An evolutionary continuum from nucleated dwarf galaxies to star clusters.

Systematic studies1-4 have revealed hundreds of ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs5) in the nearby Universe. With half-light radii rh of approximately 10-100 parsecs and stellar masses M* ≈ 106-108 solar masses, UCDs are among the densest known stellar systems6. Although similar in appearance to massive globular clusters7, the detection of extended stellar envelopes4,8,9, complex star formation histories10, elevated mass-to-light ratio11,12 and supermassive black holes13-16 suggest that some UCDs are remnant nuclear star clusters17 of tidally stripped dwarf galaxies18,19, or even ancient compact galaxies20. However, only a few objects have been found in the transient stage of tidal stripping21,22, and this assumed evolutionary path19 has never been fully traced by observations. Here we show that 106 galaxies in the Virgo cluster have morphologies that are intermediate between normal, nucleated dwarf galaxies and single-component UCDs, revealing a continuum that fully maps this morphological transition and fills the 'size gap' between star clusters and galaxies. Their spatial distribution and redder colour are also consistent with stripped satellite galaxies on their first few pericentric passages around massive galaxies23. The 'ultra-diffuse' tidal features around several of these galaxies directly show how UCDs are forming through tidal stripping and that this evolutionary path can include an early phase as a nucleated ultra-diffuse galaxy24,25. These UCDs represent substantial visible fossil remnants of ancient dwarf galaxies in galaxy clusters, and more low-mass remnants probably remain to be found.

Identification of a viral gene essential for the genome replication of a domesticated endogenous virus in ichneumonid parasitoid wasps.

Thousands of endoparasitoid wasp species in the families Braconidae and Ichneumonidae harbor "domesticated endogenous viruses" (DEVs) in their genomes. This study focuses on ichneumonid DEVs, named ichnoviruses (IVs). Large quantities of DNA-containing IV virions are produced in ovary calyx cells during the pupal and adult stages of female wasps. Females parasitize host insects by injecting eggs and virions into the body cavity. After injection, virions rapidly infect host cells which is followed by expression of IV genes that promote the successful development of wasp offspring. IV genomes consist of two components: proviral segment loci that serve as templates for circular dsDNAs that are packaged into capsids, and genes from an ancestral virus that produce virions. In this study, we generated a chromosome-scale genome assembly for Hyposoter didymator that harbors H. didymator ichnovirus (HdIV). We identified a total of 67 HdIV loci that are amplified in calyx cells during the wasp pupal stage. We then focused on an HdIV gene, U16, which is transcribed in calyx cells during the initial stages of replication. Sequence analysis indicated that U16 contains a conserved domain in primases from select other viruses. Knockdown of U16 by RNA interference inhibited virion morphogenesis in calyx cells. Genome-wide analysis indicated U16 knockdown also inhibited amplification of HdIV loci in calyx cells. Altogether, our results identified several previously unknown HdIV loci, demonstrated that all HdIV loci are amplified in calyx cells during the pupal stage, and showed that U16 is required for amplification and virion morphogenesis.

Modulation of Visually Induced Self-motion Illusions by α Transcranial Electric Stimulation over the Superior Parietal Cortex.

The growing popularity of virtual reality systems has led to a renewed interest in understanding the neurophysiological correlates of the illusion of self-motion (vection), a phenomenon that can be both intentionally induced or avoided in such systems, depending on the application. Recent research has highlighted the modulation of α power oscillations over the superior parietal cortex during vection, suggesting the occurrence of inhibitory mechanisms in the sensorimotor and vestibular functional networks to resolve the inherent visuo-vestibular conflict. The present study aims to further explore this relationship and investigate whether neuromodulating these waves could causally affect the quality of vection. In a crossover design, 22 healthy volunteers received high amplitude and focused α-tACS (transcranial alternating current stimulation) over the superior parietal cortex while experiencing visually induced vection triggered by optokinetic stimulation. The tACS was tuned to each participant's individual α peak frequency, with θ-tACS and sham stimulation serving as controls. Overall, participants experienced better quality vection during α-tACS compared with control θ-tACS and sham stimulations, as quantified by the intensity of vection. The observed neuromodulation supports a causal relationship between parietal α oscillations and visually induced self-motion illusions, with their entrainment triggering overinhibition of the conflict within the sensorimotor and vestibular functional networks. These results confirm the potential of noninvasive brain stimulation for modulating visuo-vestibular conflicts, which could help to enhance the sense of presence in virtual reality environments.

