Extraction, identification and antitumor activity in cell cultures of cubebin isolated from dry seeds Piper cubeba (Piperaceae).

The Pipercubeba, it is one spice, widely consumed in Europe, which has several bioactive molecules, between those a lignan named cubebin. Cubebin has several known biological activities, such as analgesic activity and anti-inflammatory, trypanocidal activity, leishmanicidal and antitumor activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antiproliferative activity "in vitro" cubebin in eight different human tumor cell lines. It was fully characterized by IR analysis, NMR, mass spectrometry, DSC, TGA, residual solvent and elemental analysis. The antitumor activity of cubebin was evaluated "in vitro" on eight different human tumor cell lineages. Cubebin showed GI50≤30µg/mL for lineage cell U251 (glioma CNS), 786-0 (kidney), PC-3 (prostate), HT-29 (colon rectum). For K562 cells (leukemia), cubebin presented GI50≤to 4.0mg/mL. For the other lineages cells, MCF-7 (breast) and NCI-H460 to cubebin can be considered inactive because of GI50>250mg/mL. Analyzing the selectivity index for cubebin, it can be observed that high selectivity of cubebin to K562 lineage cells (leukemia). Analyzing the cytotoxic potential of cubebin was observed that probably acts cubebin altering metabolism, inhibiting cell growth - a cytostatic effect, showing no cytocidal effect on any lineage cell.

The antique genetic plight of the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus).

Disentangling the impact of Late Quaternary climate change from human activities can have crucial implications on the conservation of endangered species. We investigated the population genetics and demography of the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), one of the world's most endangered marine mammals, through an unprecedented dataset encompassing historical (extinct) and extant populations from the eastern North Atlantic to the entire Mediterranean Basin. We show that Cabo Blanco (Western Sahara/Mauritania), Madeira, Western Mediterranean (historical range) and Eastern Mediterranean regions segregate into four populations. This structure is probably the consequence of recent drift, combined with long-term isolation by distance (R2 = 0.7), resulting from prevailing short-distance (less than 500 km) and infrequent long-distance dispersal (less than 1500 km). All populations (Madeira especially), show high levels of inbreeding and low levels of genetic diversity, seemingly declining since historical time, but surprisingly not being impacted by the 1997 massive die-off in Cabo Blanco. Approximate Bayesian Computation analyses support scenarios combining local extinctions and a major effective population size decline in all populations during Antiquity. Our results suggest that the early densification of human populations around the Mediterranean Basin coupled with the development of seafaring techniques were the main drivers of the decline of Mediterranean monk seals.

Assessing microplastic exposure of the Critically Endangered Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) on a remote oceanic island.

Microplastics (<5 mm) are a ubiquitous marine pollutant which are highly bioavailable to marine organisms across all trophic levels. Marine predators are especially vulnerable to microplastic pollution through direct and indirect ingestion (e.g., trophic transfer) due to their high trophic position. In particular, oceanic islands are more susceptible to plastic accumulation, increasing the relative number of microplastics in the environment that are available for consumption. The dynamics of microplastic accumulation in marine predators inhabiting remote islands, however, is sparsely documented. Here we describe microplastic exposure in the Critically Endangered Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) from the Madeira archipelago (Northeast Atlantic) using scat-based analysis. Microplastics were recovered from 18 scat samples collected between 2014-2021 and were characterized to the polymer level using Fourier-Transform Infrared (u-FTIR) spectroscopy. A total of 390 microplastic particles were recovered, ranging between 0.2-8.6 particles g-1 dry weight (mean 1.84 ± 2.14 particles g-1) consisting mainly of fragments (69 %) of various sizes and polymer composition (e.g., PE, PET, PS). Microplastic prevalence (100 % of samples analysed) was higher than what has been previously recorded using scat-based analysis in other pinniped species. Our results suggest that the levels of microplastic pollution in the coastal food-web in the Madeira archipelago are relatively high, placing higher-trophic level organisms at increased risk of microplastic consumption, including humans. This study provides the first insights into microplastic exposure to Madeira's monk seals that may contribute to future management decisions for the species and their long-term survival.

Carpooling Systems for Commuting among Teachers: An Expert Panel Analysis of Their Barriers and Incentives.

