Infection control and patient safety measures addressed in nursing pedagogical projects.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize teaching about patient safety and standard precautionary measures for infection prevention and control in undergraduate nursing courses. METHOD: A descriptive documentary analysis study carried out in undergraduate courses, with a concept equal to or greater than three in the National Student Performance Exam and in the Preliminary Course Concept, located in the state of Goiás, Brazil. RESULTS: Six education institutions participated, with the majority being private with curricular structure by discipline. Six pedagogical projects and 273 subject plans were analyzed. The most discussed topics for patient safety development were human factors related to communication, interpersonal relationships, and principles and techniques. Thirty-nine (39) disciplines contemplated teaching infection prevention and control measures, and the most approached topics were personal protective equipment and hand hygiene. CONCLUSION: Teaching about patient safety presented strong gaps in the six evaluated courses. There is fragility in teaching infection prevention and control measures. The data indicate the need to review the Course Pedagogical Projects in order to incorporate necessary educational demands for training professionals so that they develop safe and quality care.

Seasonality and weather dependance of Acinetobacter baumannii complex bloodstream infections in different climates in Brazil.

Recent studies report seasonality in healthcare-associated infections, especially those caused by Acinetobacter baumannii complex. We conducted an ecologic study aimed at analyzing the impact of seasons, weather parameters and climate control on the incidence and carbapenem-resistance in A. baumannii complex bloodstream infections (ABBSI) in hospitals from regions with different climates in Brazil. We studied monthly incidence rates (years 2006-2015) of ABBSI from hospitals in cities from different macro-regions in Brazil: Fortaleza (Ceará State, Northeast region), Goiânia (Goiás State, Middle-west) and Botucatu (São Paulo State, Southeast). Box-Jenkins models were fitted to assess seasonality, and the impact of weather parameters was analyzed in Poisson Regression models. Separate analyses were performed for carbapenem-resistant versus carbapenem-susceptible isolates, as well as for infections occurring in climate-controlled intensive care units (ICUs) versus non-climate-controlled wards. Seasonality was identified for ABSSI ICUs in the Hospitals from Botucatu and Goiânia. In the Botucatu hospital, where there was overall seasonality for both resistance groups, as well as for wards without climate control. In that hospital, the overall incidence was associated with higher temperature (incidence rate ratio for each Celsius degree, 1.05; 95% Confidence Interval, 1.01-1.09; P = 0.006). Weather parameters were not associated with ABBSI in the hospitals from Goiânia and Fortaleza. In conclusion, seasonality was found in the hospitals with higher ABBSI incidence and located in regions with greater thermal amplitude. Strict temperature control may be a tool for prevention of A. baumanii infections in healthcare settings.

Skills for generalist and specialist nurses working in the prevention and control of infections in Brazil. / Competências para enfermeiros generalistas e especialistas atuarem na prevenção e controle de infecções no Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: to define the competencies for the prevention and control of healthcare-related infections that should be developed by the generalist nurse and the specialist nurse in infection control in Brazil. METHOD: the Delphi technique, developed in four rounds, was used. Thirty-one nurses and eight physicians participated in the study, with expertise in infection prevention and control. Data were collected using open-ended questionnaires, whose answers were treated using the content analysis technique. Structured instruments were used to evaluate the importance of each competency using a Likert scale. Data were analyzed and presented in a descriptive way, use of median and coefficient of variation. RESULTS: the competences were organized in 4 core, 14 generic and 17 specific, with name and description of each competency. CONCLUSION: the definition of competencies for the prevention and control of healthcare-related infections is the first step to begin the rethinking of the teaching and learning process in the initial training of nurses. The data found in the present study may help to restructure education and support permanent education programs in health.

Perfil da prevalência de infecções enterocócicas e de resistência bacteriana aos antimicrobianos em infecções urinárias comunitárias / Profile of the prevalence of enterococcal infections and bacterial resistance to antibiotics in public urinary infections

