Mosaic IL6ST variant inducing constitutive GP130 cytokine receptor signaling as a cause of neonatal onset immunodeficiency with autoinflammation and dysmorphy.

Interleukin-6 signal transducer (IL6ST) encodes the GP130 protein which transduces the proinflammatory signaling of the IL6 cytokine family through Janus kinase signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway (JAK/STAT) activation. Biallelic loss-of-function IL6ST variants cause autosomal recessive hyper-IgE syndrome or a variant of the Stuve-Wiedemann syndrome. Somatic gain-of-function IL6ST mutations, in particular, small monoallelic in-frame deletions of which the most prevalent is the IL6ST Ser187_Tyr190del, are an established cause of inflammatory hepatocellular tumors, but so far, no disease caused by such mutations present constitutively has been described. Herein, we report a pediatric proband with a novel syndrome of neonatal onset immunodeficiency with autoinflammation and dysmorphy associated with the IL6ST Tyr186_Tyr190del variant present constitutively. Tyr186_Tyr190del was found by exome sequencing and was shown to be de novo (absent in proband's parents and siblings) and mosaic (present in approximately 15-40% of cells depending on the tissue studied-blood, urine sediment, hair bulbs and buccal swab). Functional studies were performed in the Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized patient's B cell lymphoblastoid cell line, which carried the variant in approximately 95% of the cells. Western blot showed that the patient's cells exhibited constitutive hyperphosphorylation of Tyr705 in STAT3, which is indicative of IL6-independent activation of GP130. Interestingly, the STAT3 phosphorylation could be inhibited with ruxolitinib as well as tofacitinib, which are clinically approved JAK1 and JAK3 (to lesser extent JAK2 and JAK1) inhibitors, respectively. Given our results and the recent reports of ruxolitinib and tofacitinib use for the treatment of diseases caused by direct activation of STAT3 or STAT1, we speculate that these drugs may be effective in the treatment of our patient's condition.

Simple Measurement of IgA Predicts Immunity and Mortality in Ataxia-Telangiectasia.

Patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) suffer from progressive cerebellar ataxia, immunodeficiency, respiratory failure, and cancer susceptibility. From a clinical point of view, A-T patients with IgA deficiency show more symptoms and may have a poorer prognosis. In this study, we analyzed mortality and immunity data of 659 A-T patients with regard to IgA deficiency collected from the European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) registry and from 66 patients with classical A-T who attended at the Frankfurt Goethe-University between 2012 and 2018. We studied peripheral B- and T-cell subsets and T-cell repertoire of the Frankfurt cohort and survival rates of all A-T patients in the ESID registry. Patients with A-T have significant alterations in their lymphocyte phenotypes. All subsets (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD4/CD45RA, and CD8/CD45RA) were significantly diminished compared to standard values. Patients with IgA deficiency (n = 35) had significantly lower lymphocyte counts compared to A-T patients without IgA deficiency (n = 31) due to a further decrease of naïve CD4 T-cells, central memory CD4 cells, and regulatory T-cells. Although both patient groups showed affected TCR-ß repertoires compared to controls, no differences could be detected between patients with and without IgA deficiency. Overall survival of patients with IgA deficiency was significantly diminished. For the first time, our data show that patients with IgA deficiency have significantly lower lymphocyte counts and subsets, which are accompanied with reduced survival, compared to A-T patients without IgA deficiency. IgA, a simple surrogate marker, is indicating the poorest prognosis for classical A-T patients. Both non-interventional clinical trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov 2012 (Susceptibility to infections in ataxia-telangiectasia; NCT02345135) and 2017 (Susceptibility to Infections, tumor risk and liver disease in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia; NCT03357978).