Sustainable mobility is a current challenge in our society. Research shows that carpooling systems are potential solutions that could mitigate environmental pollution and urban congestion and provide cost savings for their users. Despite their potential benefits, the levels of carpooling practices among some occupations could be improved. Teachers are suitable for carpooling experiences due to their specific working conditions (e.g., timetables, destinations changes, path matches); however, there is no research solely focused on teachers. Thus, the current research aimed to analyze the barriers and incentives for teachers using carpooling systems for commuting. A panel member was selected following the staticized group technique. Panelists were surveyed to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of carpooling. Results showed that fuel savings were considered by the expert panel as the most important incentive for carpooling. For short distances, carpooling was not considered the best commuting option. Additionally, the increase in travel time and loss of personal independence were identified as relevant barriers. Based on the opinions of experts, it can be concluded that carpooling barriers outweigh the incentives for the commuting of teachers. To promote carpooling practices, institutional mobility plans with advantages for carpoolers could improve the teachers' perceptions about carpooling. Future carpooling strategies should consider these results to promote incentives and address the identified barriers.

Disclosing proteins in the leaves of cork oak plants associated with the immune response to Phytophthora cinnamomi inoculation in the roots: A long-term proteomics approach.

The pathological interaction between oak trees and Phytophthora cinnamomi has implications in the cork oak decline observed over the last decades in the Iberian Peninsula. During host colonization, the phytopathogen secretes effector molecules like elicitins to increase disease effectiveness. The objective of this study was to unravel the proteome changes associated with the cork oak immune response triggered by P. cinnamomi inoculation in a long-term assay, through SWATH-MS quantitative proteomics performed in the oak leaves. Using the Arabidopis proteome database as a reference, 424 proteins were confidently quantified in cork oak leaves, of which 80 proteins showed a p-value below 0.05 or a fold-change greater than 2 or less than 0.5 in their levels between inoculated and control samples being considered as altered. The inoculation of cork oak roots with P. cinnamomi increased the levels of proteins associated with protein-DNA complex assembly, lipid oxidation, response to endoplasmic reticulum stress, and pyridine-containing compound metabolic process in the leaves. In opposition, several proteins associated with cellular metabolic compound salvage and monosaccharide catabolic process had significantly decreased abundances. The most significant abundance variations were observed for the Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase small subunit (RBCS1A), Heat Shock protein 90-1 (Hsp90-1), Lipoxygenase 2 (LOX2) and Histone superfamily protein H3.3 (A8MRLO/At4G40030) revealing a pertinent role for these proteins in the host-pathogen interaction mechanism. This work represents the first SWATH-MS analysis performed in cork oak plants inoculated with P. cinnamomi and highlights host proteins that have a relevant action in the homeostatic states that emerge from the interaction between the oomycete and the host in the long term and in a distal organ.

Mechanochemical Synthesis and Physicochemical Characterization of Isoniazid and Pyrazinamide Co-crystals With Glutaric Acid.

The present work reports two novel pharmaceutical co-crystals; 2:1 isoniazid-glutaric acid (INHGA) and 2:1 pyrazinamide-glutaric acid (PGA). Isoniazid and pyrazinamide are key first-line drugs used for the treatment of tuberculosis. The co-crystals were produced via solid-state and solvent assisted grinding methods. Thermal characteristics of the samples were obtained using the differential scanning calorimetry, hot stage microscopy, and thermogravimetric analyses. The morphology of the powder samples by scanning electron microscopy, structural analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and powder X-rays diffraction ensured co-crystal formation. Thermal analyses confirmed the co-crystals with new melting transitions ranging between their respective starting materials. Unique morphologies of the co-crystal particles were clear in SEM micrographs. The formation of intermolecular interactions with the co-crystal former was confirmed by the FT-IR spectral band shifting and was supported by distinct PXRD patterns of co-crystals thereby authenticating the successful co-crystal formation. In vitro solubility evaluation of the synthesized co-crystals by HPLC suggested a remarkable increase in solubility of both INH and PZA in their respective co-crystals.

