas se identificaron mediante un estudio histopatológico. El tratamiento de elección fue quirúrgico. Conclusiones: Ante la confirmación de una malformación, destaca la importancia de realizar la búsqueda de otras malformaciones que pudieran estar asociadas.
Assuntos
Sequestro Broncopulmonar/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal/métodos , Anormalidades do Sistema Respiratório/diagnóstico , Sequestro Broncopulmonar/cirurgia , Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada/métodos , Feminino , Terapias Fetais/métodos , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Lactente , Pneumonectomia/métodos , Anormalidades do Sistema Respiratório/cirurgiaRESUMO
Abstract Background: The use of pancreatic prostheses in children with acute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) has evolved. The main established indication is the treatment of persistent abdominal pain. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of pancreatic stenting for refractory abdominal pain in pediatric patients with ARP and CP. Methods: We conducted a retrospective case series study. We included patients under 16 years of age diagnosed with ARP and CP in the study. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed with the insertion of one and later two pancreatic stents. We evaluated abdominal symptoms before and after treatment, number of changes, duration of treatment, and complications with follow-up at 24 months and after withdrawal. Results: Nine patients with ARP and CP were included in the study: six with undetermined etiology and three with pancreas divisum. The mean age was 12.4 years. Prosthesis placement relieved abdominal pain in 100% of cases, with 3.2 replacement sessions every 6.2 months for 27.4 months, and mild complications (15.7%). One patient experienced pain on removal of the prosthesis and required bypass surgery. Conclusion: Pancreatic stent placement in patients with refractory abdominal pain with ARP and CP proved to be effective and safe, providing medium-term symptom relief and minimal complications.
Resumen Introducción: El uso de prótesis pancreáticas en niños con pancreatitis aguda recurrente (PAR) y crónica (PC) ha evolucionado. La principal indicación establecida es el tratamiento del dolor abdominal persistente. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia del uso prótesis pancreática para el dolor abdominal refractario en pacientes pediátricos con PAR y PC, sin respuesta a manejo conservador. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo de serie de casos. Se incluyeron pacientes menores de 16 años con diagnóstico de PAR y PC. Se realizó una colangio pancreatografía retrograda endoscópica (CPRE) para introducir inicialmente una y posteriormente dos prótesis pancreáticas. Se evaluaron síntomas abdominales antes y después del tratamiento, número de recambios, duración del tratamiento y complicaciones con seguimiento a 24 meses y posterior a su retiro. Resultados: Se incluyeron 9 pacientes con PAR y PC: seis de etiología no determinada y tres con páncreas divisum. La edad promedio fue de 12.4 años. La colocación de prótesis alivió el dolor abdominal en el 100%, con 3.2 sesiones de recambio cada 6.2 meses en 27.4 meses, y complicaciones leves (15.7%). Un paciente presentó dolor al retirar las prótesis y requirió cirugía derivativa. Conclusiones: El uso de prótesis pancreática en pacientes con dolor abdominal refractario con PAR y PC demostró ser eficaz y seguro al aliviar los síntomas a mediano plazo con mínimas complicaciones.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Foreign body (FB) ingestion is a common home accident during childhood; a timely management by the specialists may help prevent complications in the short and long term. OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics and complications of FB ingestion located in the gastrointestinal tract in the pediatric population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two phases, retrospective, and prospective study. Patients diagnosed with FB ingestion between January 1971 and December 2016 were included. The general characteristics of patients, FB type, removal method, and complications were registered. A descriptive analysis was performed. RESULTS: Over 45 years, 2637 FBs were removed from the pharynx (n= 118), the esophagus (n= 2410), the stomach (n= 103), and the intestines (n= 6). Male patients predominated (50.9%); 74% were younger than 5 years. Besides, 57% arrived within the first 24 hours; ptyalism, dysphagia, and vomiting were the main symptoms; 16% of patients had no symptoms. It was possible to locate the FB using an X-ray in 93% of cases; the most common FBs were coins (78%); the most frequent location was the upper third of the esophagus (79%); 86% of FBs were removed using a rigid endoscope, and complications were observed in 7.8% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: FB ingestion predominated among children younger than 5 years; metal objects were the most common ones. A plain X-ray is the test of choice for diagnosis; removal is usually done with a rigid or flexible endoscope, depending on the endoscopist's experience.