BCG Moreau Vaccine Safety Profile and NK Cells-Double Protection Against Disseminated BCG Infection in Retrospective Study of BCG Vaccination in 52 Polish Children with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to estimate the rate of adverse reactions to live BCG Moreau vaccine, manufactured by Biomed in Poland, in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) patients. MATERIAL: The profiles of 52 SCID patients vaccinated at birth with BCG, hospitalized in Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw (CMHI), in the years 1980-2015 were compared with those of 349 BCG-vaccinated SCID patients from other countries analyzed by Beatriz E. Marciano et al. in a retrospective study (Marciano et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133(4):1134-1141). RESULTS: Significantly less disseminated BCG infections (10 out of 52 SCID, 19%) occurred in comparison with Marciano study-119 out of 349, 34% (p = 0.0028), with no death in patients treated with SCID anti-TB drug, except one in lethal condition. In our study, disseminated BCG infection was observed only in SCID with T-B+NK- phenotype and significantly lower NK cell counts (p = 0.0161). NK cells do not influence on the frequency of local BCG reaction. A significantly higher number of hematopoietic stem cells transplantations (HSCT) were performed in CMHI study (p = 0.0001). Anti-TB treatment with at least two medicines was provided. CONCLUSION: The BCG Moreau vaccine produced in Poland, with well-documented genetic characteristics, seems to be safer than other BCG substrains used in other regions of the world. Importantly, NK cells seem to play a role in protecting SCID patients against disseminated BCG complications, which NK- SCID patients are more prone to. HSCT and TB therapy could be relevant due to the patients' survival and the fact that they protect against BCG infection.

Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome: Clinical and Immunological Features, Long-Term Outcome and Treatment Options - a Retrospective Analysis.

PURPOSE: Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome (NBS) is a rare inherited condition, characterized by microcephaly, chromosomal instability, immunodeficiency, and predisposition to malignancy. This retrospective study, characterizing the clinical and immunological status of patients with NBS at time of diagnosis, was designed to assess whether any parameters were useful in disease prognosis, and could help determine patients qualified for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. METHODS: The clinical and immunological characteristics of 149 NBS patients registered in the online database of the European Society for Immune Deficiencies were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 149 NBS patients, 91 (61%), of median age 14.3 years, remained alive at the time of analysis. These patients were clinically heterogeneous, with variable immune defects, ranging from negligible to severe dysfunction. Humoral deficiencies predisposed NBS patients to recurrent/chronic respiratory tract infections and worsened long-term clinical prognosis. Eighty malignancies, most of lymphoid origin (especially non-Hodgkin's lymphomas), were diagnosed in 42% of patients, with malignancy being the leading cause of death in this cohort. Survival probabilities at 5, 10, 20 and 30 years of age were 95, 85, 50 and 35%, respectively, and were significantly lower in patients with than without malignancies. CONCLUSIONS: The extremely high incidence of malignancies, mostly non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, was the main risk factor affecting survival probability in NBS patients. Because treatment of NBS is very difficult and frequently unsuccessful, the search for an alternative medical intervention such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is of great clinical importance.

Identification of ATM-dependent long non-coding RNAs induced in response to DNA damage.

DNA damage response (DDR) is a complex process, essential for cell survival. Especially deleterious type of DNA damage are DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), which can lead to genomic instability and malignant transformation if not repaired correctly. The central player in DSB detection and repair is the ATM kinase which orchestrates the action of several downstream factors. Recent studies have suggested that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in DDR. Here, we aimed to identify lncRNAs induced upon DNA damage in an ATM-dependent manner. DNA damage was induced by ionizing radiation (IR) in immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from 4 patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) and 4 healthy donors. RNA-seq revealed 10 lncRNAs significantly induced 1 h after IR in healthy donors, whereas none in AT patients. 149 lncRNAs were induced 8 h after IR in the control group, while only three in AT patients. Among IR-induced mRNAs, we found several genes with well-known functions in DDR. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis and Gene Ontology revealed delayed induction of key DDR pathways in AT patients compared to controls. The induction and dynamics of selected 9 lncRNAs were confirmed by RT-qPCR. Moreover, using a specific ATM inhibitor we proved that the induction of those lncRNAs is dependent on ATM. Some of the detected lncRNA genes are localized next to protein-coding genes involved in DDR. We observed that induction of lncRNAs after IR preceded changes in expression of adjacent genes. This indicates that IR-induced lncRNAs may regulate the transcription of nearby genes. Subcellular fractionation into chromatin, nuclear, and cytoplasmic fractions revealed that the majority of studied lncRNAs are localized in chromatin. In summary, our study revealed several lncRNAs induced by IR in an ATM-dependent manner. Their genomic co-localization and co-expression with genes involved in DDR suggest that those lncRNAs may be important players in cellular response to DNA damage.