Biliary complications after adult-to-adult living-donor liver transplantation: An international multicenter study of 3633 cases.

In living-donor liver transplantation, biliary complications including bile leaks and biliary anastomotic strictures remain significant challenges, with incidences varying across different centers. This multicentric retrospective study (2016-2020) included 3633 adult patients from 18 centers and aimed to identify risk factors for these biliary complications and their impact on patient survival. Incidences of bile leaks and biliary strictures were 11.4% and 20.6%, respectively. Key risk factors for bile leaks included multiple bile duct anastomoses (odds ratio, [OR] 1.8), Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (OR, 1.4), and a history of major abdominal surgery (OR, 1.4). For biliary anastomotic strictures, risk factors were ABO incompatibility (OR, 1.4), blood loss >1 L (OR, 1.4), and previous abdominal surgery (OR, 1.7). Patients experiencing biliary complications had extended hospital stays, increased incidence of major complications, and higher comprehensive complication index scores. The impact on graft survival became evident after accounting for immortal time bias using time-dependent covariate survival analysis. Bile leaks and biliary anastomotic strictures were associated with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.7 and 1.8 for graft survival, respectively. The study underscores the importance of minimizing these risks through careful donor selection and preoperative planning, as biliary complications significantly affect graft survival, despite the availability of effective treatments.

Portal Hemodynamics in Liver Resection and Transplantation.

The hepatic blood supply and its several homeostatic and pathologic processes has always been a matter of great interest. Many views commonly held today are derived from an earlier era, but major reorientations have occurred recently in almost all aspects of knowledge of the role and regulation of hepatic blood flow. Moreover, with the advent of liver transplantation (LT), especially living donor LT (LDLT) there has been a resurgence of interest in attempting to comprehend this deceptively simple topic. It is nonetheless important to concede that even though our knowledge on the practical modulation of hepatic hemodynamics has expanded enormously, there still remain the need to explore the depths of our remaining ignorance to further improve outcomes in LDLT. This review focuses on the current view, controversies and gaps in knowledge of the hepatic vascular bed, with an emphasis on the importance of portal hemodynamics in liver disease and its impact on liver regeneration and LT.

Revolutionizing Organ Transplantation with Robotic Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of robotic techniques on organ transplantation outcomes. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The evolution of organ transplantation is becoming influenced by the adoption of minimally invasive techniques, transitioning from laparoscopic to robotic methods. Robotic surgery has emerged as a significant advancement, providing superior precision and outcomes compared to traditional approaches. METHODS: This perspective includes a systematic review of the literature, original data from a high-volume center, as well as an international survey focusing on perceptions related to robotic versus laparoscopic and open approaches. RESULTS: The systematic review and meta-analysis revealed lower morbidity with robotic donor nephrectomy, recipient kidney transplant and donor hepatectomy. Our center's experience, with over 3,000 minimally invasive transplant procedures (kidney, liver, donor, and recipient), supports the superiority of Robotic Transplant Surgery (RTS). The global survey confirms this shift, revealing a preference for robotic approaches due to their reduced morbidity, despite challenges such as access to the robotic system and cost. CONCLUSION: This comprehensive overview including a systematic review, original data, and perceptions derived from the international survey demonstrate the superiority of Robotic Transplant Surgery (RTS) across a range of organ transplantations, for both donors and recipients. The future of RTS depends on the efforts of the surgical community in addressing challenges such as economic implications, the need for specialized surgical training for numerous surgeons, as well as wide access to robotic systems worldwide.

Surgical Outcome Reporting. Moving From a Comic to a Tragic Opera?