Introducción: La ingestión de un cuerpo extraño (CE) es un accidente frecuente en el hogar en la edad pediátrica; su manejo oportuno por especialistas puede evitar complicaciones a corto y largo plazo. Objetivo: Describir características y complicaciones de los CE en el tubo digestivo en población pediátrica. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal, retrospectivo y prospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de ingestión de un CE desde enero de 1971 a diciembre de 2016. Se recabaron características generales de los pacientes, tipo de objeto, métodos de extracción y complicaciones. Se realizó análisis descriptivo. Resultados: Durante 45 años, se extrajeron 2637 CE localizados en faringe (n= 118), esófago (n= 2410), estómago (n= 103) e intestino (n= 6). Predominaron en el sexo masculino (50,9%); 74% fueron en menores de 5 años. El 57% llegó en las primeras 24 horas; sialorrea, disfagia y vómito fueron los principales síntomas y un 16% estaba asintomático. La radiografía permitió localizar el CE en el 93%; el más ingerido fue la moneda (78%); la localización más común fue el tercio superior del esófago (79%); el 86% se extrajo con endoscopio rígido y las complicaciones se presentaron en el 7,8% de los casos. Conclusiones: La ingestión de un CE predomina en menores de 5 años, y los metales son los más frecuentes. La radiografía simple es el estudio de elección, que permite realizar el diagnóstico y la extracción es por vía endoscópica con endoscopio rígido o flexible según la experiencia del endoscopista.
Assuntos
Endoscopia Gastrointestinal/métodos , Corpos Estranhos/complicações , Trato Gastrointestinal/patologia , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Endoscopia Gastrointestinal/instrumentação , Feminino , Corpos Estranhos/diagnóstico por imagem , Corpos Estranhos/terapia , Trato Gastrointestinal/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Radiografia/métodos , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Multiple intestinal preparations have been used in children undergoing colonoscopy, with variable limitation due to acceptance, tolerance, and proper cleaning. The objective of this study was to compare the tolerability, safety and efficacy of the colonoscopy preparation with 1 day with PEG 3350 (poliethylenglycol) (4g/kg/day) + bisacodyl compared to 2 days of preparation with PEG 3350 (2g/kg/day) + bisacodyl in pediatric patients. METHODS: A clinical, randomized, and blind trial was performed. Patients aged 2 to 18 years scheduled for colonoscopy were included. Patients were randomized into two groups: 1 day of preparation with PEG 3350 4g/kg/day + bisacodyl and 2 days of preparation with PEG 3350 2g/kg/day + bisacodyl. Through a questionnaire, physical examination and endoscopic evaluation (Boston scale), the tolerance, safety and efficacy of the 2 preparations to be evaluated were determined. Student's t test was performed for quantitative variables and χ2 for qualitative variables. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in compliance rates, adverse effects, and extent of colonoscopic evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Tolerance and safety between the intestinal preparation for 1-day colonoscopy with PEG 3350 (4g/kg/day) + bisacodyl and the 2-day preparation with PEG 3350 (2g/kg/day) + bisacodyl were similar. The quality of cleanliness was good in both groups, being partially more effective in the 1-day group with PEG 3350 (4g/kg/day).
Assuntos
Bisacodil/administração & dosagem , Catárticos/administração & dosagem , Colonoscopia/métodos , Polietilenoglicóis/administração & dosagem , Adolescente , Bisacodil/efeitos adversos , Catárticos/efeitos adversos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Esquema de Medicação , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adesão à Medicação , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde , Polietilenoglicóis/efeitos adversos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Severe laryngotracheal stenosis in childhood poses a complex surgical challenge for specialists in airway surgery. Patients with severe subglottic stenosis with vocal cord involvement are particularly difficult to manage successfully. The goal of this work was to review our experience with extended CTR in a cohort of young children with severe SGS and determine which clinical parameters would be associated with surgical success. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the outcome of consecutive patients with severe glottic-subglottic stenosis submitted to an extended double-stage CTR between 2004 and 2014 at a large tertiary referral center. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients met inclusion criteria, with a mean age of 58.7 months at the time of repair. Overall decannulation rate was 80% (20/25), with a median time to deannulation of 120 days. Seven patients developed post-operative sequelae (4 arytenoid dislocations, 2 re-stenosis, and 1 anterior commissure adhesion). Patients with these sequelae had lower overall specific decannulation (42.8%) compared to those without any sequelae (94.4%) (Chi-square, p = 0.0123) with a longer time to decannulate (logrank, p = 0.0004). Notably, patients presenting with these sequelae on average had undergone a longer duration of post-operative stenting (27.14 days) compared to those presenting without any sequelae (14.8 days) (p = 0.0282). CONCLUSIONS: Extended CTR is an effective method for resolving a majority of severe glottic-subglottic stenosis cases in children. Duration of post-operative stenting may adversely impact overall outcome in these patients.