Effect of supplementation with organic and inorganic minerals on the performance, egg and sperm quality and, hatching characteristics of laying breeder hens.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with organic micro-minerals on egg production, egg quality, sperm quality and hatching of eggs of laying breeder hens. A total of 144 White Plymouth Rock hens and 36 Red Rhode Island roosters were used. For each treatment, birds were assigned to eight replicates with six hens and 12 replicates with one rooster. Birds were fed a basal diet (BD) containing only inorganic micro-minerals (10 mg Cu, 60 mg Fe, 70 mg Mn, 75 mg Zn and 0.3 mg Se per kg of diet) or a BD +500 g/ton of organic micro-mineral (OMM) product (2.5 mg Cu, 17.5 mg Fe, 20 mg Mn, 27.5 mg Zn and 0.080 mg Se per kg of diet) and BD +800 g/ton of OMM (4 mg Cu, 28 mg Fe, 32 mg Mn, 44 mg Zn and 0.128 mg Se per kg of ration). At 43, 44, 45 and 49 wks, egg production was greater with the BD +800 g OMM treatment than with the BD. Egg quality was not affected as a result of diet. Sperm viability was greater in roosters fed BD +800 g of OMM than those fed the BD. Fertility was greater for eggs from hens fed the BD +500 g OMM compared with BD. In conclusion, addition of organic minerals to the diet resulted in l an increased egg production and viability of rooster spermatozoa and egg fertility were greater with feeding of OMM.

Genotypic parameters for egg production in pure breed hens by using random regression model

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to test different genotypic and residual covariance matrix structures in random regression models to model the egg production of Barred Plymouth Rock and White Plymouth Rock hens aged between 5 and 12 months. In addition, we estimated broad-sense heritability, and environmental and genotypic correlations. Six random regression models were evaluated, and for each model, 12 genotypic and residual matrix structures were tested. The random regression model with linear intercept and unstructured covariance (UN) for a matrix of random effects and unstructured correlation (UNR) for residual matrix adequately model the egg production curve of hens of the two study breeds. Genotypic correlations ranged from 0.15 (between age of 5 and 12 months) to 0.99 (between age of 10 and 11 months) and increased based on the time elapsed. Egg production heritability between 5- and 12-month-old hens increased with age, varying from 0.15 to 0.51. From the age of 9 months onward, heritability was moderate with estimates of genotypic correlations higher than 90% at the age of 10, 11, and 12 months. Results suggested that selection of hens to improve egg production should commence at the ninth month of age.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se testar diferentes estruturas de matrizes de (co)variâncias genotípicas e residuais em modelos de regressão aleatória para modelar a produção de ovos do 5o ao 12o mês de idade de poedeiras das raças Plymouth Rock Barrada e Plymouth Rock Branca, bem como estimar a herdabilidade no sentido amplo e as correlações ambientais e genotípicas. Foram avaliados seis modelos de regressão aleatória e, para todos os modelos, foram testadas 12 estruturas das matrizes genotípicas e residuais. O modelo de regressão aleatória com intercepto linear com estrutura de (co)variância desestruturada (UN) para a matriz de efeitos aleatórios e correlação desestruturada (UNR) para a matriz de resíduos, modela adequadamente a curva de produção de ovos das aves das duas raças estudadas. As correlações genotípicas variaram de 0.15 (entre o 5o e o 12o mês) a 0.99 (entre o 10o e o 11o mês), aumentando conforme a proximidade entre os meses. As herdabilidades para a produção de ovos entre o 5o e o 12o mês de idade aumentam com o avanço da idade, variando de 0.15 a 0.51. A partir do nono mês de idade a herdabilidade é moderada com estimativas de correlações genotípicas superiores a 90% nos meses 10, 11 e 12. Sugere-se a seleção das poedeiras através de critérios fenotípicos a partir do 9o mês de idade das aves.