OBJECTIVES: To assess the current quality of surgical outcome reporting in the medical literature and to provide recommendations for improvement. BACKGROUND: In 1996, The Lancet labeled surgery as a "comic opera" mostly referring to the poor quality of outcome reporting in the literature impeding improvement in surgical quality and patient care. METHODS: We screened 3 first-tier and 2 second-tier surgical journals, as well as 3 leading medical journals for original articles reporting on results of surgical procedures published over a recent 18-month period. The quality of outcome reporting was assessed using a prespecified 12-item checklist. RESULTS: Six hundred twenty-seven articles reporting surgical outcomes were analyzed, including 125 randomized controlled trials. Only 1 (0.2%) article met all 12 criteria of the checklist, whereas 356 articles (57%) fulfilled less than half of the criteria. The poorest reporting was on cumulative morbidity burden, which was missing in 94% of articles (n=591) as well as patient-reported outcomes missing in 83% of publications (n=518). Comparing journal groups for the individual criterion, we found moderate to very strong statistical evidence for better quality of reporting in high versus lower impact journals for 7 of 12 criteria and strong statistical evidence for better reporting of patient-reported outcomes in medical versus surgical journals ( P <0·001). CONCLUSIONS: The quality of outcomes reporting in the medical literature remains poor, lacking improvement over the past 20 years on most key end points. The implementation of standardized outcome reporting is urgently needed to minimize biased interpretation of data thereby enabling improved patient care and the elaboration of meaningful guidelines.

Revolutionizing Liver Transplantation: Transitioning to an Elective Procedure via ex situ Normothermic Machine Perfusion - A Benefit Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of Normothermic Machine Perfusion (NMP) on patients, medical teams, and costs by gathering global insights and exploring current limitations. BACKGROUND: NMP for ex-situ liver graft perfusion is gaining increasing attention for its capability to extend graft preservation. It has the potential to transform liver transplantation (LT) from an urgent to a pure elective procedure, which could revolutionize LT logistics, reduce burden on patients and healthcare providers, and decrease costs. METHODS: A 31-item survey was sent to international transplant directors to gather their NMP experiences and vision. Additionally, we performed a systematic review on cost-analysis in LT and assessed studies on cost-benefit in converting urgent-to-elective procedures. We compared the costs of available NMPs and conducted a sensitivity analysis on NMP's cost benefits. RESULTS: Of 120 transplant programs contacted, 64 (53%) responded, spanning North America (31%), Europe (42%), Asia (22%), and South America (5%). Sixty percent had adopted NMP, with larger centers (>100 transplants/year) in North America and Europe more likely to use it. Main NMP systems were OrganOx-metra (39%), XVIVO (36%), and TransMedics-OCS (15%). Despite NMP adoption, 41% of centers still perform >50% of LTs at nights/weekends. Centers recognized NMP's benefits, including improved work satisfaction and patient outcomes, but faced challenges like high costs and machine complexity. 16% would invest $100'000-500'000, 33% $50'000-100'000, 38% $10'000-50'000, and 14% <$10'000 in NMP. These results were strengthened by a cost analysis for NMP in emergency-to-elective LT transition. Accordingly, while liver perfusions with disposables up to $10'000 resulted in overall positive net balances, this effect was lost when disposables' cost amounted to >$40'000/organ. CONCLUSION: The adoption of NMP is hindered by high costs and operational complexity. Making LT elective through NMP could reduce costs and improve outcomes, but overcoming barriers requires national reimbursements and simplified, automated NMP systems for multi-day preservation.

Age Matters: What Affects the Cumulative Lifespan of a Transplanted Liver?

OBJECTIVE: Assess factors affecting the cumulative lifespan of a transplanted liver. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Liver ageing is different from other solid organs. It is unknown how old a liver can actually get after liver transplantation (LT). METHODS: Deceased donor liver transplants from 1988-2021 were queried from the United States (US) UNOS registry. Cumulative liver age was calculated as donor age + recipient graft survival. RESULTS: In total, 184,515 livers were included. Most were DBD-donors (n=175,343). The percentage of livers achieving >70, 80, 90 and 100years cumulative age was 7.8% (n=14,392), 1.9% (n=3,576), 0.3% (n=528), and 0.01% (n=21), respectively. The youngest donor age contributing to a cumulative liver age >90years was 59years, with post-transplant survival of 34years. In pediatric recipients, 736 (4.4%) and 282 livers (1.7%) survived >50 and 60years overall, respectively. Transplanted livers achieved cumulative age >90years in 2.86-per-1000 and >100years in 0.1-per-1000. The US population at-large has a cumulative "liver age" >90years in 5.35-per-1000 persons, and >100y in 0.2-per-1000. Livers aged>60 years at transplant experienced both improved cumulative survival ( P <0.0001) and interestingly improved survival after transplantation ( P <0.0001). Recipient warm-ischemia-time of >30minutes was most predictive of reduced cumulative liver survival overall (n=184,515, HR=1.126, P <0.001) and excluding patients with mortality in the first 6month (n=151,884, HR=0.973, P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In summary, transplanted livers frequently get as old as those in the average population despite ischemic-reperfusion-injury and immunosuppression. The presented results justify using older donor livers regardless of donation type, even in sicker recipients with limited options.