Assuntos
Cartilagem Cricoide/cirurgia , Laringoestenose/cirurgia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Glote/cirurgia , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Stents , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Prega Vocal/cirurgiaRESUMO
Severe subglottic stenosis in children is best managed by laryngotracheal reconstruction or cricotracheal resection (CTR). We describe clinical outcomes with CTR and end-to-end anastomosis in pediatric patients with severe subglottic stenosis in a tertiary-care pediatric teaching hospital in Mexico City. We prospectively followed up all consecutive patients younger than 18 years of age with a Myer-Cotton grade 3 or 4 subglottic stenosis who underwent CTR between May 1, 2000, and March 31, 2003. The frequency of each clinical outcome was calculated. Twenty-two patients (16 boys [72.7%] and 6 girls [27.3%]) were included. The mean age at operation was 4.6 years (range, 11 months to 16 years). Eighteen patients (81.8%) required primary CTR, and 4 (18.2%) required extended CTR. Seventeen (77.3%) had grade 3 stenosis, and 5 (22.7%) had grade 4 stenosis. Six (27.3%) had associated clinical conditions, and 3 (13.6%) had associated vocal cord mobility defects. All were tracheostomy-dependent at presentation, and none had undergone previous airway surgery. Ten (45.5%) underwent one-stage surgery, and 12 (54.5%) had a concomitant temporary tracheotomy. No intraoperative complications occurred. Seventeen patients (77.3%) developed postoperative granulation tissue requiring endoscopic resection. The mean follow-up was 1.2 years (range, 2 months to 2.8 years). No deaths occurred. Fifteen children (88.2%) with grade 3 stenosis and 5 (100%) with grade 4 stenosis were decannulated, for an overall decannulation rate of 90.9%. Partial cricoid resection with end-to-end anastomosis has been a feasible procedure with reproducible successful results among our patients. We conclude that CTR performed as a primary procedure is an effective treatment for the management of severe subglottic stenosis in children.
Assuntos
Cartilagem Cricoide/cirurgia , Laringoestenose/cirurgia , Cartilagem Tireóidea/cirurgia , Traqueia/cirurgia , Adolescente , Anastomose Cirúrgica , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Estudos Prospectivos , Traqueotomia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pulmonary aplasia is a rare disorder of lung development characterized by the presence of a rudimentary main bronchus in the absence of lung and pulmonary artery. It is generally associated with other congenital defects and must be suspected in the presence of a total radiopaque hemithorax. CASE REPORTS: We describe two cases of pulmonary aplasia diagnosed in the Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez" in the last 5 years. The first case was a female who presented respiratory distress from birth with a radiopaque left hemithorax in which the diagnosis of pulmonary aplasia was completed with bronchoscopy and lung scan. Her evolution has been insidious, characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms, oxygen dependence and pneumonias. The second case is a 5 year old female, who remained asymptomatic untill the age of two years when she was hospitalized for gastroeteritis. She underwet chest X-rays with findings suspicious of right diaphragmatic hernia. She was then transferred to our hospital. She underwent surgery at which time diaphragmatic eventration and no ipsilateral lung were found. The diagnosis was completed with a blind bottom main right bronchus in bronchoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary aplasia is an uncommon pathology. Due to great variability in clinical presentation, there must be a high index of suspicion in the presence of a fully radiopaque hemithorax. Among the diagnostic methods, X-rays, tomography and lung scan are useful. Bronchoscopy is required for diagnostic confirmation. Surgical removal of the stump and translocation of the diaphragm have been proposed as surgical options.
RESUMO
Resumen Introducción: Las malformaciones pulmonares congénitas son una causa poco frecuente de morbilidad neonatal. Algunas de ellas tienen un origen común, lo que permite identificar lesiones combinadas. Su diagnóstico puede realizarse de forma prenatal mediante ultrasonido, con las limitaciones de que solo se realiza en centros especializados y que depende de la pericia del operador. La asociación entre el secuestro pulmonar y la malformación congénita de la vía aérea se ha descrito aproximadamente en 40-60 casos desde 1949, cuando se observó por primera vez. Muchas lesiones no son perceptibles en la vida intrauterina. Sin embargo, en el periodo neonatal se presentan síntomas respiratorios recurrentes que en algunos casos están asociados con una malformación pulmonar. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de una lactante diagnosticada con secuestro pulmonar a las 24 semanas de edad gestacional. Recibió tratamiento quirúrgico intrauterino con reporte de resolución completa de la malformación en ultrasonidos posteriores. Fue valorada por neumología pediátrica a los 4 meses de edad. Se realizó una angiotomografía y se confirmó la presencia de secuestro pulmonar, por lo que se realizó una lobectomía. El estudio histopatológico reportó secuestro pulmonar extralobar con malformación congénita de la vía aérea pulmonar tipo 2. Estas lesiones combinadas se identificaron mediante un estudio histopatológico. El tratamiento de elección fue quirúrgico. Conclusiones: Ante la confirmación de una malformación, destaca la importancia de realizar la búsqueda de otras malformaciones que pudieran estar asociadas.