Facilitated subcutaneous immunoglobulin treatment patterns in pediatric patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases.

Aim: This retrospective study investigated real-world hyaluronidase-facilitated subcutaneous immunoglobulin (fSCIG) treatment patterns in pediatric patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) in Poland. Methods: Clinical and demographic information, fSCIG treatment parameters and clinical outcomes were extracted from medical records of 28 participants (aged ≤18 years) with PIDs who received fSCIG. Results: 18 participants (64.3%) started fSCIG with a ramp-up (median duration: 35.5 days). 27 patients (96.4%) were administered fSCIG every 4 weeks and one patient every 3 weeks. 25 patients (89.3%) used one infusion site. No serious bacterial infections occurred. Conclusion: Data support the feasibility of administering fSCIG to children and adolescents with PIDs every 3-4 weeks using a single infusion site and indicate flexibility in modifying fSCIG infusion parameters. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT04636502 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are proteins that are made by the immune system to help fight infections. In primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs), part of the immune system may be missing or not working properly. This study looked at the use of an antibody treatment called hyaluronidase-facilitated subcutaneous immunoglobulin (or fSCIG) in Polish children aged 18 years or younger with PIDs. Information on patients, their disease, how fSCIG was being used and how patients responded to treatment was taken from medical records. Out of 28 patients, 18/28 (64.3%) had their fSCIG dose slowly increased, which took an average of 35.5 days. Overall, 27/28 patients were treated with fSCIG every 4 weeks (96.4%), and 25/28 patients used one place to inject fSCIG (89.3%). No serious infections caused by bacteria happened during the study. The study results suggest that children with PIDs could be treated every 3 to 4 weeks with fSCIG, and that flexibility in how fSCIG is injected may offer options suited to individual patients.

Common variable immune deficiency in children--clinical characteristics varies depending on defect in peripheral B cell maturation.

Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous disease associated with ineffective production of antibodies. It is usually diagnosed in adulthood, but a variable proportion of children develop CVID. Early identification of patients with potentially worse prognosis may help to avoid serious complications. The goal of this study was to associate the clinical phenotype of patients with early onset CVID with peripheral B-cell maturation profile. Four color flow cytometry was used to define distribution of peripheral B-cell subsets in 49 children with early-onset CVID. All clinical data were extracted from medical records. A proportion of patients demonstrated diminishing with time total B-lymphocytes pool, beyond physiological age-related changes. Irrespective from duration of the follow-up period the B-cell maturation profile in individual patients remained unchanged. We identified six different aberrant peripheral B cell maturation profiles associated with different clinical characteristics. Patients with an early B-cell maturation block earlier required replacement therapy and were at significantly greater risk of enteropathy, granuloma formation, cytopenia, and lymphoproliferation. B-cell maturation inhibited at the natural effector stage was associated with higher risk of autoimmune manifestations other than autoimmune cytopenia. Prevalence of male patients was observed among patients with B-cell maturation inhibited at naïve B-cell stage. In conclusion, the diagnostic process in patients with suspected early-onset CVID shall include routine analysis of peripheral B-cell maturation to provide surrogate markers identifying patients at greater risk of developing certain complications.

Subcutaneous immunoglobulin 20% (Ig20Gly) treatment regimens in pediatric patients with primary immunodeficiencies - real-world data from the IG TATRY study.

