Determination of lactadherin concentration in dairy by-products by ELISA: Effect of heat treatment and hydrolysis.

Lactadherin is a peripheral glycoprotein of the milk fat globule membrane with several attributed biological activities. In this study, we developed an indirect competitive ELISA to determine lactadherin concentration by using a rabbit polyclonal antiserum. The ELISA was applied to quantify lactadherin in several dairy by-products. Of the products tested, raw and commercial buttermilk had the highest concentrations of lactadherin (6.79 and 5.27 mg/g of product, respectively), followed by commercial butter serum (4.86 mg/g), commercial skim milk (4.84 mg/g), and raw whey (1.20 mg/g). The concentration of immunoreactive lactadherin was also determined in dairy by-products after they were subjected to different technological treatments. Thus, raw products were heat treated at combinations of temperature and time typically used in the dairy industry, and commercial products were hydrolyzed using 3 proteolytic enzyme preparations. Heat treatments of whey and buttermilk resulted in a smaller decrease in lactadherin concentration than did hydrolysis as determined by ELISA and electrophoresis. At high temperatures for long durations, the loss of lactadherin was higher in whey than in buttermilk, with the maximal reduction of around 48% found after treating whey at 72°C for 60 min. Hydrolysis of commercial products with proteolytic enzymes resulted in a marked decrease of immunoreactivity within the first 5 min of treatment, which thereafter was constant throughout 4 h of hydrolysis. These results demonstrate that dairy by-products from milk fat processing are good natural sources of lactadherin, although technological processes have to be considered, because they have different effects on lactadherin content.

Detection of recombinant human lactoferrin and lysozyme produced in a bitransgenic cow.

Lactoferrin and lysozyme are 2 glycoproteins with great antimicrobial activity, being part of the nonspecific defensive system of human milk, though their use in commercial products is difficult because human milk is a limited source. Therefore, many investigations have been carried out to produce those proteins in biological systems, such as bacteria, yeasts, or plants. Mammals seem to be more suitable as expression systems for human proteins, however, especially for those that are glycosylated. In the present study, we developed a bicistronic commercial vector containing a goat ß-casein promoter and an internal ribosome entry site fragment between the human lactoferrin and human lysozyme genes to allow the introduction of both genes into bovine adult fibroblasts in a single transfection. Embryos were obtained by somatic cell nuclear transfer, and, after 6 transferences to recipients, 3 pregnancies and 1 viable bitransgenic calf were obtained. The presence of the vector was confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization of skin cells. At 13 mo of life and after artificial induction of lactation, both recombinant proteins were found in the colostrum and milk of the bitransgenic calf. Human lactoferrin concentration in the colostrum was 0.0098 mg/mL and that in milk was 0.011 mg/mL; human lysozyme concentration in the colostrum was 0.0022 mg/mL and that in milk was 0.0024 mg/mL. The molar concentration of both human proteins revealed no differences in protein production of the internal ribosome entry site upstream and downstream protein. The enzymatic activity of lysozyme in the transgenic milk was comparable to that of human milk, being 6 and 10 times higher than that of bovine lysozyme present in milk. This work represents an important step to obtain multiple proteins or enhance single protein production by using animal pharming and fewer regulatory and antibiotic-resistant foreign sequences, allowing the design of humanized milk with added biological value for newborn nutrition and development. Transgenic animals can offer a unique opportunity to the dairy industry, providing starting materials suitable to develop specific products with high added value.

Outcomes after treatment of acute aortic occlusion.

INTRODUCTION: Acute aortic occlusion (AAO) is a rare disease with high morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to describe the results of surgical treatment of acute aortic occlusion and risk factors for mortality. METHODS: Retrospective review of the clinical history of 29 patients diagnosed and operated on for AAO during 28 years. The following variables were analysed: age, sex, tabaco use, diabetes, chronic renal insufficiency, chronic heart failure, atrial fibrillation, arterial hypertension, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment, 30-day mortality and long-term survival. A univariant analysis was performed of variables related to mortality. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients were included (18 male) with a mean age of 66,2 years. The aetiology was: embolism (EM) in 11 cases and Thrombosis (TR) in 18 cases. The surgical procedures performed included bilateral transfemoral thrombectomy (14 cases), aorto-bifemoral by-pass (8 cases), axilo uni/bifemoral by-pass (5 cases) and aortoiliac and renal tromboendarterectomy (2 cases). Morbidity included: renal failure (14 cases), mesenteric ischemia (4 cases), cardiac complications (7 cases), respiratory complications (5 cases) and loss of extremity (2 cases). The in-hospital mortality was 21% (EM 0%, TR 21%). The estimated survival at 1.3 and 5 years was 60, 50 and 44% respectively. Age (p=0.032), arterial hypertension (p=0.039) and aetiology of the AAO (p=0.039) were related to mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Acute aortic occlusion is a medical emergency with high mortality rates. Acute renal failure is the most common postoperative complication.