Recommendations on Robotic Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery. The Paris Jury-Based Consensus Conference.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the first consensus guidelines on the safety and indications of robotics in Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary (HPB) surgery. The secondary aim was to identify priorities for future research. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: HPB robotic surgery is reaching the IDEAL 2b exploration phase for innovative technology. An objective assessment endorsed by the HPB community is timely and needed. METHODS: The ROBOT4HPB conference developed consensus guidelines using the Zurich-Danish model. An impartial and multidisciplinary jury produced unbiased guidelines based on the work of ten expert panels answering predefined key questions and considering the best-quality evidence retrieved after a systematic review. The recommendations conformed with the GRADE and SIGN50 methodologies. RESULTS: Fifty-four experts from 20 countries considered 285 studies, and the conference included an audience of 220 attendees. The jury (n=10) produced recommendations or statements covering five sections of robotic HPB surgery: technology, training and expertise, outcome assessment, and liver and pancreatic procedures. The recommendations supported the feasibility of robotics for most HPB procedures and its potential value in extending minimally invasive indications, emphasizing however the importance of expertise to ensure safety. The concept of expertise was defined broadly, encompassing requirements for credentialing HPB robotics at a given center. The jury prioritized relevant questions for future trials and emphasized the need for prospective registries, including validated outcome metrics for the forthcoming assessment of HPB robotics. CONCLUSION: The ROBOT4HPB consensus represents a collaborative and multidisciplinary initiative, defining state-of-the-art expertise in HPB robotics procedures. It produced the first guidelines to encourage their safe use and promotion.

Towards a Standardization of Learning Curve Assessment in Minimally Invasive Liver Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to analyze the learning curves of minimal invasive liver surgery(MILS) and propose a standardized reporting. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: MILS offers benefits compared to open resections. For a safe introduction along the learning curve, formal training is recommended. However, definitions of learning curves and methods to assess it lack standardization. METHODS: A systematic review of PubMed, Web of Science, and CENTRAL databases identified studies on learning curves in MILS. The primary outcome was the number needed to overcome the learning curve. Secondary outcomes included endpoints defining learning curves, and characterization of different learning phases(competency, proficiency and mastery). RESULTS: 60 articles with 12'241 patients and 102 learning curve analyses were included. The laparoscopic and robotic approach was evaluated in 71 and 18 analyses and both approaches combined in 13 analyses. Sixty-one analyses (60%) based the learning curve on statistical calculations. The most often used parameters to define learning curves were operative time (n=64), blood loss (n=54), conversion (n=42) and postoperative complications (n=38). Overall competency, proficiency and mastery were reached after 34 (IQR 19-56), 50 (IQR 24-74), 58 (IQR 24-100) procedures respectively. Intraoperative parameters improved earlier (operative time: competency to proficiency to mastery: -13%, 2%; blood loss: competency to proficiency to mastery: -33%, 0%; conversion rate (competency to proficiency to mastery; -21%, -29%), whereas postoperative complications improved later (competency to proficiency to mastery: -25%, -41%). CONCLUSIONS: This review summarizes the highest evidence on learning curves in MILS taking into account different definitions and confounding factors. A standardized three-phase reporting of learning phases (competency, proficiency, mastery) is proposed and should be followed.