Abstract Introduction: Congenital pulmonary malformations are a rare cause of neonatal morbidity. Some of them have a common origin, which allows the identification of combined lesions. Its diagnosis can be made prenatally by ultrasound, with the limitation that this study is performed in specialized centers and depends on the expertise of the operator. The association of pulmonary sequestration and congenital malformation of the airway has been described in approximately 40-60 cases since its first description in 1949. Many lesions are not perceptible in intrauterine life and in the neonatal period there are recurrent respiratory symptoms that in some cases are associated with a congenital pulmonary malformation. Case report: We report the case of a young infant, who was diagnosed with pulmonary sequestration at 24 weeks of gestational age, undergoing intrauterine surgical treatment with a report of complete resolution of the malformation in posterior ultrasounds. She was valued by pediatric pneumology at 4 months of age, where angiotomography was performed and the presence of pulmonary sequestration was confirmed by lobectomy. The histopathological study reported extralobar pulmonary sequestration with congenital malformation of the pulmonary airway type 2. These combined lesions were identified by histopathological study. The treatment of choice was surgical. Conclusions: Upon the confirmation of a malformation, we emphasize the importance of performing a screening in order to search for other that could be associated.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal/métodos , Anormalidades do Sistema Respiratório/diagnóstico , Sequestro Broncopulmonar/diagnóstico , Pneumonectomia/métodos , Anormalidades do Sistema Respiratório/cirurgia , Sequestro Broncopulmonar/cirurgia , Idade Gestacional , Terapias Fetais/métodos , Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada/métodosRESUMO
Resumen: Introducción: Los hemangiomas de la vía aérea son neoplasias congénitas de baja incidencia. Su presentación clínica consiste en una obstrucción de la vía aérea superior con disnea progresiva y estridor, ocasionando una obstrucción grave, aguda y grave de la vía aérea. Los hemangiomas infantiles tienen una incidencia al nacimiento del 2%, incrementándose al 9% a los 12 meses de vida. Casi el 60% de los hemangiomas infantiles afectan la región de la cabeza y el cuello. Sin embargo, la localización en la vía aérea superior no es tan frecuente y solo se informa en el 1.8% de los pacientes con hemangiomas cutáneos. El tratamiento tradicional de los hemangiomas laríngeos ha sido la administración de corticoides sistémicos por periodos largos, la cirugía endolaríngea con láser de CO2, la cirugía abierta, la traqueostomía y, recientemente, el propranolol oral. Casos clínicos: Se presentan cinco casos de hemangiomas subglóticos tratados con propranolol sistémico y la evaluación del tiempo de respuesta terapéutica, definido como el control satisfactorio de los síntomas obstructivos y aseguramiento de la vía aérea. En estos casos, el propranolol mostró ser una opción efectiva y segura para el tratamiento de hemangiomas laríngeos, con un tiempo de respuesta terapéutica de 48 a 72 horas. Conclusiones: El tratamiento con propranolol oral se ha convertido en los últimos años en la primera opción terapéutica debido a su alta eficacia y su buen perfil de seguridad.