Sensitive ELISA and lateral flow immunoassay for the detection of walnut traces in processed food and working surfaces.

Walnut represents one of the most allergenic nuts that can be found as a hidden allergen. In this study, sandwich ELISA and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), based on the determination of Jug r 1, were developed to detect walnut. Cross-reactivity was only found with Pecan nut among a panel of 88 food ingredients tested. ELISA and LFIA could detect 0.25 and 0.5 µg/g of walnut protein in complex food matrices spiked with walnut extract, respectively. Furthermore, walnut was detected in blended (chocolate) and incurred foods (ice cream and bread) added with ground walnut at levels of 0.5 and 1.5 µg protein/g by ELISA and LFIA, respectively. LFIA could also detect 0.1 µg of walnut protein in working surfaces. ELISA displayed acceptable precision and high recovery (71-97 %) and both tests were robust. This study shows that developed ELISA and LFIA are reliable tools to be applied in allergen control programs.

Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in household domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) in Spain, 2019-2023.

SARS-CoV-2 is the causal agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in humans that emerged in late 2019. This virus is able to infect humans and different animal species. Among pets, cats and ferrets are more susceptible to be infected by the SARS-CoV-2. Epidemiological studies are an important tool to provide information under natural conditions of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 virus. In comparison to cats, limited epidemiological studies have been performed in domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) reporting the presence of antibodies in this species. This study analysed the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in 432 cliend-owned ferrets from different geographical areas of Spain during the different waves of COVID-19 outbreaks from December 2019 to May 2023 (42 months). For this purpose, anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent method (ELISA) using the receptor binding domain (RBD) of Spike antigen and confirmed by serum virus neutralization assay. Eighteen of the 432 ferrets included were seroreactive by the in-house ELISA (4.17%, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 2.65-6.49). In this sense, the wave of COVID-19 with the higher number of seropositive ferrets occurred during the seventh wave when the different Omicron subvariants were the dominant virus variants. Our results suggest that the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in domestic ferrets in natural conditions is low. Further research is need to evaluate the potential risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from human to pets.

Presence of anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies in sheep (Ovis aries) in Spain.

Sandflies are the primary transmission vector for Leishmania spp parasite in endemic regions. The role of other animals, different from the dog, is under discussion in the leishmaniosis endemic countries. A limited number of reports have been published on the possible role of livestock in European countries for Leishmania maintenance and diffusion. The aim of the present study was to perform a serosurvey on sheep in areas of Spain that are endemic for zoonotic leishmaniosis and establish the possible role of sheep regarding Leishmania infantum infection in endemic areas. Three hundred and two serum samples were obtained from sheep and were evaluated for serological survey to detect L. infantum by using the in-house ELISA technique. Twenty-eight out of the 302 samples included in this study, were positive for L. infantum antibodies (9.27%). In the present study, a significant association was found between adult age and seropositivity (p = 0.006) and female gender and seropositivity (p = 0.02). This association has not been previously described in other European studies related to L. infantum infection in sheep. Our study reveals that domestic sheep in a European Mediterranean country are exposed to L. infantum. To our knowledge, this study demonstrates the presence of seropositive sheep in different regions of Spain for the first time. Further epidemiological studies focus on evaluating the rural cycle of this parasite to know if livestock could act as a potential reservoir are needed.

Insights into the Role of Plasmatic and Exosomal microRNAs in Oxidative Stress-Related Metabolic Diseases.

A common denominator of metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes Mellitus, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis, are elevated oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. These complex, multi-factorial diseases are caused by the detrimental interaction between the individual genetic background and multiple environmental stimuli. The cells, including the endothelial ones, acquire a preactivated phenotype and metabolic memory, exhibiting increased oxidative stress, inflammatory gene expression, endothelial vascular activation, and prothrombotic events, leading to vascular complications. There are different pathways involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, and increased knowledge suggests a role of the activation of the NF-kB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome as key mediators of metabolic inflammation. Epigenetic-wide associated studies provide new insight into the role of microRNAs in the phenomenon of metabolic memory and the development consequences of vessel damage. In this review, we will focus on the microRNAs related to the control of anti-oxidative enzymes, as well as microRNAs related to the control of mitochondrial functions and inflammation. The objective is the search for new therapeutic targets to improve the functioning of mitochondria and reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, despite the acquired metabolic memory.