Processos térmicos em dietas para frangos de corte na fase pré-inicial

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth performance of broiler chickens 1-7 days old fed the inclusion of 20% parboiled rice bran (PRB) in the diet and different processes. The design utilized was in a 2x3 factorial, two types of diets (one based on corn and the other with the inclusion of 20% PRB) and three types of processing, with mash diets, pelleted and expanded pelleted, all isonutritives. Diets were pelleted at a temperature of 85 ° C and expanded in a temperature range of 110 ° C to 115 ° C. The study was conducted in experimental avian composed of 60 boxes experimental. Each experimental unit consisted of 58 male broiler chicks of the Cobb 500 ® line of one day old. Six treatments with 10 repetitions per treatment were used. The performance variables at 7 days of age were evaluated. Average when presented differences in 5% were compared by Tukey test. The variables analyzed showed no significant interaction (P 0.05) during the study period. Broiler chicks fed the inclusion of 20% PRB diet had lower body weight, weight gain and diet consumption at 7 days old. The expansion+ pelleted process promotes improvement in weight at 7 days of age and weight gain of the chickens until 7 days age.

RESUMO O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho zootécnico de frangos de corte de 1 a 7 dias de idade alimentados com a inclusão de 20% farelo de arroz parboilizado (FAP) na dieta com diferentes processamentos. O delineamento utilizado foi em esquema fatorial 2x3, dois tipos de dietas (uma a base de milho e a outra com a inclusão de 20% FAP) e três tipos de processamento: dietas farelada, peletizada e expandida peletizadas todas isonutritivas. As rações foram peletizadas a uma temperatura de 85°C e expandidas em uma faixa de temperatura de 110°C a 115°C. O estudo foi realizado em aviário experimental composto por 60 boxes experimentais. Cada unidade experimental foi composta por 58 pintos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb 500® de um dia de idade. Foram utilizados seis tratamentos com 10 repetições por tratamentos. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de desempenho aos 7 dias de idade. As médias quando apresentaram diferenças a nível de 5%, foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. As variáveis analisadas não apresentaram interação significativa (P 0,05) no período avaliado. Pintos de corte alimentados com a inclusão de 20% FAP na dieta apresentaram menor peso corporal, ganho de peso e consumo de dieta aos 7 dias de idade. O processo de expansão + peletização promove melhora no peso aos 7 dias de idade e no ganho de peso dos pintos até os 7 dias de idade.

Processos térmicos em dietas para frangos de corte na fase pré-inicial

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth performance of broiler chickens 1-7 days old fed the inclusion of 20% parboiled rice bran (PRB) in the diet and different processes. The design utilized was in a 2x3 factorial, two types of diets (one based on corn and the other with the inclusion of 20% PRB) and three types of processing, with mash diets, pelleted and expanded pelleted, all isonutritives. Diets were pelleted at a temperature of 85 ° C and expanded in a temperature range of 110 ° C to 115 ° C. The study was conducted in experimental avian composed of 60 boxes experimental. Each experimental unit consisted of 58 male broiler chicks of the Cobb 500 ® line of one day old. Six treatments with 10 repetitions per treatment were used. The performance variables at 7 days of age were evaluated. Average when presented differences in 5% were compared by Tukey test. The variables analyzed showed no significant interaction (P 0.05) during the study period. Broiler chicks fed the inclusion of 20% PRB diet had lower body weight, weight gain and diet consumption at 7 days old. The expansion+ pelleted process promotes improvement in weight at 7 days of age and weight gain of the chickens until 7 days age.

RESUMO O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho zootécnico de frangos de corte de 1 a 7 dias de idade alimentados com a inclusão de 20% farelo de arroz parboilizado (FAP) na dieta com diferentes processamentos. O delineamento utilizado foi em esquema fatorial 2x3, dois tipos de dietas (uma a base de milho e a outra com a inclusão de 20% FAP) e três tipos de processamento: dietas farelada, peletizada e expandida peletizadas todas isonutritivas. As rações foram peletizadas a uma temperatura de 85°C e expandidas em uma faixa de temperatura de 110°C a 115°C. O estudo foi realizado em aviário experimental composto por 60 boxes experimentais. Cada unidade experimental foi composta por 58 pintos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb 500® de um dia de idade. Foram utilizados seis tratamentos com 10 repetições por tratamentos. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de desempenho aos 7 dias de idade. As médias quando apresentaram diferenças a nível de 5%, foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. As variáveis analisadas não apresentaram interação significativa (P 0,05) no período avaliado. Pintos de corte alimentados com a inclusão de 20% FAP na dieta apresentaram menor peso corporal, ganho de peso e consumo de dieta aos 7 dias de idade. O processo de expansão + peletização promove melhora no peso aos 7 dias de idade e no ganho de peso dos pintos até os 7 dias de idade.