As infecções do trato urinário causadas por bactérias resistentes aos antimicrobiano são o terceiro tipo de infecção mais comum em humanos, descritas em todo o mundo. Trata-se de estudo de série temporal realizado a partir de registros de urocultura positiva, no período de 1º de janeiro de 2011 a 31 de dezembro de 2019, na região metropolitana do município de Goiânia, Centro-Oeste do Brasil, em pessoas de todas as idades e sexos, com objetivo de avaliar a prevalência as infeções urinárias, o padrão de resistência aos antimicrobianos e a tendência do crescimento da resistência em Enterococcus faecalis. A análise descritiva e o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson foram utilizados para avaliar o crescimento da prevalência da resistência aos antimicrobianos e a análise de correlação pelo método de Poisson foi usada para avaliar a tendência do crescimento da resistência bacteriana. De 22.034 registros de uroculturas positivas, 646 (2,9%) eram E. faecalis. Os achados demonstraram que as infeções urinárias são mais prevalentes em mulheres com idade superior a 19 anos. A prevalência da resistência foi elevada para as fluoroquinolonas e significante crescimento da resistência para Gentamicina (p=0,02%) e diminuição para Ampicilina (p<0,001) e Tobramicina (p<0,001). A tendência de crescimento positiva foi significante para a Gentamicina e negativa para Ampicilina e Tobramicina. Os achados demonstram que é necessária a criação de programas de vigilância que objetivam monitorar o crescimento do padrão de resistência nas ITUs comunitárias, levando em consideração o local de estudo.

Urinary tract infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria are the third most common type of infection in humans described worldwide. This is a time series study carried out from positive urine culture records, from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2019, in the metropolitan region of the municipality of Goiania, Midwest Brazil, in people of all ages and sexes. The aim was to assess the prevalence of urinary tract infections, the pattern of resistance to antibiotics, and the trend of increasing resistance in Enterococcus faecalis. Descriptive analysis and Pearson's chi-square test were used to assess the growth in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance, and a correlation analysis by the Poisson method was used to assess the trend in the growth of bacterial resistance. Of 22,034 positive urine cultures, 646 (2.9%) were of E. faecalis. The findings showed that urinary tract infections are more prevalent in women aged over 19 years old. The prevalence of resistance was high for the fluoroquinolone drugs and a significant increase in resistance against Gentamicin (p=0.02%) and a decrease toward Ampicillin (p<0.001) and Tobramycin (p<0.001). The increasing trend was significant for Gentamicin and negative for Ampicillin and Tobramycin. The findings demonstrate that it is necessary to create surveillance programs that aim to monitor the growth of the resistance patterns in public UTIs, while considering the study site.

Profile of antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) in a Brazilian health care institution.

Cockroaches carry microorganisms to sterilized materials, equipment and non-contaminated food in hospitals and in homes. Hence, they are regarded as major microbial vectors. We isolated and identified microorganisms from living cockroaches captured from a Brazilian health care institution and we determined the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolates. Following collection, cockroaches were immobilized at 4 degrees C for 10 to 20 minutes, immersed in 0.8% saline solution and then homogenized. Next, the suspension was seeded in culture media: brain and heart agar infusion, MacConkey agar, Naito agar, and they were incubated for up to 48 hours at 37 degrees C. Sabouraud agar cultures were incubated at ambient temperature. The microbial colonies were analyzed with a stereomicroscope to count and phenotypically identify the colony-forming units (cfu). The disc-diffusion method was used to determine the profile of susceptibility to antimicrobials. Among the 103 cockroaches analyzed, fungi were found in 97%, enterobacteria in 74.6% and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) in 25.40%. Among the enterobacteria, 96% were resistant to gentamicin, 84% to ampicillin, 75.3% to caphalothin, 66.7% to ampicillin-sulbactam, 50% to aztreonam and 30% to chloramphenicol. Among the CNS, 61% were resistant to oxacillin. We concluded that cockroaches carry organisms associated with nosocomial infections and that are resistant to antimicrobials. This fact contributes to the epidemiological chain, complicating therapeutics, and consequently, medical costs are increased.

Nurses' understanding of standard precautions at a public hospital in Goiania - GO, Brazil.

Standard Precautions (SP) are effective strategies to prevent and control nosocomial infections. This study aimed to verify nurses' understanding about standard precaution measures. Data were collected through interviews, followed by content analysis in accordance with Bardin. Eighty-two nurses took part in this study, 75.6% of whom understand SP as protective measures: for professionals (11.0%); for both professionals and patients (52.4%); for patient care independently of the diagnosis (7.3%); for patients with diagnosed infection (9.8%). Other nurses indicated SP as human care (4.9%) and only as Individual Protection Equipment (IPE) (11.0%). Most participants' understanding points to favorable cognitive adaptation to the daily implementation of SP. However, reductionist and even mistaken perceptions about their range persist, which makes the social function of these measures vulnerable.

Hand hygiene: The impact of incentive strategies on adherence among healthcare workers from a newborn intensive care unit.

We carried out a before-after non-controlled intervention study to assess the impact of different handwashing strategies in health care workers at a neonatal ICU in Goiânia - Goiás, Brazil. All ethical aspects were considered. Data was collected by using a check list in order to register hand hygiene opportunities during six months. Three strategies were elaborated together with the hospital team. We observed 1358 handwashing opportunities. Incentive strategies caused a small impact on the increase of adherence to hand hygiene during and after the implementation period. However, we noticed that this increase mainly occurred after the procedures were realized. On the whole, adherence levels were similar before (62.2%) and after (61.6%) the procedures. The study showed that health care workers were more worried about individual risks.