High-Pressure Processing for Cold Brew Coffee: Safety and Quality Assessment under Refrigerated and Ambient Storage.

Cold brew coffee (CBC) has gained in popularity due to its distinct sensory experience. However, CBC can pose a risk for bacterial pathogens if not stored properly. High-Pressure Processing (HPP) is a nonthermal technology that can improve the safety of CBC while maintaining its quality. In this study, CBC made from ground roasted coffee grains was processed at 600 MPa for 3 min and stored at 4 or 23 °C for 90 days. The microbiological quality indicators remained stable throughout the study period. Physicochemical and quality parameters, such as pH, total dissolved solids, titratable acidity, color, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, were not significantly affected by HPP. Both unprocessed and HPP CBC samples showed changes in pH, titratable acidity and color stability after 60 days at 23 °C. Unprocessed CBC samples spiked with Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica showed decreased counts, but the pathogens were still detectable after 60 days at 4 °C and after 90 days at 23 °C. HPP achieved a >6-log10 reduction in the species tested, with non-detectable levels for at least 90 days at both storage temperatures. These findings suggest that HPP can effectively control vegetative pathogens and spoilage microorganisms in CBC while preserving its quality attributes.

Development of sandwich ELISA and lateral flow immunoassay to detect almond in processed food.

Almond (Prunus dulcis) represents a potential allergenic hazard that should be included in Allergen Control Plans. In this study, sandwich ELISA and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), using amandin (Pru du 6) as the target protein, were developed to detect almond in processed food and validated according to international guides. ELISA could detect 2 ng/mL and LFIA 30 ng/mL of pure amandin. No cross-reactivity was found on a panel of 50 food commodities with the exception of Pecan nut, Brazil nut and chestnut for which the cross-reactivity was lower than 0.02%. Furthermore, ELISA and LFIA were able to detect 0.12 and 0.70 ppm of almond protein in foods spiked with almond extract whereas 0.20 and 2.0 ppm could be detected in baked cookies incurred with almond, respectively. Both techniques could be applied for food manufacturers and control agencies for monitoring the presence of almond traces in food and working surfaces.

Bioactivity of α-lactalbumin related to its interaction with fatty acids: a review.

α-Lactalbumin (α-LA) is a whey protein that has been extensively studied for its folding properties and its ability to bind several cations. An interesting property of α-LA is its ability to interact with fatty acids, although this interaction requires the previous unfolding of the protein by removing the Ca(2+) bound. The main function of α-LA is to participate in lactose biosynthesis. However, other biological functions have been attributed to the protein in the last decade. It has been reported that a particular form of human and bovine apo-α-LA induces apoptosis in tumoral and immature cells though spares healthy differentiated cells. The conversion of α-LA to the active apoptotic form requires the unfolding of the protein and the binding of specific fatty acids, mainly unsaturated C18 fatty acids in the cis-conformation. Likewise, it has been shown that a folding variant of α-LA and also some peptidic fragments have a bactericidal activity. The proposed functions for α-LA open new perspectives for its use as a potential ingredient to be added in functional foods or in nutraceutical products. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the subject of the interaction of α-LA with fatty acids, and the consequences of this interaction on its bioactivity.

Effect of fluoride exposure on different immune parameters in humans.

CONTEXT: T regulatory (Treg) cells play an important role in the modulation of the immune response, and are implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Many people is exposed to fluoride (F), mainly through drinking water. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to assess the possible effect of F exposure on different immune parameters, mainly Treg cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 61 subjects from a community of the state of Durango, Mexico, where the population is exposed to F levels over 2.0 ppm in drinking water. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated and the level and function of Treg cells was analyzed by flow cytometry and cell proliferation assays. In addition, we detected the presence of apoptotic cells, the expression of TLR/CD14, and the in vitro synthesis of TNF-α by monocytes. RESULTS: We found a negative correlation between urinary F and percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells (r = -0.55, P < 0.001). Accordingly, a defective function of these cells was detected in 30% of individuals exposed to F. In contrast, a positive association between levels of CD4(+)TGF-ß(+) or CD4(+)IL-10(+) Treg lymphocytes and F urine concentrations was detected. In addition, a negative correlation was detected between the F urinary levels and the proportion of apoptotic cells, in PBMC or T cells or monocytes (P < 0.05 in all cases). Finally, no apparent association between F exposure and TLR4/CD14 expression or the synthesis of TNF-α was detected. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that F exposure exerts a complex and relevant effect on Treg cells in humans.