Abstract: Background: Airway hemangiomas are congenital neoplasms of low incidence. Its clinical presentation consists of obstruction of the upper airway with progressive dyspnea and stridor and the life of the patient at risk. Infantile hemangiomas have an incidence at birth of 2%, increasing to 9% at 12 months of life. Almost 60% of childhood hemangiomas affect the head and neck region. However, localization in the upper airway is not as frequent and it is only reported in 1.8% of patients with cutaneous hemangiomas. The traditional treatment of laryngeal hemangiomas has been the administration of systemic corticosteroids for long periods, endolaryngeal surgery with CO2 laser, open surgery, tracheostomy or, recently, oral propranolol. Case report: Five cases of subglottic hemangioma treated with systemic propranolol are presented. The therapeutic time of response with the satisfactory control of obstructive symptoms and assurance of the airway was evaluated. In these cases, propranolol was shown to be an effective and safe option for the treatment of laryngeal hemangiomas with a therapeutic response time of 48 to 72 hours. Conclusions: In recent years, the treatment with oral propranolol has become the first therapeutic option due to its high efficacy and safety profile.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Propranolol/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Laríngeas/tratamento farmacológico , Hemangioma/tratamento farmacológico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Propranolol/administração & dosagem , Fatores de Tempo , Neoplasias Laríngeas/complicações , Administração Oral , Resultado do Tratamento , Hemangioma/complicações , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Introducción: La ingestión de un cuerpo extraño (CE) es un accidente frecuente en el hogar en la edad pediátrica; su manejo oportuno por especialistas puede evitar complicaciones a corto y largo plazo. Objetivo: Describir características y complicaciones de los CE en el tubo digestivo en población pediátrica. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal, retrospectivo y prospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de ingestión de un CE desde enero de 1971 a diciembre de 2016. Se recabaron características generales de los pacientes, tipo de objeto, métodos de extracción y complicaciones. Se realizó análisis descriptivo. Resultados: Durante 45 años, se extrajeron 2637 CE localizados en faringe (n= 118), esófago (n= 2410), estómago (n= 103) e intestino (n= 6). Predominaron en el sexo masculino (50,9%); 74% fueron en menores de 5 años. El 57% llegó en las primeras 24 horas; sialorrea, disfagia y vómito fueron los principales síntomas y un 16% estaba asintomático. La radiografía permitió localizar el CE en el 93%; el más ingerido fue la moneda (78%); la localización más común fue el tercio superior del esófago (79%); el 86% se extrajo con endoscopio rígido y las complicaciones se presentaron en el 7,8% de los casos. Conclusiones: La ingestión de un CE predomina en menores de 5 años, y los metales son los más frecuentes. La radiografía simple es el estudio de elección, que permite realizar el diagnóstico y la extracción es por vía endoscópica con endoscopio rígido o flexible según la experiencia del endoscopista.
Introduction: Foreign body (FB) ingestion is a common home accident during childhood; a timely management by the specialists may help prevent complications in the short and long term. Objective: To describe the characteristics and complications of FB ingestion located in the gastrointestinal tract in the pediatric population. Material and methods: Two phases, retrospective, and prospective study. Patients diagnosed with FB ingestion between January 1971 and December 2016 were included. The general characteristics of patients, FB type, removal method, and complications were registered. A descriptive analysis was performed. Results: Over 45 years, 2637 FBs were removed from the pharynx (n= 118), the esophagus (n= 2410), the stomach (n= 103), and the intestines (n= 6). Male patients predominated (50.9%); 74% were younger than 5 years. Besides, 57% arrived within the first 24 hours; ptyalism, dysphagia, and vomiting were the main symptoms; 16% of patients had no symptoms. It was possible to locate the FB using an X-ray in 93% of cases; the most common FBs were coins (78%); the most frequent location was the upper third of the esophagus (79%); 86% of FBs were removed using a rigid endoscope, and complications were observed in 7.8% of patients. Conclusions: FB ingestion predominated among children younger than 5 years; metal objects were the most common ones. A plain X-ray is the test of choice for diagnosis; removal is usually done with a rigid or flexible endoscope, depending on the endoscopist's experience.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Broncoscopia , Esofagoscopia , Corpos Estranhos/diagnóstico , Turquia/epidemiologia , Criança Hospitalizada , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Corpos Estranhos/terapia , Corpos Estranhos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Resumen: Introducción: Múltiples preparaciones intestinales se han utilizado en niños sometidos a una colonoscopia, con limitación variable debido a la aceptación, tolerancia y la limpieza adecuada. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar la tolerancia seguridad y eficacia de la preparación intestinal para colonoscopia de 1 día con PEG 3350 (polietilenglicol) (4 g/kg/día) + bisacodilo y el tratamiento con 2 días de preparación con PEG 3350 (2 g/kg/día) + bisacodilo en pacientes pediátricos. Métodos: Se realizó un ensayo clínico, aleatorizado y ciego. Se incluyeron pacientes de 2 a 18 años, que ameritaron colonoscopia en forma programada. Los pacientes se asignaron de manera aleatoria en dos grupos: 1 día de preparación con PEG 3350 4 g/kg/día + bisacodilo y 2 días de preparación con PEG 3350 2 g/kg/día + bisacodilo. Por medio de un cuestionario, exploración física y valoración endoscópica (escala de Boston), se determinó la tolerancia, seguridad y eficacia de las 2 preparaciones a evaluar. Se realizó una prueba t de Student para variables cuantitativas y χ2 para variables cualitativas. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas en las tasas de cumplimiento, los efectos adversos y la extensión de la evaluación colonoscópica. Conclusiones: La tolerancia y seguridad entre la preparación intestinal para colonoscopia de 1 día con PEG 3350 (polietilenglicol) (4 g/kg/día) + bisacodilo y la preparación de 2 días con PEG 3350 (2 g/kg/día) + bisacodilo fue semejante. La calidad de la limpieza fue buena en ambos grupos, siendo parcialmente más eficaz en el grupo de 1 día con PEG 3350 (polietilenglicol) (4 g/kg/día).