Diferentes relações cálcio:fósforo disponíveis e fitase em dietas de poedeiras UFSM-V: desempenho produtivo, qualidade dos ovos e tecido ósseo

The study aimed to determine the effects of different calcium relations: phosphorus (Ca:Pd) and phytase in diets based on corn and soybean meal on egg quality and production on the performance of brown egg layers. It was used 144 UFSM-V layers, aging from 28th to 36th weeks. The experiment was a completely randomized design with treatments arranged in a 3x2 factorial arrangement, and three different Ca relations were tested: Pd (8:1, 11:1, 14:1) and two phytase levels (0 and 300FTU kg-1 diet) with six replicates of four layers each. The parameters evaluated were: body weight, feed intake, feed conversion by egg mass, egg production, albumen height, egg mass, egg specific gravity, Haugh units and percentage of calcium and phosphorus in the tibia. The production indices were not affected by the Ca:Pd relation or by the use of the enzyme, and the weight of the birds ranged from 1.927kg and 2.118kg, and feed intake averaged 120g of feed bird-1 day-1. Internal egg quality also showed no significant differences, the average albumen height was 8.78mm and the unit Haugt average was of 94.66. Diets with Ca:Pd of 8:1 showed interaction with the enzyme, improving the level of Ca in the Hens' tibia (Ca in tibia=20.63%), with a Ca: Pd greater than or equal to 11:1. There was no interaction with phytase, but there was higher percentage of Ca in the tibia (Ca in tibia ±22%).

O estudo teve como objetivo determinar os efeitos das diferentes relações cálcio:fósforo disponíveis (Ca:Pd) e fitase em dietas à base de milho e farelo de soja sobre a qualidade dos ovos e o desempenho produtivo de poedeiras de ovos marrons. Foram utilizadas 144 poedeiras UFSM-V de 28 a 36 semanas de idade. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 3x2, em que foram testadas três diferentes relações Ca:Pd (8:1; 11:1; 14:1) e dois níveis de fitase (0 e 300FTU kg-1 de dieta), com seis repetições de quatro aves cada. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: peso corporal, consumo de dieta, conversão alimentar por massa de ovos, produção de ovos, altura de albúmen, massa de ovos, gravidade específica dos ovos, unidade Haugh e percentagem de cálcio e fósforo na tíbia. Os índices produtivos não foram afetados pelas relações Ca:Pd e nem pela utilização da enzima, sendo que o peso corporal das aves variou entre 1,927kg e 2,118kg, e o consumo de ração foi em média de 120g de ração ave-1 dia-1. A qualidade interna dos ovos também não apresentou diferenças significativas, a altura de albúmen média foi de 8,78mm e a unidade Haugt de 94,66 em média. Dietas com relação Ca:Pd de 8:1 apresentaram interação com a enzima, melhorando o nível de Ca das tíbias das aves (Ca na tíbia=20,63%). Com relação Ca:Pd igual ou superior a 11:1, não houve interação com a fitase, porém as aves apresentam percentagem de Ca superior na tíbia (Ca na tíbia ±22%).

Diferentes níveis de energia metabolizável para galos reprodutores de corte com ou sem retirada da crista

The experiment was carried out to evaluate which is the best the diet energy level diet for male broiler breeders of cutting Cobb 500 and the influence of the presence of the crest on parameters such as body weight, semen volume, sperm cell concentration and fertility. Were used 32 roosters for 22 to 44 weeks of age, they were randomly assigned to cages equipped with feeders and drinkers type gutter. The experimental design was entirely casualized in a factorial scheme 2x2 two comb conditions (with and without crest) and two levels of metabolizable energy (2600 and 2800kcal kg-1). There was four treatments with eight replications, with one bird per experimental unit. At week 24th began collecting data for statistical analysis, when merging the week weighing the birds to the collection of semen, which was collected through the American method and count of sperm cells, The dilution of semen-based formaldehyde buffered saline and then reading in a Neubauer chamber. We assessed male fertility through artificial insemination of six females per treatment, twice weekly with 0.05mL of semen per female. Eggs were collected four times a day, identified, disinfected and incubated in the same conditions. After 21 of incubation, eggs not hatched were broken and macroscopically examined to calculate the fertility. The energy levels studied revealed no significant difference in body weight and volume of semen of roosters during the experimental period. Since cutting the crest reduced body weight and fertility of 9.5% and 24% respectively in relation to birds crested whole. In the weeks 29th, 35th, 37th and 43th there was a higher concentration of sperm cells in birds fed the diet with 2600kcal kg-1. It is concluded that the level of 2600kcal kg-1 is sufficient to meet the reproductive parameters of roosters and the presence of the crest is needed to maintaining high fertility in 42 and 43 weeks of age birds.