Alternative Pathway for 3-Cyanoalanine Assimilation in Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344 under Noncyanotrophic Conditions.

3-Cyanoalanine and cyanohydrins are intermediate nitriles produced in cyanide degradation pathways in plants and bacteria. 3-Cyanoalanine is generated from cyanide by the 3-cyanoalanine synthase, an enzyme mainly characterized in cyanogenic plants. NIT4-type nitrilases use 3-cyanoalanine as a substrate, forming ammonium and aspartate. In some organisms, this enzyme also generates asparagine through an additional nitrile hydratase activity. The alkaliphilic bacterium Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344 assimilates cyanide through an intermediate cyanohydrin, which is further converted into ammonium by the nitrilase NitC. This bacterium also contains three additional nitrilases, including Nit4. In this work, a proteomic analysis of P. pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344 cells grown with 3-cyanoalanine as the sole nitrogen source has revealed the overproduction of different proteins involved in nitrogen metabolism, including the nitrilase NitC. In contrast, the nitrilase Nit4 was not induced by 3-cyanoalanine, and it was only overproduced in cells grown with a cyanide-containing jewelry-manufacturing residue. Phenotypes of single and double mutant strains defective in nit4 or/and nitC revealed the implication of the nitrilase NitC in the assimilation of 3-cyanoalanine and suggest that the 3-cyanoalanine assimilation pathway in P. pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344 depends on the presence or absence of cyanide. When cyanide is present, 3-cyanoalanine is assimilated via Nit4, but in the absence of cyanide, a novel pathway for 3-cyanoalanine assimilation, in which the nitrilase NitC uses the nitrile generated after deamination of the α-amino group from 3-cyanoalanine, is proposed. IMPORTANCE Nitriles are organic cyanides with important industrial applications, but they are also found in nature. 3-Cyanoalanine is synthesized by plants and some bacteria to detoxify cyanide from endogenous or exogenous sources, but this nitrile may be also involved in other processes such as stress tolerance, nitrogen and sulfur metabolism, and signaling. The cyanide-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344 grows with 3-cyanoalanine as the sole nitrogen source, but it does not use this nitrile as an intermediate in the cyanide assimilation pathway. In this work, a quantitative proteomic analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was performed to study, for the first time, the response to 3-cyanoalanine at the proteomic level. Proteomic data, together with phenotypes of different nitrilase-defective mutants of P. pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344, provide evidence that in the absence of cyanide, the nitrilase Nit4 is not involved in 3-cyanoalanine assimilation, and instead, the nitrilase NitC participates in a novel alternative 3-cyanoalanine assimilation pathway.

Wine Pomace Product Inhibit Listeria monocytogenes Invasion of Intestinal Cell Lines Caco-2 and SW-480.

Red wine pomace products (WPP) have antimicrobial activities against human pathogens, and it was suggested that they have a probable anti-Listeria effect. This manuscript evaluates the intestinal cell monolayer invasive capacity of Listeria monocytogenes strains obtained from human, salmon, cheese, and L. innocua treated with two WPP (WPP-N and WPP-C) of different polyphenol contents using Caco-2 and SW480 cells. The invasion was dependent of the cell line, being higher in the SW480 than in the Caco-2 cell line. Human and salmon L. monocytogenes strains caused cell invasion in both cell lines, while cheese and L. innocua did not cause an invasion. The phenolic contents of WPP-N are characterized by high levels of anthocyanin and stilbenes and WPP-C by a high content of phenolic acids. The inhibitory effect of the WPPs was dependent of the strain and of the degree of differentiation of the intestinal cells line. The inhibition of Listeria invasion by WPPs in the SW480 cell line, especially with WPP-C, were higher than the Caco-2 cell line inhibited mainly by WPP-N. This effect is associated with the WPPs' ability to protect the integrity of the intestinal barrier by modification of the cell-cell junction protein expression. The gene expression of E-cadherin and occludin are involved in the L. monocytogenes invasion of both the Caco-2 and SW480 cell lines, while the gene expression of claudin is only involved in the invasion of SW480. These findings suggest that WPPs have an inhibitory L. monocytogenes invasion effect in gastrointestinal cells lines.

Biochemical characterization of Candida albicans alpha-glucosidase I heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli.