Abstract: Background: Multiple intestinal preparations have been used in children undergoing colonoscopy, with variable limitation due to acceptance, tolerance, and proper cleaning. The objective of this study was to compare the tolerability, safety and efficacy of the colonoscopy preparation with 1 day with PEG 3350 (poliethylenglycol) (4 g/kg/day) + bisacodyl compared to 2 days of preparation with PEG 3350 (2 g/kg/day) + bisacodyl in pediatric patients. Methods: A clinical, randomized, and blind trial was performed. Patients aged 2 to 18 years scheduled for colonoscopy were included. Patients were randomized into two groups: 1 day of preparation with PEG 3350 4 g/kg/day + bisacodyl and 2 days of preparation with PEG 3350 2 g/kg/day + bisacodyl. Through a questionnaire, physical examination and endoscopic evaluation (Boston scale), the tolerance, safety and efficacy of the 2 preparations to be evaluated were determined. Student's t test was performed for quantitative variables and χ2 for qualitative variables. Results: There were no significant differences in compliance rates, adverse effects, and extent of colonoscopic evaluation. Conclusions: Tolerance and safety between the intestinal preparation for 1-day colonoscopy with PEG 3350 (4 g/kg/day) + bisacodyl and the 2-day preparation with PEG 3350 (2 g/kg/day) + bisacodyl were similar. The quality of cleanliness was good in both groups, being partially more effective in the 1-day group with PEG 3350 (4 g/kg/day).
Assuntos
Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Polietilenoglicóis/administração & dosagem , Bisacodil/administração & dosagem , Catárticos/administração & dosagem , Colonoscopia/métodos , Polietilenoglicóis/efeitos adversos , Bisacodil/efeitos adversos , Esquema de Medicação , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde , Catárticos/efeitos adversos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Quimioterapia Combinada , Adesão à MedicaçãoRESUMO
Introducción: La aplasia pulmonar es un raro trastorno del desarrollo pulmonar. Se caracteriza por la presencia de un bronquio principal rudimentario en ausencia de pulmón y arteria pulmonar. Generalmente se asocia con otros defectos congénitos, y debe sospecharse ante la opacidad del hemitórax. Casos clínicos: Se describen dos casos de pacientes con aplasia pulmonar diagnosticados en el Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez en los últimos 5 años. La primera paciente presentó dificultad respiratoria desde el nacimiento. Se observó radiopacidad total del hemitórax izquierdo, y se completó el diagnóstico de aplasia pulmonar con gammagrafía pulmonar y broncoscopia. La evolución ha sido insidiosa, con sintomatología respiratoria crónica, dependencia de oxígeno y neumonías recurrentes. La segunda paciente, de 5 años de edad, permaneció asintomática durante los primeros 2 años de vida. Fue hospitalizada por gastroenteritis infecciosa, y la radiografía sugirió hernia diafragmática derecha. Se intervino y se encontró eventración diafragmática derecha y ausencia de pulmón ipsilateral. Se completó el diagnóstico con broncoscopia que mostró bronquio principal derecho con saco ciego terminal. Conclusiones: La aplasia pulmonar es una entidad infrecuente. Debido a la variabilidad en la presentación clínica debe tenerse un alto índice de sospecha ante el hallazgo de la radiopacidad total del hemitórax. Los métodos diagnósticos que se utilizan son radiografía, tomografía y gammagrafía. Para confirmar el diagnóstico se requiere realizar broncoscopia. La escisión del muñón y la traslocación diafragmática se han descrito como opciones quirúrgicas de tratamiento.