BACKGROUND: Subcutaneous administration of immunoglobulins is associated with fewer systemic adverse events and easier infusion compared to intravenous administration. Ig20Gly is a 20% immunoglobulin formulation effective and safe in patients with primary immune deficiency diseases (PIDDs). Real-world data are scarce, therefore our study aimed to examine the real-life treatment regimen and clinical outcomes of Ig20Gly in Polish children with PIDDs. RESEARCHDESIGN: We retrospectively analyzed the medical documentation of 75 pediatric patients aged 0-17 years (mean 9.9) who received Ig20Gly (Cuvitru®; Baxalta US, Inc.; part of Takeda, MA, U.S.A.). RESULTS: The median exposure to treatment of the study population was 22.3 months. At the end of the study, 59 (78.7%) were still on Ig20Gly. The median monthly dose was 0.40 g/kg. The median treatment interval was 7.7 days. Most patients (96%) used one infusion site. The median infusion rate increased with patient age. The median IgG level in the study population, 8.0 g/L, was stable. There was one case of serious bacterial infection. CONCLUSION: This is the largest, long-term real-world study to date on the treatment patterns of Ig20Gly in pediatric patients with PIDDs. The results of this study support the feasibility and tolerability of Ig20Gly usage in PIDD patients across the pediatric age spectrum. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04636502).

Neutrophil phenotypic characteristics in children with congenital asplenia and splenectomized for hereditary spherocytosis.

The spleen plays an important role in the granulocyte homeostasis due to such mechanisms as pooling, elimination of senescent cells and regulatory effects on granulocyte renewal in the bone marrow. The expression profile of granulocyte receptors was tested in children with congenital asplenia, and splenectomized for spherocytosis. Receptors tested included those appearing with maturation (CD16, CD11b, CD11c, TREM-1), disappearing (CD54, CD49d, CD64) and maintained during maturation (CD11a, CD45). In general, we found that the circulating granulocyte pool in the asplenic patients had phenotypical features of highly matured but not apoptotic neutrophils with a significantly elevated expression of CD16 (CD16(high)), tendency to a lower expression of CD45 (CD45(low)) and an unchanged expression of CD64 (and other markers indicating systemic inflammatory reactions). The high fluorescence intensity of CD11b,c, and TREM-1 in the congenital asplenia may indicate a potentially elevated pro-inflammatory status of granulocytes, possibly due to the low activity of vagus nerve and spleen-dependent cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.

Infections and immune dysregulation in ataxia-telangiectasia children with hyper-IgM and non-hyper-IgM phenotypes: A single-center experience.

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a severe syndromic neurodegenerative inborn error of immunity characterized by DNA reparation defect, chromosomal instability, and hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation, thereby predisposing affected individuals to malignant transformation. While the leading disease symptomatology is associated with progressively debilitating cerebellar ataxia accompanied by central and peripheral nervous system dysfunctions, A-T is a multisystemic disorder manifesting with the heterogeneity of phenotypic features. These include airway and interstitial lung disease, chronic liver disease, endocrine abnormalities, and cutaneous and deep-organ granulomatosis. The impaired thymic T cell production, defective B cell development and antibody production, as well as bone marrow failure, contribute to a combined immunodeficiency predisposing to infectious complications, immune dysregulation, and organ-specific immunopathology, with the A-T hyper-IgM (HIGM) phenotype determining the more severe disease course. This study aimed to clarify the immunodeficiency and associated immune dysregulation as well as organ-specific immunopathology in children with A-T. We also sought to determine whether the hyper-IgM and non-hyper-IgM phenotypes play a discriminatory role and have prognostic significance in anticipating the clinical course and outcome of the disease. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of twelve A-T patients, aged from two to eighteen years. The patients' infectious history, organ-specific symptomatology, and immunological workup including serum alpha-fetoprotein, immunoglobulin isotypes, IgG subclasses, and lymphocyte compartments were examined. For further comparative analysis, all the subjects were divided into two groups, HIGM A-T and non-HIGM A-T. The clinical evaluation of the study group showed that recurrent respiratory tract infections due to viral and bacterial pathogens and a chronic obstructive airway disease along with impaired humoral immunity, in particular complete IgA deficiency, were noted in all the A-T patients, with both HIGM and non-HIGM phenotypes. The most important features with the discriminatory role between groups, were autoimmune disorders, observable four times more frequently in HIGM than in non-HIGM A-T. Two patients with the HIGM A-T phenotype were deceased due to liver failure and chronic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. It may therefore be assumed that the HIGM form of A-T is associated with more profound T cell dysfunction, defective immunoglobulin class switching, chronic EBV expansion, and poorer prognosis.