[Occupational accidents with biohazards: the perception of the injured worker]. / Acidentes ocupacionais com material biológico: a percepção do profissional acidentado.

This qualitative research aims at identifying the perception of health care workers of different categories from a specialized institution in emergency health service in the city of Goiânia regarding the context involving biohazard accidents. Firstly, 382 workers were given a questionnaire in order to identify those who had experienced an accident, 39 of which also took part in an interview addressing the general aspects of the accidents. Among the main accident causes to be highlighted are: unattention, non-adherence to preventive measures, patient's severity and hurry. Among the experienced feelings the main ones are: inconfidence, fear of contamination, rage, and even calmness. Half reported no consequence resulted from the accident. Data points to the need of self-worth concerning the worker's health and also of programs aiming at occupational safety enhancement.

Moments for hand hygiene in Material and Sterilization Center. / Momentos para higienizar as mãos em Centro de Material e Esterilização.

OBJECTIVE: to characterize the moments when there is a need for hand hygiene (HH) by employees who work in Material and Sterilization Center (MSC). METHOD: we conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study in the MSC of a large hospital, from July to November 2012, in Goiânia, state of Goiás, Brazil. Data obtained through observation of workers, following a previously evaluated and tested checklist. RESULTS: to the dirty area, standardized moments of HH were enough. In the clean area, "Extra moments with indication" for HH, resulting from the work process, such as: after disinfecting benches, after verification and inventory of consigned products, before assembling boxes/trays, before loading and unloading the autoclave, before handling and distributing health care products, among others, were necessary. CONCLUSION: the moments of HH in the dirty area coincide with indications of the clinical practice; and, in the clean area, characteristic moments of the work process were captured.

Biological risk among hospital housekeepers.

Although not directly responsible for patient care, hospital housekeepers are still susceptible to accidents with biological material. The objectives of this study were to establish profile and frequency of accidents among hospital housekeepers, describe behaviors pre- and postaccident, and risk factors. This was a cross-sectional study with hospital housekeepers in Goiania, Brazil. Data were obtained from interviews and vaccination records. The observations were as follows: (1) participating workers: 94.3%; (2) incomplete hepatitis B vaccination: 1 in 3; and (3) accident rate: 26.5%, mostly percutaneous with hypodermic needles, and involved blood from an unknown source; roughly half occurred during waste management. Upon review, length of service less than 5 years, completed hepatitis B vaccination, and had been tested for anti-HBs (hepatitis B surface antigen) influenced frequency of accidents. These findings suggest that improper disposal of waste appears to enhance the risk to hospital housekeepers. All hospital workers should receive continued training with regard to waste management.

Structure for prevention of health care-associated infections in Brazilian hospitals: A countrywide study.

BACKGROUND: Minimal structure is required for effective prevention of health care-associated infection (HAI). The objective of this study was to evaluate the structure for prevention of HAI in a sample of Brazilian hospitals. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study from hospitals in 5 Brazilian regions (n = 153; total beds: 13,983) classified according to the number of beds; 11 university hospitals were used as reference for comparison. Trained nurses carried out the evaluation by using structured forms previously validated. The evaluation of conformity index (CI) included elements of structure of the Health Care-Associated Prevention and Control Committee (HAIPCC), hand hygiene, sterilization, and laboratory of microbiology. RESULTS: The median CI for the HAIPCC varied from 0.55-0.94 among hospital categories. Hospitals with >200 beds had the worst ratio of beds to sinks (3.9; P < .001). Regarding alcoholic product for handrubbing, the worst ratio of beds to dispensers was found in hospitals with <50 beds (6.4) compared with reference hospitals (3.3; P < .001). The CI for sterilization services showed huge variation ranging from 0.0-1.00. Reference hospitals were more likely to have their own laboratory of microbiology than other hospitals. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the need for public health strategies aiming to improve the structure for HAI prevention in Brazilian hospitals.

[Teaching infection control: a theoretical and practical essay]. / O ensino do controle de infecção: um ensaio teórico-prático.

This article contains reflections concerning infection prevention and control measures starting from the adherence of health professionals to prevention measures. It points out worrisome environment-related aspects stemming from the use of disposable materials in spite of the benefits that they represent in terms of safety and reduction of operational costs, among others. All these issues are presented as a challenge to infection control teaching in the education of health professionals. Some guiding presuppositions are also presented.