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar qual o melhor nível energético na dieta para galos reprodutores de corte da linhagem Cobb 500 e a influência da presença da crista em parâmetros como: peso corporal, volume de sêmen, concentração de células espermáticas e fertilidade. Foram utilizados 32 galos de 22 até 44 semanas de idade, distribuídos aleatoriamente em gaiolas metálicas com comedouro e bebedouro tipo calha. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x2, sendo dois níveis de energia (2600 e 2800kcal EM kg-1) e duas condições de crista (com e sem corte), formando quatro tratamentos com oito repetições, com uma ave por unidade experimental. Na 24ª semana, iniciou-se a coleta de dados para a análise estatística, sempre intercalando a semana de pesagem das aves com a coleta de sêmen, o qual foi coletado através do método Americano e, para contagem de células espermáticas, fez-se a diluição do sêmen a base de formol salina tamponada para posterior leitura na câmara de Neubauer. Avaliou-se a fertilidade dos machos inseminando artificialmente seis fêmeas por tratamento, duas vezes por semana com 0,05mL de sêmen por fêmea. Os ovos foram coletados quatro vezes por dia, identificados, desinfetados e incubados em condições similares. No 21° dia de incubação, os ovos que não eclodiram foram quebrados e examinados macroscopicamente para calcular a fertilidade. Os níveis de energia estudados não revelaram diferença significativa no peso corporal e no volume de sêmen dos galos durante o período experimental. Já o corte da crista reduziu 9,5% do peso corporal e 24% da fertilidade em relação a aves com crista inteira. Nas semanas 29ª, 35ª, 37ª, e 43ª, observou-se maior concentração de células espermáticas em aves que receberam dieta com 2600kcal EM kg-1. Conclui-se que o nível de 2600kcal EM kg-1 é suficiente para atender os parâmetros reprodutivos dos galos e a presença da crista é fundamental para manter a alta fertilidade em aves de 42 e 43 semanas de idade.

Diferentes relações cálcio:fósforo disponíveis e fitase em dietas de poedeiras UFSM-V: desempenho produtivo, qualidade dos ovos e tecido ósseo

The study aimed to determine the effects of different calcium relations: phosphorus (Ca:Pd) and phytase in diets based on corn and soybean meal on egg quality and production on the performance of brown egg layers. It was used 144 UFSM-V layers, aging from 28th to 36th weeks. The experiment was a completely randomized design with treatments arranged in a 3x2 factorial arrangement, and three different Ca relations were tested: Pd (8:1, 11:1, 14:1) and two phytase levels (0 and 300FTU kg-1 diet) with six replicates of four layers each. The parameters evaluated were: body weight, feed intake, feed conversion by egg mass, egg production, albumen height, egg mass, egg specific gravity, Haugh units and percentage of calcium and phosphorus in the tibia. The production indices were not affected by the Ca:Pd relation or by the use of the enzyme, and the weight of the birds ranged from 1.927kg and 2.118kg, and feed intake averaged 120g of feed bird-1 day-1. Internal egg quality also showed no significant differences, the average albumen height was 8.78mm and the unit Haugt average was of 94.66. Diets with Ca:Pd of 8:1 showed interaction with the enzyme, improving the level of Ca in the Hens' tibia (Ca in tibia=20.63%), with a Ca: Pd greater than or equal to 11:1. There was no interaction with phytase, but there was higher percentage of Ca in the tibia (Ca in tibia ±22%).