Background: Pulmonary aplasia is a rare disorder of lung development characterized by the presence of a rudimentary main bronchus in the absence of lung and pulmonary artery. It is generally associated with other congenital defects and must be suspected in the presence of a total radiopaque hemithorax. Case reports: We describe two cases of pulmonary aplasia diagnosed in the Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez" in the last 5 years. The first case was a female who presented respiratory distress from birth with a radiopaque left hemithorax in which the diagnosis of pulmonary aplasia was completed with bronchoscopy and lung scan. Her evolution has been insidious, characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms, oxygen dependence and pneumonias. The second case is a 5 year old female, who remained asymptomatic untill the age of two years when she was hospitalized for gastroeteritis. She underwet chest X-rays with findings suspicious of right diaphragmatic hernia. She was then transferred to our hospital. She underwent surgery at which time diaphragmatic eventration and no ipsilateral lung were found. The diagnosis was completed with a blind bottom main right bronchus in bronchoscopy. Conclusions: Pulmonary aplasia is an uncommon pathology. Due to great variability in clinical presentation, there must be a high index of suspicion in the presence of a fully radiopaque hemithorax. Among the diagnostic methods, X-rays, tomography and lung scan are useful. Bronchoscopy is required for diagnostic confirmation. Surgical removal of the stump and translocation of the diaphragm have been proposed as surgical options.
RESUMO
Duodenal fenestrated membranes are traditionally treated by side-to-side diamond-shaped duodenoduodenostomy, or duodenotomy and resection. We describe an alternative endoscopic approach for its resolution. A flexible panendoscopy reaching the duodenal membrane was performed. A balloon was inserted to dilate its orifice. Traction was applied to the balloon to differentiate the border of the membrane forming the duodenal wall. After visualizing the ampulla, the membrane was incised using a sphincterotome or needle knife on two sites opposite to the bile duct. From May 2001 to August 2007, ten patients with a fenestrated duodenal membrane underwent transluminal endoscopic electrosurgical incision (TEEI). Mean patient age was 3.4 years (range 1 month to 15 years). The endoscopic procedure lasted from 30 to 60 min. Oral intake began 24 h postsurgery in eight patients and at 48 h postsurgery in two patients. Hospital stay lasted for 2-5 days. After 1 year of follow-up, eight patients were asymptomatic and thriving at present, and one had a double membrane, required a second endoscopy with TEEI, and has experienced occasional vomiting. An additional asymptomatic patient was lost after 3 months of follow-up. TEEI of fenestrated duodenal membranes is a feasible and effective procedure in children.
Assuntos
Duodenopatias/cirurgia , Duodeno/anormalidades , Eletrocirurgia/métodos , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Obstrução Duodenal/cirurgia , Duodenoscopia , Duodeno/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Mucosa Intestinal/cirurgia , MasculinoRESUMO
Introducción. La ingestión de cuerpo extraño (CE) es frecuente observarla en la consulta pediátrica; aunque el mayor porcentaje son monedas, la ingestión de pilas de disco o botón son un problema serio. Objetivos: conocer las principales lesiones esofágicas ocasionadas por la ingesta de pilas de disco (IPD), así como la respuesta al manejo y su evolución. Métodos. En un estudio retrospectivo, donde se revisaron los expedientes de pacientes con diagnóstico de IPD de diciembre 1996 a 2007, se analizó: sexo, edad, síntomas, tiempo de evolución, hallazgos radiológicos y endoscópicos, manejo, complicaciones y secuelas. Resultados. Se encontraron 21 casos de IPD; predominó el sexo masculino en relación 4:1, con edades de 3 meses a 12 años. El síntoma principal fue sialorrea. El tiempo de evolución fue en promedio de 39.6 horas. En 14 pacientes la extracción del CE se realizó con laringoscopio tipo Jackson, con esofagoscopio rígido en 2 y con panendoscopio en 4, y en 1 se utilizó red de recuperación de Roth. La mayoría de los CE estaban alojados en el tercio superior de esófago. A la endoscopia se encontraron úlceras en 8 pacientes, necrosis en 6, úlcera y necrosis en 1, perforación parcial en 1, perforación con fístula traqueoesofágica en 2, y en 3 pacientes no hubo evidencia de lesión. Sólo 5 pacientes evolucionaron a estenosis esofágica, que se resolvió con dilataciones. Dos pacientes con perforación y fístula traqueoesofágica recibieron manejo quirúrgico, falleciendo uno de ellos. Otro paciente con perforación solicitó alta voluntaria. Conclusiones. La IPD es cada vez más frecuente, su extracción en el esófago debe ser urgente para evitar complicaciones graves como la estenosis y fístula traqueoesofágica.