Infection control and patient safety measures addressed in nursing pedagogical projects / Control de infecciones y medidas de seguridad del paciente abordados en proyectos pedagógicos de la enfermería / Controle de infecções e medidas de segurança do paciente abordados em projetos pedagógicos da enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize teaching about patient safety and standard precautionary measures for infection prevention and control in undergraduate nursing courses. Method: A descriptive documentary analysis study carried out in undergraduate courses, with a concept equal to or greater than three in the National Student Performance Exam and in the Preliminary Course Concept, located in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Results: Six education institutions participated, with the majority being private with curricular structure by discipline. Six pedagogical projects and 273 subject plans were analyzed. The most discussed topics for patient safety development were human factors related to communication, interpersonal relationships, and principles and techniques. Thirty-nine (39) disciplines contemplated teaching infection prevention and control measures, and the most approached topics were personal protective equipment and hand hygiene. Conclusion: Teaching about patient safety presented strong gaps in the six evaluated courses. There is fragility in teaching infection prevention and control measures. The data indicate the need to review the Course Pedagogical Projects in order to incorporate necessary educational demands for training professionals so that they develop safe and quality care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Caracterizar la enseñanza acerca de la seguridad del paciente y las medidas de precauciones estándar para prevención y control de infecciones, en las carreras de grado en enfermería. Método: Estudio descriptivo de análisis documental realizado en Carreras de Grado, con concepto igual o superior a tres en el Examen Nacional de Desempeño de Estudiantes y en el Concepto Preliminar de Carrera, ubicadas en el Estado de Goiás, Brasil. Resultados: Participaron seis centros de enseñanza, la mayoría de carácter privado, con estructura curricular por asignatura. Fueron analizados seis proyectos pedagógicos y 273 planes de estudios de asignaturas. Los temas más abordados para el desarrollo de seguridad del paciente fueron los factores humanos relacionados con la comunicación, la relación interpersonal y los principios y técnicas. Treinta y nueve asignaturas contemplaron la enseñanza de las medidas de prevención y control de las infecciones, y los temas más abordados fueron equipo de protección individual e higiene de las manos. Conclusión: La enseñanza acerca de la seguridad del paciente presentó contundentes huecos en las seis carreras evaluadas. Existe fragilidad en la enseñanza de las medidas de prevención y control de infecciones. Los datos señalan la necesidad de revisar los Proyectos Pedagógicos de Carrera, a fin de incorporar demandas de enseñanza necesarias a la formación de profesionales, para que estos desarrollen un cuidado seguro y de calidad.

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar o ensino acerca da segurança do paciente e das medidas de precauções-padrão para prevenção e controle de infecções, nos cursos de graduação em enfermagem. Método: Estudo descritivo de análise documental realizado em Cursos de Graduação, com conceito igual ou superior a três no Exame Nacional de Desempenho de Estudantes e no Conceito Preliminar de Curso, localizados no estado de Goiás, Brasil. Resultados: Participaram seis instituições de ensino, a maioria de caráter privado, com estrutura curricular por disciplina. Foram analisados seis projetos pedagógicos e 273 planos de disciplinas. Os temas mais abordados para o desenvolvimento de segurança do paciente foram os fatores humanos relacionados à comunicação, ao relacionamento interpessoal e aos princípios e técnicas. Trinta e nove disciplinas comtemplaram o ensino das medidas de prevenção e controle das infecções, e os temas mais abordados foram equipamento de proteção individual e higiene das mãos. Conclusão: O ensino acerca da segurança do paciente apresentou contundentes lacunas nos seis cursos avaliados. Há fragilidade no ensino das medidas de prevenção e controle de infecções. Os dados indicam a necessidade de rever os Projetos Pedagógicos de Curso, no sentido de incorporar demandas de ensino necessárias à formação de profissionais, para que estes desenvolvam um cuidado seguro e de qualidade.

Evolução da resistência bacteriana em infecção comunitária do trato urinário em idosos / Evolution of bacterial resistance in community-acquired urinary tract infection in the elderly / Evolución de la resistencia bacteriana en infección comunitaria del tracto urinario en ancianos