Protein glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications present in the eukaryotic cell. The N-linked glycosylation is a biosynthetic pathway where an oligosaccharide is added to asparagine residues within the endoplasmic reticulum. Upon addition of the N-linked glycan to nascent proteins, alpha-glucosidase I removes the outermost alpha1,2-glucose unit from the N-linked core Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2). We have previously demonstrated that the endoplasmic reticulum α-glucosidase I is required for normal cell wall composition, and virulence of the human pathogen Candida albicans. In spite of the importance of this enzyme for normal cell biology, little is known about its structure and the amino acids participating in enzyme catalysis. Here, a DNA fragment corresponding to the 3'-end fragment of C. albicans CWH41, the encoding gene for α-glucosidase I, was expressed in a bacterial system and the recombinant peptide showed alpha-glucosidase activity, despite lacking 419 amino acids from the N-terminal end. The biochemical characterisation of the recombinant enzyme showed that presence of hydroxyl groups at carbons 3 and 6, and orientation of hydroxyl moiety at C-2 are important for glucose recognition. Additionally, results suggest that cysteine rather than histidine residues are involved in the catalysis by the recombinant enzyme.

Effect of hydrolysis and microwave treatment on the antibacterial activity of native bovine milk lactoferrin against Cronobacter sakazakii.

Bovine lactoferrin (bLF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein used in functional and therapeutic products due to its biological properties, the most important being its antimicrobial activity. In this study, hydrolysates of bovine lactoferrin (bLFH) obtained with pepsin, chymosin and microbial rennet were assayed against Cronobacter sakazakii (104 CFU/mL) in different media: phosphate buffered saline (PBS), bovine skim milk and whey, and reconstituted powdered infant formula (PIFM). The results obtained have shown that hydrolysis of bLF enhances its antibacterial activity against C. sakazakii. The three types of bLFH dissolved in PBS reduced C. sakazakii growth from a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL and inhibited it completely above 0.5 mg/mL, after 4 and 8 h of incubation at 37 °C. The three bLFH (1 and 2 mg/mL) did not show any antibacterial activity in skim milk, whey and reconstituted PIFM after 8 h of incubation at 37 °C. However, C. sakazakii growth was completely inhibited in whey when pepsin and chymosin bLFH (2 mg/mL) were combined with undigested bLF (2 mg/mL), after 8 h of incubation at 37 °C. On the other hand, the combination of any of the three hydrolysates with bLF showed very low activity in skim milk and practically no activity in reconstituted PIFM. Furthermore, the effect of temperature after reconstitution (4, 23 and 37 °C), on the antibacterial activity of bLF (2.5 and 5 mg/mL) in reconstituted PIFM contaminated with C. sakazakii (10-102 CFU/mL) was also investigated. bLF at 5 mg/mL significantly reduced (p < .05) the proliferation of C. sakazakii in reconstituted PIFM at 37 °C until 2 h. C. sakazakii did not grow at 4 °C for 6 days in reconstituted PIFM with or without bLF. The effect of microwave heating (450, 550 and 650 W for 5, 10 and 15 s) on the antibacterial activity and stability of bLF (2.5 mg/mL) in reconstituted PIFM contaminated with C. sakazakii (10-102 CFU/mL) was also studied. The antibacterial activity of bLF was maintained after treatments at 450 and 550 W for 5 s, which kept 94 and 89% of bLF immunoreactivity, respectively. Moreover, microwave treatments of reconstituted PIFM with or without bLF, at 650 W for 5 s, and at 450, 550 and 650 W for 10 and 15 s, completely inactivated C. sakazakii.

Influence of different extraction conditions on the detection of glycinin and ß-conglycinin in model processed foods by ELISA.

The presence of undeclared soy proteins in food can cause severe reactions in soy allergic individuals. The extraction of target proteins from processed foods is a crucial step in allergen detection by immunoassays, as only successfully extracted target proteins can be detected by the specific antibodies. The effectiveness was studied of different conditions (type of buffer, temperature and time of incubation) on the extraction of total protein, and concentration of glycinin and ß-conglycinin from different food matrices. The yields were determined using a soy protein isolate and three processed foods (sausage, bread and pâté) incurred with soy proteins. The yields were affected by the processing of analysed products and the composition and pH of the extraction buffers. Neutral and alkaline buffers (pH from 7.4 to 10.6) exhibited good protein extraction capacity and detectability of the specific target proteins. Denaturing additives and highly alkaline buffer (pH 12) extracted more crude protein but they were incompatible with the ELISA assay. Overall, the best results were obtained using phosphate (pH 7.4) and Tris/HCl (pH 8.5) buffers in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl. Crude protein yield of food extracts did not correlate with that of glycinin and ß-conglycinin, whereas a good relationship was found between the yields of the two proteins.