Liver Histology Predicts Liver Regeneration and Outcome in ALPPS: Novel Findings From A Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Alterations in liver histology influence the liver's capacity to regenerate, but the relevance of each of the different changes in rapid liver growth induction is unknown. This study aimed to analyze the influence of the degree of histological alterations during the first and second stages on the ability of the liver to regenerate. METHODS: This cohort study included data obtained from the International ALPPS Registry between November 2011 and October 2020. Only patients with colorectal liver metastases were included in the study. We developed a histological risk score based on histological changes (stages 1 and 2) and a tumor pathology score based on the histological factors associated with poor tumor prognosis. RESULTS: In total, 395 patients were included. The time to reach stage 2 was shorter in patients with a low histological risk stage 1 (13 vs 17 days, P ˂0.01), low histological risk stage 2 (13 vs 15 days, P <0.01), and low pathological tumor risk (13 vs 15 days, P <0.01). Regarding interval stage, there was a higher inverse correlation in high histological risk stage 1 group compared to low histological risk 1 group in relation with future liver remnant body weight ( r =-0.1 and r =-0.08, respectively), and future liver remnant ( r =-0.15 and r =-0.06, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: ALPPS is associated with increased histological alterations in the liver parenchyma. It seems that the more histological alterations present and the higher the number of poor prognostic factors in the tumor histology, the longer the time to reach the second stage.

Harmonizing Definitions and Perspectives in Extreme Liver Surgery: A Delphi Experts Consensus.

OBJECTIVE: To propose to our community a common language about extreme liver surgery. BACKGROUND: The lack of a clear definition of extreme liver surgery prevents convincing comparisons of results among centers. METHODS: We used a two-round Delphi methodology to quantify consensus among liver surgery experts. For inclusion in the final recommendations, we established a consensus when the positive responses (agree and totally agree) exceeded 70%. The study steering group summarized and reported the recommendations. In general, a five-point Likert scale with a neutral central value was used, and in a few cases multiple choices. Results are displayed as numbers and percentages. RESULTS: A two-round Delphi study was completed by 38 expert surgeons in complex hepatobiliary surgery. The surgeon´s median age was 58 years old (52-63) and the median years of experience was 25 years (20-31). For the proposed definitions of total vascular occlusion, hepatic flow occlusion and inferior vein occlusion, the degree of agreement was 97%, 81% and 84%, respectively. In situ approach (64%) was the preferred, followed by ante situ (22%) and ex situ (14%). Autologous or cadaveric graft for hepatic artery or hepatic vein repair were the most recommended (89%). The use of veno-venous bypass or portocaval shunt revealed the divergence depending on the case. Overall, 75% of the experts agreed with the proposed definition for extreme liver surgery. CONCLUSION: Obtaining a consensus on the definition of extreme liver surgery is essential to guarantee the correct management of patients with highly complex hepatobiliary oncological disease. The management of candidates for extreme liver surgery involves comprehensive care ranging from adequate patient selection to the appropriate surgical strategy.

Improvements of the shape and strength of the diaphragm after endoscopic lung volume reduction.

RATIONALE: Endoscopic lung volume reduction improves lung function, quality of life and exercise capacity in severe emphysema patients. However, its effect on the diaphragm function is not well understood. We hypothesised that endoscopic lung volume reduction increases its strength by modifying its shape. OBJECTIVES: To investigate changes in both diaphragm shape and strength induced by the insertion of endobronchial valves. METHODS: In 19 patients, both the diaphragm shape and strength were investigated respectively by 3D Slicer software applied on CT scans acquired at functional residual capacity and by transdiaphragmatic pressure measurements by bilateral magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves before and 3 months after unilateral valves insertion. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: After lung volume reduction (median (IQR), 434 mL (-597 to -156], p<0.0001), diaphragm strength increased (transdiaphragmatic pressure: 3 cmH2O (2.3 to 4.2), p<0.0001). On the treated side, this increase was associated with an increase in the coronal (16 mm (13 to 24), p<0.0001) and sagittal (26 mm (21 to 30), p<0.0001) lengths as well as in the area of the zone of apposition (62 cm2 (3 to 100), p<0.0001) with a decrease in the coronal (8 mm (-12 to -4), p<0.0001) and sagittal (9 mm (-18 to -2), p=0.0029) radii of curvature. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic lung volume reduction modifies the diaphragm shape by increasing its length and its zone of apposition and by decreasing its radius of curvature on the treated side, resulting in an increase in its strength. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05799352.