O estudo teve como objetivo determinar os efeitos das diferentes relações cálcio:fósforo disponíveis (Ca:Pd) e fitase em dietas à base de milho e farelo de soja sobre a qualidade dos ovos e o desempenho produtivo de poedeiras de ovos marrons. Foram utilizadas 144 poedeiras UFSM-V de 28 a 36 semanas de idade. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 3x2, em que foram testadas três diferentes relações Ca:Pd (8:1; 11:1; 14:1) e dois níveis de fitase (0 e 300FTU kg-1 de dieta), com seis repetições de quatro aves cada. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: peso corporal, consumo de dieta, conversão alimentar por massa de ovos, produção de ovos, altura de albúmen, massa de ovos, gravidade específica dos ovos, unidade Haugh e percentagem de cálcio e fósforo na tíbia. Os índices produtivos não foram afetados pelas relações Ca:Pd e nem pela utilização da enzima, sendo que o peso corporal das aves variou entre 1,927kg e 2,118kg, e o consumo de ração foi em média de 120g de ração ave-1 dia-1. A qualidade interna dos ovos também não apresentou diferenças significativas, a altura de albúmen média foi de 8,78mm e a unidade Haugt de 94,66 em média. Dietas com relação Ca:Pd de 8:1 apresentaram interação com a enzima, melhorando o nível de Ca das tíbias das aves (Ca na tíbia=20,63%). Com relação Ca:Pd igual ou superior a 11:1, não houve interação com a fitase, porém as aves apresentam percentagem de Ca superior na tíbia (Ca na tíbia ±22%).

Diferentes níveis de energia metabolizável para galos reprodutores de corte com ou sem retirada da crista

The experiment was carried out to evaluate which is the best the diet energy level diet for male broiler breeders of cutting Cobb 500 and the influence of the presence of the crest on parameters such as body weight, semen volume, sperm cell concentration and fertility. Were used 32 roosters for 22 to 44 weeks of age, they were randomly assigned to cages equipped with feeders and drinkers type gutter. The experimental design was entirely casualized in a factorial scheme 2x2 two comb conditions (with and without crest) and two levels of metabolizable energy (2600 and 2800kcal kg-1). There was four treatments with eight replications, with one bird per experimental unit. At week 24th began collecting data for statistical analysis, when merging the week weighing the birds to the collection of semen, which was collected through the American method and count of sperm cells, The dilution of semen-based formaldehyde buffered saline and then reading in a Neubauer chamber. We assessed male fertility through artificial insemination of six females per treatment, twice weekly with 0.05mL of semen per female. Eggs were collected four times a day, identified, disinfected and incubated in the same conditions. After 21 of incubation, eggs not hatched were broken and macroscopically examined to calculate the fertility. The energy levels studied revealed no significant difference in body weight and volume of semen of roosters during the experimental period. Since cutting the crest reduced body weight and fertility of 9.5% and 24% respectively in relation to birds crested whole. In the weeks 29th, 35th, 37th and 43th there was a higher concentration of sperm cells in birds fed the diet with 2600kcal kg-1. It is concluded that the level of 2600kcal kg-1 is sufficient to meet the reproductive parameters of roosters and the presence of the crest is needed to maintaining high fertility in 42 and 43 weeks of age birds.

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar qual o melhor nível energético na dieta para galos reprodutores de corte da linhagem Cobb 500 e a influência da presença da crista em parâmetros como: peso corporal, volume de sêmen, concentração de células espermáticas e fertilidade. Foram utilizados 32 galos de 22 até 44 semanas de idade, distribuídos aleatoriamente em gaiolas metálicas com comedouro e bebedouro tipo calha. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x2, sendo dois níveis de energia (2600 e 2800kcal EM kg-1) e duas condições de crista (com e sem corte), formando quatro tratamentos com oito repetições, com uma ave por unidade experimental. Na 24ª semana, iniciou-se a coleta de dados para a análise estatística, sempre intercalando a semana de pesagem das aves com a coleta de sêmen, o qual foi coletado através do método Americano e, para contagem de células espermáticas, fez-se a diluição do sêmen a base de formol salina tamponada para posterior leitura na câmara de Neubauer. Avaliou-se a fertilidade dos machos inseminando artificialmente seis fêmeas por tratamento, duas vezes por semana com 0,05mL de sêmen por fêmea. Os ovos foram coletados quatro vezes por dia, identificados, desinfetados e incubados em condições similares. No 21° dia de incubação, os ovos que não eclodiram foram quebrados e examinados macroscopicamente para calcular a fertilidade. Os níveis de energia estudados não revelaram diferença significativa no peso corporal e no volume de sêmen dos galos durante o período experimental. Já o corte da crista reduziu 9,5% do peso corporal e 24% da fertilidade em relação a aves com crista inteira. Nas semanas 29ª, 35ª, 37ª, e 43ª, observou-se maior concentração de células espermáticas em aves que receberam dieta com 2600kcal EM kg-1. Conclui-se que o nível de 2600kcal EM kg-1 é suficiente para atender os parâmetros reprodutivos dos galos e a presença da crista é fundamental para manter a alta fertilidade em aves de 42 e 43 semanas de idade.