Effect of high pressure and pulsed electric field on denaturation and allergenicity of Pru p 3 protein from peach.

The effect of high pressure (HP) and pulsed electric field (PEF) treatments combined or not with heat on denaturation and allergenicity of Pru p 3, the major allergenic protein of peach, was studied. Denaturation of Pru p 3, determined by ELISA using rabbit IgG, occurred when the protein was treated at 500 and 600 MPa at 20 °C and at 400 MPa at 50 °C. PEF treatment at 25 kV/cm at 50 °C denatures Pru p 3. Allergenicity of Pru p 3 was estimated in vitro by a competitive fluorescent immunoassay using three pools of sera from peach allergic patients. Any treatment applied did not show to influence the binding of Pru p 3 to IgE. When HP and PEF treated samples were tested by the prick test, the skin response was dependent on the particular sensitization of each patient, obtaining an increased reaction in more than 50% of individuals.

The protective effects of wine pomace products on the vascular endothelial barrier function.

Endothelial dysfunction is associated with cardiovascular diseases and involves a chronic inflammatory process that together with oxidative stress increases the permeability of the vascular endothelium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of red and white wine pomace products (rWPPs and wWPPs) in the maintenance of endothelial integrity in hyperglycemia of EA.hy926 endothelial cells. EA.hy926 endothelial cells exposed to hyperglycemia were treated with the in vitro digested fractions of rWPPs and wWPPs. A Real Time Cellular Analysis (RTCA) system was used to evaluate the endothelial monolayer integrity after INF-γ stimulation of pre-treated endothelial cells with the digested fractions. The changes in cell viability, NO, ROS and NOX4 were recorded and actin cytoskeleton and E-cadherin junctions were evaluated by immunofluorescence. All digested fractions prevent the hyperglycemic actions in the cell viability and NO/ROS balance. The inflammatory mediator INF-γ and hyperglycemia caused a decrease in RTCA adhesion of the EA.hy926 endothelial cell monolayer. Pre-treatment with all digested fractions enhanced the EA.hy926 endothelial monolayer integrity and maintained actin cytoskeleton and E-cadherin junctions. These in vitro studies elucidate that the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory actions of wine pomace products involve a decrease in ROS production and the stabilization of junction proteins via modulation of VE-cadherin and actin cytoskeleton suggesting a potential prevention of endothelial damage by these natural products.

Bioavailable wine pomace attenuates oxalate-induced type II epithelial mesenchymal transition and preserve the differentiated phenotype of renal MDCK cells.

The functional renal epithelium is composed of differentiated and polarized tubular cells with a strong actin cortex and specialized cell-cell junctions. If, under pathological conditions, these cells have to resist higher kidney osmolarity, they need to activate diverse mechanisms to survive external nephrotoxic agents such as inflammation and oxidative stress. Wine pomace polyphenols exert protective effects on renal cells. In this study, two wine-pomace products and their protective effects upon promotion and preservation of normal cell differentiation and attenuation of oxalate-induced type II epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) are evaluated. Treatment with gastrointestinal and colonic bioavailable fractions from red (rWPP) and white (wWPP) wine pomaces, both in the presence and the absence of oxalate, showed similar cell numbers and nuclear size than the non-treated differentiated MDCK cells. Immunofluorescence analysis showed the reduction of morphological changes and the preservation of cellular junctions for the rWPP and wWPP pre-treatment of cells exposed to oxalate injury. Hence, both rWPP and wWPP attenuated oxalate type II EMT in MDCK cells that conserved their epithelial morphology and cellular junctions through the antioxidant activities of grape pomace polyphenols.

Comparison of the activity of human and bovine milk on two cell lines.

The activity of human milk on cell growth has been evaluated on two cell lines, MDCK and Caco-2. The proportion of human milk samples that reduced by half the growth of MDCK cells was of 36%. This inhibitory activity was associated with casein and not the whey fraction. Great variability was found in the degree of inhibitory activity depending on the milk sample. The susceptibility of Caco-2 cells to milk inhibitory activity was lower than that of MDCK. Bovine milk did not have any effect on cell growth, either as skimmed milk or as whey or casein. Morphology of cells incubated with active human casein showed abnormal features, such as chromatin condensation, reduced cellular volume and apoptotic bodies, and also fragmented DNA, which are all features of apoptosis.