Lack of relationship between 25-hydoxyvitamin D concentration and a titer of antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen in children under 12 years of age.

The effect of vitamin D levels on the response to the hepatitis B vaccine in childhood and the induced levels of antibodies against the hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) is not yet well understood. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between age, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration and anti-HBs titer among children under 12 years old. Serum 25(OH)D concentration and anti-HBs titer were determined in 352 healthy Caucasian children with the average age of 4.2 (2.5; 6.3) years. All children were vaccinated with 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine (Engerix-B, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Limited) in infancy according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations. Only 14.5% of children had an optimal concentration of 25(OH)D ≥ 30 ng/mL and 71.9% children had a seroprotective anti-HBs titer ≥ 10 mIU/mL. Significant negative correlations were found between 25(OH)D, anti-HBs titer and age (r = -0.420, p = 0.000; r = -0.425, p = 0.000, respectively), and a weak positive correlation between 25(OH)D concentration and anti-HBs titer (r = 0.243, p = 0.000). Analysis of six clusters of children demonstrated that age is the main factor affecting anti-HBs titer. One third of children under 12 years of age had nonprotective anti-HBs titer < 10 mIU/mL and around 40% had vitamin D deficiency. We conclude that vitamin D status has no impact on anti-HBs titer in children vaccinated against hepatitis B virus in infancy. Age, so time since the receipt of the last dose of hepatitis B vaccine, is the main factor influencing a decline in anti-HBs titer.

BCG Moreau Polish Substrain Infections in Patients With Inborn Errors of Immunity: 40 Years of Experience in the Department of Immunology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw.

Objective: We aimed to assess BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) complications in patients with Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEI), according to the inherited disorders and associated immunological defects, as well as the different BCG substrains. Material: We studied adverse reactions to the locally-produced BCG Moreau vaccine, analyzed in patients with IEI diagnosed between 1980 and 2020 in the Department of Immunology, Children's Memorial Health Institute (CMHI), Warsaw. These results were compared with previously published studies. Results: Significantly fewer disseminated BCG infections (BCGosis) were found in 11 of 72 (15%) SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency) NK (Natural Killer)-phenotype patients, when compared with the 119 out of 349 (34%) (p = 0.0012) patients with SCID with BCG in other countries. Significantly fewer deaths caused by BCGosis were observed (p = 0.0402). A significantly higher number of hematopoietic stem cell transplantations (HSCTs) were performed in the CMHI study (p = 0.00001). BCGosis was found in six patients with Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMD). Other patients with IEI prone to BCG complications, such as CGD (Chronic Granulomatous Disease), showed no case of BCGosis. Conclusion: The BCG Moreau substrain vaccine, produced in Poland since 1955, showed genetic differences with its parental Brazilian substrain together with a superior clinical safety profile in comparison with the other BCG substrains, with no BCGosis in patients with IEI other than SCID and MSMD. Our data also confirmed significantly fewer cases of BCGosis and deaths caused by BCG infection in patients with SCID with this vaccine substrain. Finally, they confirmed the protecting role of NK cells, probably via their production of IFN-γ.