Justificativa e Objetivos: Infecções do trato urinário de origem comunitária em idosos são frequentes. O estudo objetivou avaliar a prevalência e a evolução da resistência das bactérias gram-negativas de infecção comunitária do trato urinário em idosos. Métodos: Estudo transversal, dividido em dois períodos 2011-2012 e 2013-2015, realizado no município de Goiânia, Goiás, de 2011 a 2015, com a participação de quatro laboratórios clínicos. Todos os relatórios positivos de urocultura com o respectivo antibiograma foram considerados. Apenas o primeiro laudo de exame de cada paciente foi incluído na análise, a menos que a reinfecção ocorra três meses após a primeira. Resultados: Foram analisados 3.388 antibiogramas. Os microrganismos mais frequentemente isolados foram sucessivamente E. coli (75,6%), K. pneumoniae (16,6%) e Proteus spp. (5,7%). E. coli apresentou alta taxa de resistência à Sulfonamida (40,5%), Ciprofloxacina (35,0%) e aumento da resistência as Cefalosporinas de 2ª Geração (p = 0,007). As maiores taxas de resistência em K. pneumoniae foram para Sulfonamida (35,2%), Nitrofurantoína (37,9%), Gemifloxacina (46,1%) e Ofloxacina (46,1%) com aumento da evolução da resistência aos carbapenems (p = 0,03) e Cefalosporinas da 1ª Geração (P = 0,049). Para Proteus spp., a maior resistência foi para Gemifloxacina (46,11%), Ofloxacina (46,11%), Nitrofurantoína (76,68%) e Levofloxacina (81,87%). Enterobacter spp., resistência à Gemifloxacina (42,9%), Ofloxacina (42,9%), Cefalosporinas da 1ª Geração (44,3%) e Levofloxacina (77,1%), com evolução da resistência à Cefalosporina de 2ª geração (p = 0,0057). Conclusão: A prevalência da resistência bacteriana foi elevada para os principais antimicrobianos testados e foi identificada tendência para o aumento da resistência entre os microrganismos analisados.(AU)

Background and Objectives: Urinary tract infections of community origin in the elderly are frequent. The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and evolution of resistance of gram-negative bacteria to community-acquired urinary tract infection in the elderly. Methods: Cross-sectional study, divided into two periods 2011-2012 and 2013-2015, carried out in the municipality of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil from 2011 to 2015, with the participation of four clinical laboratories. All positive uroculture reports with the respective antibiogram were considered. Only the first report of each patient was included in the analysis, unless reinfection occurred three months after the first. Results: A total of 3,388 antibiograms were analyzed. The most frequently isolated microorganisms were successively E. coli (75.6%), K. pneumoniae, (16.6%) and Proteus spp. (5.7%). E. coli showed a high resistance rate for Sulfonamide (40.5%), Ciprofloxacin (35.0%) and increased resistance to 2nd Generation Cephalosporins (p = 0.007). The highest resistance rates in K. pneumonia were to Sulfonamide (35.2%), Nitrofurantoin (37.9%), Gemifloxacin (46.1%) and Ofloxacin (46.1%) with Increase in resistance evolution to Carbapenems (p = 0.03) and Cephalosporins of the 1st Generation (p = 0.049). For Proteus spp., the highest resistance were to Gemifloxacin (46.11%), Ofloxacin (46.11%), Nitrofurantoin (76.68%) and Levofloxacin (81.87%). Enterobacter spp., had greater resistance to Gemifloxacin (42.9%), Ofloxacin (42.9%), 1st Generation Cephalosporins (44.3%) and Levofloxacin (77.1%), with evolution of resistance to 2nd Generation Cephalosporin (p = 0.0057). Conclusion: The prevalence of bacterial resistance was high for the main antimicrobials tested and a trend was identified for the increase of resistance among the analyzed microorganisms.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: Las infecciones del tracto urinario de origen comunitario en ancianos son frecuentes. El estudio objetivó evaluar la prevalencia y la evolución de la resistencia de las bacterias gram-negativas de infección comunitaria del tracto urinario en ancianos. Métodos: Estudio transversal, dividido en dos períodos 2011-2012 y 2013-2015, realizado en el municipio de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil, de 2011 a 2016, con la participación de cuatro laboratorios clínicos. Se consideraron todos los informes positivos de urocultura con el respectivo antibiograma. Sólo el primer laudo de examen de cada paciente fue incluido en el análisis, a menos que la reinfección ocurrió tres meses después de la primera. Resultados: Un total de 3388 antibiogramas fueron analizados. Los microorganismos más frecuentemente aislados fueron sucesivamente E. coli (75,6%), K. pneumoniae (16,6%) y Proteus spp. (5,7%). E. coli presentó alta tasa de resistencia a la Sulfonamida (40,5%), Ciprofloxacino (35,0%) y aumento de la resistencia a las Cefalosporinas de segunda generación (p = 0,007). Las mayores tasas de resistencia en K. pneumoniae fueron para la Sulfonamida (35,2%), la Nitrofurantoína (37,9%), la Gemifloxacina (46,1%) y la Ofloxacina (46,1%) con un aumento de la evolución de la resistencia a los Carbapenemas (p = 0,03) y Cefalosporinas de la 1ª Generación (P = 0,049). Para Proteus spp., La mayor resistencia fue para Gemifloxacina (46,11%), Ofloxacina (46,11%), Nitrofurantoína (76,68%) y Levofloxacina (81,87%). Enterobacter spp., Las mayores tasas de resistencia fueron para a la Gemifloxacina era (42,9%), Ofloxacina (42,9%) de las Cefalosporinas de 1ª generación (44,3%) y Levofloxacina (77,1%), un aumento de la resistencia a la Cefalosporina 2ª generación (p = 0,0057). Conclusión: La prevalencia de la resistencia bacteriana fue elevada para los principales antimicrobianos probados y se identificó una tendencia al aumento de la resistencia entre los microorganismos analizados.(AU)