Fleischner Society: Glossary of Terms for Thoracic Imaging.

Members of the Fleischner Society have compiled a glossary of terms for thoracic imaging that replaces previous glossaries published in 1984, 1996, and 2008, respectively. The impetus to update the previous version arose from multiple considerations. These include an awareness that new terms and concepts have emerged, others have become obsolete, and the usage of some terms has either changed or become inconsistent to a degree that warranted a new definition. This latest glossary is focused on terms of clinical importance and on those whose meaning may be perceived as vague or ambiguous. As with previous versions, the aim of the present glossary is to establish standardization of terminology for thoracic radiology and, thereby, to facilitate communications between radiologists and clinicians. Moreover, the present glossary aims to contribute to a more stringent use of terminology, increasingly required for structured reporting and accurate searches in large databases. Compared with the previous version, the number of images (chest radiography and CT) in the current version has substantially increased. The authors hope that this will enhance its educational and practical value. All definitions and images are hyperlinked throughout the text. Click on each figure callout to view corresponding image. © RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorials by Bhalla and Powell in this issue.

Long-term follow-up of balloon-expandable valves according to the implantation strategy: insight from the DIRECTAVI trial.

BACKGROUND: Safety and feasibility of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) without balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) using the SAPIEN 3 balloon-expandable device has been previously demonstrated. The impact on long-term valve hemodynamic performances and outcomes remains however unknown. We evaluate long-term clinical and hemodynamic results according to the implant strategy (direct TAVR vs BAV pre-TAVR) in patients included in the DIRECTAVI randomized trial (NCT02729519). METHODS: Clinical and echocardiographic follow-up until January 2023 was performed for all patients included in the DIRECTAVI trial since 2016 (n = 228). The primary endpoint was incidence of moderate/severe hemodynamic valve deterioration (HVD), according to the Valve Academic Research defined Consortium-3 criteria (increase in mean gradient ≥10 mmHg resulting in a final mean gradient ≥20 mmHg, or new/worsening aortic regurgitation of 1 grade resulting in ≥ moderate aortic regurgitation). RESULTS: Median follow-up was 3.8 (2.2-4.7) years. Mean age at follow-up was 87 ± 6.7 years. No difference in incidence of HVD in the direct implantation group compared to the BAV group was found (incidence of 1.97 per 100 person-years and 1.45 per 100 person-years, respectively, P = 0.6). Prevalence of predicted prothesis-patient mismatch was low (n = 13 [11.4%] in the direct TAVR group vs n = 15 [13.2%] in BAV group) and similar between both groups (P = .7). Major outcomes including death, stroke, hospitalization for heart failure and pacemaker implantation were similar between both groups, (P = .4, P = .7, P = .3, and P = .3 respectively). CONCLUSION: Direct implantation of the balloon-expandable device in TAVR was not associated with an increased risk of moderate/severe HVD or major outcomes up to 6-year follow-up. These results guarantee wide use of direct balloon-expandable valve implantation, when feasible. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05140317.

Universal Spectrum Identifier for mass spectra.

Mass spectra provide the ultimate evidence to support the findings of mass spectrometry proteomics studies in publications, and it is therefore crucial to be able to trace the conclusions back to the spectra. The Universal Spectrum Identifier (USI) provides a standardized mechanism for encoding a virtual path to any mass spectrum contained in datasets deposited to public proteomics repositories. USI enables greater transparency of spectral evidence, with more than 1 billion USI identifications from over 3 billion spectra already available through ProteomeXchange repositories.

Virus-induced changes in root volatiles attract soil nematode vectors to infected plants.