Mutations in STAT3 and diagnostic guidelines for hyper-IgE syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by infections of the lung and skin, elevated serum IgE, and involvement of the soft and bony tissues. Recently, HIES has been associated with heterozygous dominant-negative mutations in the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and severe reductions of T(H)17 cells. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is a correlation between the genotype and the phenotype of patients with HIES and to establish diagnostic criteria to distinguish between STAT3 mutated and STAT3 wild-type patients. METHODS: We collected clinical data, determined T(H)17 cell numbers, and sequenced STAT3 in 100 patients with a strong clinical suspicion of HIES and serum IgE >1000 IU/mL. We explored diagnostic criteria by using a machine-learning approach to identify which features best predict a STAT3 mutation. RESULTS: In 64 patients, we identified 31 different STAT3 mutations, 18 of which were novel. These included mutations at splice sites and outside the previously implicated DNA-binding and Src homology 2 domains. A combination of 5 clinical features predicted STAT3 mutations with 85% accuracy. T(H)17 cells were profoundly reduced in patients harboring STAT3 mutations, whereas 10 of 13 patients without mutations had low (<1%) T(H)17 cells but were distinct by markedly reduced IFN-gamma-producing CD4(+)T cells. CONCLUSION: We propose the following diagnostic guidelines for STAT3-deficient HIES. Possible: IgE >1000IU/mL plus a weighted score of clinical features >30 based on recurrent pneumonia, newborn rash, pathologic bone fractures, characteristic face, and high palate. Probable: These characteristics plus lack of T(H)17 cells or a family history for definitive HIES. Definitive: These characteristics plus a dominant-negative heterozygous mutation in STAT3.

[Educational program for doctors and nurses taking care for primary immunodeficiency patients treated with subcutaneous immunoglobulins]. / Propozycja programu edukacyjnego dla lekarzy i pielegniarek zajmujacych sie terapia substytucyjna podskórnymi preparatami immunoglobulin u pacjentów z pierwotnymi niedoborami odpornosci.

Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) are presenting the most common in childhood. PID are genetically determined disorders of the immune system resulting in greatly enhanced susceptibility to infectious disease. Therapy in these group of patients preventing infectious diseases is immunoglobulin (Ig) replacement therapy. Nowadays the quality of life is very important issue which doctors should consider treating their patients. The subcutaneous immunoglobulins appears to be the best solution for them. Treating patients with subcutaneous Ig require good educational programme not only for patients but also for doctors and nurses. We would like to provide practical guidelines for identifying patients who should be referred for assessment of possible immunodeficiency and give some practical instructions how to start and follow-up subcutaneous therapy in all centers of immunology in Poland who are engaged in this kind of treatment.

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Positively Affects the Natural History of Cancer in Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome.

PURPOSE: Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is a DNA repair disorder with a high predisposition to hematologic malignancies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We describe the natural history of NBS, including cancer incidence, risk of death, and the potential effectiveness of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in preventing both pathologies: malignancy and immunodeficiency. RESULTS: Among 241 patients with NBS enrolled in the study from 11 countries, 151 (63.0%) patients were diagnosed with cancer. Incidence rates for primary and secondary cancer, tumor characteristics, and risk factors affecting overall survival (OS) were estimated. The cumulative cancer incidence was 40.21% ± 3.5% and 77.78% ± 3.4% at 10 years and 20 years of follow-up, respectively. Most of the tumors n = 95 (62.9%) were non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Overall, 20 (13.2%) secondary malignancies occurred at a median age of 18 (interquartile range, 13.7-21.5) years. The probability of 20-year overall survival (OS) for the whole cohort was 44.6% ± 4.5%. Patients who developed cancer had a shorter 20-year OS than those without malignancy (29.6% vs. 86.2%; P < 10-5). A total of 49 patients with NBS underwent HSCT, including 14 patients transplanted before malignancy. Patients with NBS with diagnosed cancer who received HSCT had higher 20-year OS than those who did not (42.7% vs. 30.3%; P = 0.038, respectively). In the group of patients who underwent preemptive transplantation, only 1 patient developed cancer, which is 6.7 times lower as compared with nontransplanted patients [incidence rate ratio 0.149 (95% confidence interval, 0.138-0.162); P < 0.0001]. CONCLUSIONS: There is a beneficial effect of HSCT on the long-term survival of patients with NBS transplanted in their first complete remission of cancer.