Competências para enfermeiros generalistas e especialistas atuarem na prevenção e controle de infecções no Brasil / Skills for generalist and specialist nurses working in the prevention and control of infections in Brazil / Competencias para enfermeros generalistas y especialistas actúan en la prevención y control de infecciones en Brasil

Objetivo definir as competências para a prevenção e o controle de infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde que devem ser desenvolvidas pelo enfermeiro generalista e pelo enfermeiro especialista em controle de infecções no Brasil. Método empregou-se a técnica Delphi, desenvolvida em quatro rodadas. Participaram do estudo 31 enfermeiros e oito médicos com expertise em prevenção e controle de infecções. Para a coleta de dados, utilizaram-se instrumentos com perguntas abertas cujas respostas foram tratadas por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo e instrumentos estruturados para avaliar a importância de cada competência por meio de escala Likert, sendo os dados analisados e apresentados de forma descritiva, uso de mediana e de coeficiente de variação. Resultados as competências foram organizadas em 04 centrais, 14 genéricas e 17 específicas, com nome e a descrição de cada competência. Conclusão a definição das competências para a prevenção e o controle de Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde é o primeiro passo para se iniciar o repensar acerca do processo de ensino e aprendizagem na formação inicial dos enfermeiros. Os dados encontrados auxiliam na reestruturação do ensino, além de fundamentar programas de educação permanente em saúde.

Objective to define the competencies for the prevention and control of healthcare-related infections that should be developed by the generalist nurse and the specialist nurse in infection control in Brazil. Method the Delphi technique, developed in four rounds, was used. Thirty-one nurses and eight physicians participated in the study, with expertise in infection prevention and control. Data were collected using open-ended questionnaires, whose answers were treated using the content analysis technique. Structured instruments were used to evaluate the importance of each competency using a Likert scale. Data were analyzed and presented in a descriptive way, use of median and coefficient of variation. Results the competences were organized in 4 core, 14 generic and 17 specific, with name and description of each competency. Conclusion the definition of competencies for the prevention and control of healthcare-related infections is the first step to begin the rethinking of the teaching and learning process in the initial training of nurses. The data found in the present study may help to restructure education and support permanent education programs in health.

Objetivo definir las competencias para la prevención y el control de infecciones relacionadas a la asistencia a la salud que deben ser desarrolladas por el enfermero generalista y por el enfermero especialista en controle de infecciones en Brasil. Método se empleó la técnica Delphi, desarrollada en cuatro rodadas. Participaron del estudio 31 enfermeros y ocho médicos, con experiencia en prevención y control de infecciones. Para la recolección de datos se utilizaron instrumentos con preguntas abiertas, cuyas respuestas fueron tratadas por medio de la técnica de análisis de contenido, e instrumentos estructurados para evaluar la importancia de cada competencia por medio de escala Likert, siendo los dados analizados y presentados de forma descriptiva, uso de mediana y de coeficiente de variación. Resultados las competencias fueron organizadas en 04 centrales, 14 genéricas y 17 específicas, con nombre y la descripción de cada competencia. Conclusión la definición de las competencias para la prevención y el control de Infecciones Relacionadas a la Asistencia a la Salud es el primer paso para iniciarse el repensar acerca del proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje en la formación inicial de los enfermeros. Los datos encontrados auxilian en la reestructuración de la enseñanza además de fundamentar programas de educación permanente en salud.

Waste management in non-hospital emergency units.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze waste management in urgency and emergency non-hospital health care service units. METHOD: Epidemiological cross-sectional study undertaken at three Non-Hospital Emergency Units. The data were collected using systematic observation, registered daily in a spreadsheet and checklist, and analyzed through descriptive statistics. RESULTS: the generation of waste varied from 0.087 to 0.138 kg per patient per day. Waste management showed inadequacies in all stages, especially in the separation stage. Infectious waste was found together with common waste, preventing recycling, and piercing and cutting objects were mixed with waste from different groups, increasing the risk of occupational accidents. CONCLUSION: the study reveals the lack of an institutional waste management policy, as demonstrated by the failure of operational stages, involving problems related to management, physical structure, material and human resources at the units. This is relevant for health care units, considering the quality of patient care and its interface with sustainability.

