Regulatory T Cells in Severe Persistent Asthma in the Era of Monoclonal Antibodies Target Therapies.

Asthma is an immunoinflammatory disease characterized by bronchial hyper-reactivity to different external stimuli. New monoclonal target treatments have been developed, but few studies have investigated the role of regulatory T cells in severe asthma and the modulatory effect of biological therapy on regulatory T cell functions. Their dysfunction may contribute to the development and exacerbation of asthma. Here we review the recent literature on the potential immunological role of regulatory T cells in the pathogenesis of severe asthma. The analysis of the role of regulatory T cells was performed in terms of functions and their possible interactions with mechanisms of action of the novel treatment for severe asthma. In an era of biological therapies for severe asthma, little data is available on the potential effects of what could be a new therapy: monoclonal antibody targeting of regulatory T cell numbers and functions.

Omalizumab treatment in Samter's triad: case series and review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: Samter's triad is the combination of asthma, aspirin sensitization, and nasal polyposis. Few data are available on the use of omalizumab in this disease. The study aimed to describe the impact of omalizumab on clinical and functional parameters and the quality of life of a series of patients with Samter's triad. Moreover, we aimed to provide a review of the literature on this topic. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively described four patients with Samter's triad undergoing omalizumab therapy. Clinical, functional, and immunological data of these patients were collected at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: Reduction of asthma exacerbations and salbutamol rescue therapy were observed in all patients after anti-IgE treatment together with an improvement in the quality of life. A significant improvement in FEV1, FVC, and FEF25-75 was observed. No major side-effects were observed. A total of 14 studies regarding omalizumab in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory diseases were included in the review, comprising 78 patients. All studies reported a good efficacy in improving asthma control; restoration of aspirin tolerance was repeatedly reported. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our case series and review of the literature suggest that omalizumab effectively improves asthma control, lung function tests, and quality of life in patients with Samter's triad.

Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (PPFE) associated with giant cell arteritis: A coincidence or a novel phenotype?

Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (PPFE) is a rare interstitial lung disease characterized by the fibrotic thickening of subpleural and parenchymal areas of the upper lobes. It may be both idiopathic or secondary to infections, interstitial lung diseases and/or drug exposure. Often PPFE patients report recurrent lower respiratory tract infections, suggesting that repeated inflammatory alterations induced by pulmonary infections may contribute to the development/progression of PPFE. Here, we report for the first time the case of a patient affected by Giant cell Arteritis with histologically proven PPFE. The lung involvement in GCA is rare and interstitial lung diseases are usually reported as an uncommon clinical manifestation of GCA. Our patient is probably the first case presenting PPFE associated with GCA and we wonder if this is a real associative disease or a coincidence perhaps, secondary to drug effects.