Introduction. Foreign body ingestion is a common cause of consultation in the pediatric practice. Even though the most frequent ingested objects are coins, the button disk batteries are becoming a serious problem. Objectives: To describe the main esophageal lesions caused by the ingestion of button disk batteries, their response to treatment and clinical evolution. Methods. Files from patients admitted to our hospital with diagnosis of button disk battery ingestion between December 1996 to December 2007 were reviewed. We analyzed sex, age, symptoms, evolution time, radiological and endoscopical findings, management, complications and long term sequels. Results. We found 21 cases, male preponderance 4:1, age rank from 3 months to 12 years. Sialorrhea was the main symptom. Average time to treatment was 39.6 hours. Battery removal was accomplished with direct esophagoscopy using Jackson laryngoscope in 14 patients, rigid esophagoscope in 2 patients, and flexible esophagoscopy in 4. In most of the cases the battery was lodged in the proximal third of the esophagus. At endoscopic exploration, esophageal ulcers were found in 8 patients, necrosis in 6, ulcers and necrosis in 1, partial perforation in 1, perforation with traqueoesophageal fistula in 2, and no injury in 3 patients. Only 5 patients evolved to esophageal stenosis that resolved with dilatations. Two patients with perforation and traqueoesophageal fistula underwent surgical treatment, one of them died. Another patient with perforation was lost to follow up because of voluntary discharge. Conclusions. Button disk battery ingestion is becoming a more frequent event; removal from the esophagus should be an urgent procedure to avoid severe complications such as stenosis and traqueoesophageal fistula.
RESUMO
Introducción. La obstrucción duodenal en el recién nacido es una patología frecuente; dentro de las causas más comunes se encuentran las membranas, algunas de ellas pueden estar fenestradas. La corrección de éstas tradicionalmente es con cirugía abierta, algunos casos por laparoscopia y de manera anecdótica resecciones completas con ondas de alta frecuencia o láser por vía endoscópica. Nos preguntamos si era posible la sección y ampliación de las membranas duodenales incompletas con un esfinterotomo de vías biliares por endoscopia como único tratamiento. Caso clínico. Recién nacido con atresia de esófago tipo III y malformación ano-rectal a quien realizaron plastia del esófago y colostomía; tardíamente se efectuó el diagnóstico de atresia duodenal tipo membrana fenestrada, la que se corrigió únicamente mediante un corte de ésta con un esfinterotomo por endoscopia. La evolución fue satisfactoria. Conclusión. Se presenta una nueva alternativa que puede ser usada en casos seleccionados de membrana duodenal fenestrada, que resuelve el problema y evita una cirugía abierta.
Introduction. Duodenal obstruction in the newborn is a frequent pathology; among the most common causes of obstruction are duodenal membranes and in some cases these membranes are fenestrated. Traditionally, correction of membranous duodenal obstruction is with open surgery although laparoscopic resection has been reported and, occasionally, complete resection has also been performed with laser endoscopic technique. Using a biliary tract sphincterotome we evaluated the resection and widening of a duodenal obstruction in a newborn infant. Case report. Newborn with type III esophageal atresia and anorectal malformation who underwent esophageal plasty and colostomy. Belatedly the diagnosis of duodenal atresia due to a fenestrated membrane was made and corrected endoscopically with a biliary tract sphincterotome. The child had a satisfactory recovery. Conclusion. A new non-invasive surgical alternative is presented that can be used in selected cases of fenestrated membranous duodenal obstruction that avoids an open surgery.
RESUMO
Los principales estudios endoscópicos de tubo digestivo que se realizan actualmente en la edad pediátrica son la panendoscopia y la colonoscopia, de los cuales hablaremos extensamente en las próximas líneas. Dichos procedimientos se iniciaron con equipos de adultos y desde 1973 Gans y col.1 lo realizan con un prototipo de 7.9 mm de diámetro externo con sólo dos movimientos, y el colonoscopio de 11 mm de diámetro externo con cuatro movimientos; desde esta fecha no se ha logrado disminuir el calibre de los endoscopios en forma significativa, pero sí se ha logrado aumentar las angulaciones, así como incrementar el calibre del canal de trabajo y mejorar la resolución óptica. Las principales indicaciones de ambos estudios son el sangrado de tubo digestivo, así como el dolor abdominal, además para la endoscopia, la presencia de vómito crónico, ingestión de cuerpos extraños e ingestión de cáusticos; mientras que la diarrea crónica y la constipación pueden ser una indicación de colonoscopia. Estos estudios realizados por gente con entrenamiento no suelen tener complicaciones, existiendo contraindicaciones para cada uno de ellos.