Legislações e recomendações brasileiras relacionadas à saúde e segurança ocupacional dos trabalhadores da saúde / Brazilian legislation and recommendations related to occupational health and safety of health workers

Estudo objetivou identificar e analisar as recomendações e as legislações brasileiras relacionadas ao risco biológico entre trabalhadores da área da saúde. Pesquisa documental, com busca às legislações e recomendações publicadas a partir de junho de 1978 até dezembro de 2015, mediante consulta aos documentos digitais do Ministério doTrabalho e Emprego, do Ministério da Saúde/Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária e ͞riscobiologico.org͟. Foram encontradas 37 normas e legislações, sendo 25 publicadas pelo Ministério da Saúde, 10 pelo Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego e duas pelo Gabinete da Casa Civil. Os documentos analisados abrangem as diversas áreas dos serviços de saúde e trazem em seu escopo determinações específicas para a proteção do trabalhador. Conclui-se que a evolução das legislações e recomendações mostra contribuições importantes para a proteção da saúde do trabalhador e, tem agregado novas determinações advindas dos avanços científicos e tecnológicos, subsidiados pelas informações epidemiológicas

This study aimed to identify and analyze Brazilian recommendations and legislation related to biological risk among health workers. This is a documentary research that researched the legislation and recommendations published from June 1978 to December 2015, by consultation of digital documents of the Ministry of Labor and Employment, Ministry of Health/National Agency of Sanitary Vigilance and "riscobiologico.org". There were 37 rules and laws, of which 25 published by the Ministry of Health, 10 by the Ministry of Labor and Employment and two by the Chief of Staff. The analyzed documents cover the various areas of health services and have specific provisions into their scope for worker's protection. The evolution of legislation and recommendations show important contributions to the protection of workers' health and has added new determinations from scientific and technological advances, subsidized by epidemiological information.

Epidemiological profile of patients treated at a psychosocial care center ad III / Perfil epidemiológico dos usuários de um centro de atençãopsicossocial ad III

This is a cross-sectional descriptive study aimed at identifying the epidemiological profile of the patients treated at a Psychosocial Care Center for Alcohol and other type III drugs.Data were collected in 2014 from the records of 519 users, using a previously prepared epidemiological form. Most of patients are men attheproductive age; with low schooling and low family income.Most make use of alcohol, have undergone previous treatments in psychiatric hospitals and attended the unit for treatment by influence of third parties, even when it is contemplated. The users of the service are people with serious social and health commitments and although they are increasing use of crack, which is the current concern of public policies, alcohol is still the drug of predilection and represents the gateway to other drugs

Estudo descritivo transversal realizado com o objetivo de identificar o perfil epidemiológico dos usuários atendidos em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial de Álcool e outras drogas tipo III. Os dados foram coletados em 2014 das fichas de acolhimento de 519 usuários, utilizando um formulário epidemiológico previamente elaborado. Constatou-se que a maioria dos usuários é do sexo masculino e em idade produtiva; com baixa escolaridade e baixa renda familiar. A maioria faz uso de álcool, passou por tratamentos anteriores em hospitais psiquiátricos e compareceu à unidade para tratamento por influência de terceiros, mesmo quando se dizem contemplados. Os usuários do serviço são pessoas com graves comprometimentos sociais e de saúde e embora apresentem uso crescente de crack, que é a preocupação atual por parte das políticas públicas, o álcool ainda é a droga de predileção e representa a porta de entrada para outras drogas.

Momentos para higienizar as mãos em Centro de Material e Esterilização / Momentos para higienizar las manos en el Centro de Material y Esterilización / Moments for hand hygiene in Material and Sterilization Center

RESUMO Objetivo: caracterizar os momentos nos quais há necessidade de higienização das mãos (HM) por trabalhadores que atuam em Centro de Material e Esterilização (CME). Método: foi realizado um estudo transversal, descritivo, no CME de um hospital de grande porte, de julho a novembro de 2012, em Goiânia - GO. Dados obtidos por observação dos trabalhadores, seguindo check list, previamente avaliado e testado. Resultados: para a área suja, momentos de HM padronizados foram suficientes. Na área limpa, foram necessários "Momentos adicionais com indicação" para HM, apreendidos do processo de trabalho como: após desinfecção de bancadas, após conferência e registro de material consignado, antes de montar caixas/bandejas, antes de carregar e descarregar a autoclave, antes de manusear e distribuir os produtos para saúde, entre outros. Conclusão: os momentos de HM na área suja coincidem com indicações da prática clínica; e, na área limpa, apreenderam-se momentos característicos do processo de trabalho.