Nijmegen breakage syndrome: Long-term monitoring of viral and immunological biomarkers in peripheral blood before development of malignancy.

Selected viruses and immune parameters were monitored in 57 patients with Nijmegen breakage syndrome as a proposed tool for early detection of changes preceding development of malignancy. The following parameters were analysed: (1) viral infections; (2) monoclonal proteins; and (3) B-cell and T-cell receptor gene rearrangements in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Viral infections were detected in 68.4% of patients with a predominance of EBV (63.2%), followed by HBV (19.2%) and HCV (8.8%). Monoclonal gammopathy detected in 38.6% of cases correlated with the presence of EBV DNA (p=0.002) and HCV RNA (p=0.04). Clonal Ig and/or TCR gene rearrangements occurred in 73.9% of patients. The presence of at least one of the studied parameters preceded the development of malignancy in 22 patients. Systematic PCR analysis for viral infections and Ig/TCR gene rearrangements, supplemented by detection of monoclonal proteins, is advantageous in monitoring NBS patients before severe complications of the disease, including cancer, appear.

Ataxia-telangiectasia with hyper-IgM and Wilms tumor: fatal reaction to irradiation.

SUMMARY: Ataxia-telangiectasia is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutation in the ATM gene. Hallmarks of the disease comprise progressive cerebellar ataxia, oculocutaneous telangiectasiae, cancer susceptibility, and variable humoral and cellular immunodeficiency. We report a patient who, because of the pattern of her immunodeficiency, was primarily diagnosed as an autosomal recessive hyper-IgM syndrome. Only a mild cerebellar ataxia was present at the age of 7 years then she developed a Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma). Conventional radiotherapy for the malignancy led to fatal consequences. Postmortem studies confirmed diagnosis of ataxia-telangiectasia.

Progressive bronchiectasis and CMC in a patient with STAT1 GOF - a rare case of primary immunodeficiency.

Bronchiestasis is a common complication developing in patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders. AD GOF STAT1 defi-ciency is characterized by CMC, repeated infections, and autoimmunity. It is the most frequently diagnosed entity in a group of PIDs with CMC. Here, we present the first Polish case of a female patient with early-onset bronchiestasis accompanied by CMC and a severe course of infections who was genetically diagnosed with AD GOF1 STAT1 mutation at the age of 15.

[Prevention of infections in primary and secondary antibody deficiency]. / Zapobieganie zakazeniom w pierwotnym i wtórnym niedoborze przeciwcial.

Antibody deficiency may have genetic basis or be secondary to other diseases or iatrogenic factors. Recurrent respiratory, gastrointestinal and skin infections consist on the most frequent clinical picture. Severe course of these infections, recurrences and difficulties in treatment may suggest immunodeficiency. Antibody deficiency may be associated with numerous complications. Intravenous or subcutaneous immunoglobulin substitution is the way of treating these patients. Prevention of infection in primary and secondary antibody deficiency also includes vaccinations, prophylaxis with antibiotics and education of patients, parents and caregivers.

Chromosome instability syndromes.

Fanconi anaemia (FA), ataxia telangiectasia (A-T), Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) and Bloom syndrome (BS) are clinically distinct, chromosome instability (or breakage) disorders. Each disorder has its own pattern of chromosomal damage, with cells from these patients being hypersensitive to particular genotoxic drugs, indicating that the underlying defect in each case is likely to be different. In addition, each syndrome shows a predisposition to cancer. Study of the molecular and genetic basis of these disorders has revealed mechanisms of recognition and repair of DNA double-strand breaks, DNA interstrand crosslinks and DNA damage during DNA replication. Specialist clinics for each disorder have provided the concentration of expertise needed to tackle their characteristic clinical problems and improve outcomes. Although some treatments of the consequences of a disorder may be possible, for example, haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in FA and NBS, future early intervention to prevent complications of disease will depend on a greater understanding of the roles of the affected DNA repair pathways in development. An important realization has been the predisposition to cancer in carriers of some of these gene mutations.