Plant-derived volatiles mediate interactions among plants, pathogenic viruses, and viral vectors. These volatile-dependent mechanisms have not been previously demonstrated belowground, despite their likely significant role in soil ecology and agricultural pest impacts. We investigated how the plant virus, tobacco rattle virus (TRV), attracts soil nematode vectors to infected plants. We infected Nicotiana benthamiana with TRV and compared root growth relative to that of uninfected plants. We tested whether TRV-infected N. benthamiana was more attractive to nematodes 7 d post infection and identified a compound critical to attraction. We also infected N. benthamiana with mutated TRV strains to identify virus genes involved in vector nematode attraction. Virus titre and associated impacts on root morphology were greatest 7 d post infection. Tobacco rattle virus infection enhanced 2-ethyl-1-hexanol production. Nematode chemotaxis and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol production correlated strongly with viral load. Uninfected plants were more attractive to nematodes after the addition of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol than were untreated plants. Mutation of TRV RNA2-encoded genes reduced the production of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and nematode attraction. For the first time, this demonstrates that virus-driven alterations in root volatile emissions lead to increased chemotaxis of the virus's nematode vector, a finding with implications for sustainable management of both nematodes and viral pathogens in agricultural systems.

Global benchmarks in primary robotic bariatric surgery redefine quality standards for Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy.

BACKGROUND: Whether the benefits of the robotic platform in bariatric surgery translate into superior surgical outcomes remains unclear. The aim of this retrospective study was to establish the 'best possible' outcomes for robotic bariatric surgery and compare them with the established laparoscopic benchmarks. METHODS: Benchmark cut-offs were established for consecutive primary robotic bariatric surgery patients of 17 centres across four continents (13 expert centres and 4 learning phase centres) using the 75th percentile of the median outcome values until 90 days after surgery. The benchmark patients had no previous laparotomy, diabetes, sleep apnoea, cardiopathy, renal insufficiency, inflammatory bowel disease, immunosuppression, history of thromboembolic events, BMI greater than 50 kg/m2, or age greater than 65 years. RESULTS: A total of 9097 patients were included, who were mainly female (75.5%) and who had a mean(s.d.) age of 44.7(11.5) years and a mean(s.d.) baseline BMI of 44.6(7.7) kg/m2. In expert centres, 13.74% of the 3020 patients who underwent primary robotic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and 5.9% of the 4078 patients who underwent primary robotic sleeve gastrectomy presented with greater than or equal to one complication within 90 postoperative days. No patient died and 1.1% of patients had adverse events related to the robotic platform. When compared with laparoscopic benchmarks, robotic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass had lower benchmark cut-offs for hospital stay, postoperative bleeding, and marginal ulceration, but the duration of the operation was 42 min longer. For most surgical outcomes, robotic sleeve gastrectomy outperformed laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with a comparable duration of the operation. In robotic learning phase centres, outcomes were within the established benchmarks only for low-risk robotic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. CONCLUSION: The newly established benchmarks suggest that robotic bariatric surgery may enhance surgical safety compared with laparoscopic bariatric surgery; however, the duration of the operation for robotic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is longer.

Friedrich Dessauer (1881-1963): the forgotten medical physicist, politician, and philosopher.

Today, the name Friedrich Dessauer is almost forgotten; however, his scientific, social, and political works should not be. Dessauer's professional career began at a young age as a professor of physics in Frankfurt am Main. It is said that he published 400 papers and 65 book chapters and pamphlets. He was a technical inventor who established laws that dealt with theories to explain the limited understanding of the effects of radiation on cells. He advocated for methods to improve the therapeutic ratio. As a devout Catholic politician, Dessauer was an early opponent of National Socialism. This led to him being thrown into prison for political reasons in 1933. He did not leave until 1934, and then for Istanbul, largely thanks to Turkish efforts and his appointment as director of a large new institution. While he was already a well-known physicist in Germany, he had to start from scratch in order to build a modern institute. A recent article in the journal Radiotherapy and Oncology celebrated his important contributions to radiology from Turkey. After his contract in Istanbul expired in 1937, he left for the small University of Fribourg in Switzerland, where he was unfortunately unable to continue his scientific productivity. Dessauer wrote textbooks as well as political and philosophical books, and attempted to bridge the gap between Catholicism and science. Additionally, after the war, he began to teach again in Frankfurt. In photos of Dessauer, radiation-induced skin changes on his face and hands were clearly visible. Towards the end of his life, he received many medals and honors for his achievements in Germany, some of them posthumously.