RESUMEN Objetivo: caracterizar los momentos en los cuales los trabajadores del Centro de Material y Esterilización (CME) necesitan higienizar las manos (HM). Método: se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal, descriptivo, en el CME de un hospital de gran porte, de julio hasta noviembre de 2012, en la ciudad de Goiânia, Brasil. Se obtuvieron los datos por observación de los trabajadores, siguiendo una lista de control, previamente evaluada y probada. Resultados: para el área sucia, fueron suficientes los momentos de HM estandarizados. En el área limpia fueron necesarios "Momentos adicionales con indicación" para HM, aprehendidos del proceso de trabajo: tras la desinfección de las mesas de trabajo, tras la conferencia y el registro de material consignado, antes de montar las cajas/bandejas, antes de la carga y descarga del autoclave, antes de manipular y de distribuir los productos para salud, entre otros. Conclusión: los momentos de HM en el área sucia coincidieron con las indicaciones de la práctica clínica, y en el área limpia se aprehendieron momentos característicos del proceso de trabajo.

ABSTRACT Objective: to characterize the moments when there is a need for hand hygiene (HH) by employees who work in Material and Sterilization Center (MSC). Method: we conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study in the MSC of a large hospital, from July to November 2012, in Goiânia, state of Goiás, Brazil. Data obtained through observation of workers, following a previously evaluated and tested checklist. Results: to the dirty area, standardized moments of HH were enough. In the clean area, "Extra moments with indication" for HH, resulting from the work process, such as: after disinfecting benches, after verification and inventory of consigned products, before assembling boxes/trays, before loading and unloading the autoclave, before handling and distributing health care products, among others, were necessary. Conclusion: the moments of HH in the dirty area coincide with indications of the clinical practice; and, in the clean area, characteristic moments of the work process were captured.

Acesso ao medicamento: perspectivas de pessoas que recorreram à via judicial / Acceso al medicamento: perspectivas de personas que recurrieron a la vía judicial / Access to medication: the perspectives of people who resort to judicial proceedings

RESUMO Trata-se de um estudo de caso interpretativo desenvolvido com o objetivo de descrever as experiências de pessoas que recorreram à via judicial para ter acesso a medicamentos no Sistema Único de Saúde. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada nos domicílios de oito pessoas que recorreram a essa via, residentes em um município localizado no sudoeste do Estado de Goiás. A experiência de acesso ao medicamento foi marcada por barreiras que estão interligadas aos diversos níveis do sistema de saúde; envolvem aspectos organizacionais e assistenciais relacionados à informação, ao acolhimento e à resolutividade. A necessidade do tratamento contínuo da condição crônica e a dificuldade financeira foram os fatores determinantes para que os participantes recorressem à justiça. Observou-se a necessidade de aprimorar o acolhimento e a comunicação entre a equipe de saúde envolvida no acesso ao medicamento e de qualificar os profissionais da saúde para uma compreensão ampliada da assistência farmacêutica no Sistema Único de Saúde.

RESUMEN Se trata de un estudio de caso interpretativo desarrollado con el objetivo de describirlas experiencias de personas que recurrieron a la vía judicial para tener acceso a medicamentos en el Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de entrevista semiestructurada en los domicilios de ocho personas que recurrieron a esta vía, residentes en un municipio ubicado en el sudoeste del Estado de Goiás. La experiencia de acceso al medicamento fue marcada por obstáculos que están interconectados a los diversos niveles del sistema de salud; involucran aspectos organizacionales y asistenciales relacionados a la información, acogiday resolutividad. La necesidad del tratamiento continuo de la condición crónica yla dificultad financiera fueron los factores determinantes para que los participantes recurrieran a la justicia. Se observól a necesidad de perfeccionar la acogiday comunicación entre el equipo de salud involucrado en el acceso al medicamento y de calificar a los profesionales de la salud para una comprensión ampliada de la asistencia farmacéutica en el Sistema Único de Salud.

ABSTRACT The present study is an interpretative case study developed to describe the experiences of people who have resorted to judicial proceedings to gain access to medications in the Unified Health System. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews in the homes of eight individuals who have used this approach, who lived in a city in the southwest of the State of Goiás. The experience of access to medications was marked by barriers that are interconnected to the different levels of the health system; they involve organizational and assistance aspects related to information, embracement and resolution. The need for continued treatment of chronic conditions and financial difficulties were the determining factors for participants to resort to judicial proceedings. The need to improve embracement and communication among the health teams involved in access to medications, and to qualify health professionals for a broader understanding of pharmaceutical care in the Unified Health System, was observed.