Níveis de cálcio no desempenho de machos reprodutores de corte com e sem crista

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of dietary calcium on the body weight and reproductive variables (semen volume, number of spermatic cells and fertility) in broiler breeder males with or without comb. A total of 32 males Cobb 500 were used, 50% combed and 50% not combed males. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 2x2, with two comb conditions (with or without) and two levels of calcium (0.90 e 1.35%). Semen was collected using the American methods and number of spermatic cells was determined in a Neubauer chamber. At 42, 43 and 44 weeks of age, 48 females were artificially inseminated by treatment, twice a week, with dosage of 0.05mL fresh semen. After 21 day of incubation the unhatched eggs were broken and examined macroscopically to analyze the fertility. The roosters that were fed with 0.90 and 1.35% of calcium on the diets had similar weight. Besides, at 31st of age, males with comb that were fed with 0.90% of calcium on the diet presented higher number of spermatic cells (3.00x10(6) 0.90% with comb intact against 9.46x10(5) 0.90% without comb). The 0.90% calcium level was enough to promote a good reproductive performance in broiler breeder males. Males with comb intact had better fertility than the males without comb.

O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar o efeito do nível de cálcio na dieta sobre o peso corporal e as variáveis reprodutivas (volume de sêmen, número de células espermáticas e fertilidade) em reprodutores de corte machos com ou sem crista. Foram utilizados 32 machos Cobb 500, 50% com crista inteira e 50% sem crista. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial 2x2, duas condições de crista (com e sem) e dois níveis de cálcio (0,90 e 1,35%). O sêmen foi coletado pelo método americano, e o número de células espermáticas foi determinado em câmara de Neubauer. Na 42ª, na 43ª e na 44ª semana de idade dos machos, 48 fêmeas para cada tratamento foram inseminadas artificialmente. As inseminações foram realizadas duas vezes por semana, com sêmen fresco, na dose de 0,05mL. Depois de 21 dias de incubação, os ovos não eclodidos foram quebrados e examinados macroscopicamente para análise da fertilidade. Os machos alimentados com 0,90 e 1,35% de cálcio nas dietas tiveram pesos similares. Além disso, na 31ª semana de idade, machos com crista que receberam dietas com 0,90% de cálcio apresentaram maior número de células espermáticas (3,00x10(6) 0,90% com crista contra 9,46x10(5) 0,90% sem crista). O nível de cálcio de 0,90% foi suficiente para promover um bom desempenho reprodutivo em reprodutores de corte machos. Machos com crista inteira tiveram melhor fertilidade que os demais machos sem crista.

Níveis de cálcio no desempenho de machos reprodutores de corte com e sem crista

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of dietary calcium on the body weight and reproductive variables (semen volume, number of spermatic cells and fertility) in broiler breeder males with or without comb. A total of 32 males Cobb 500 were used, 50% combed and 50% not combed males. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 2x2, with two comb conditions (with or without) and two levels of calcium (0.90 e 1.35%). Semen was collected using the American methods and number of spermatic cells was determined in a Neubauer chamber. At 42, 43 and 44 weeks of age, 48 females were artificially inseminated by treatment, twice a week, with dosage of 0.05mL fresh semen. After 21 day of incubation the unhatched eggs were broken and examined macroscopically to analyze the fertility. The roosters that were fed with 0.90 and 1.35% of calcium on the diets had similar weight. Besides, at 31st of age, males with comb that were fed with 0.90% of calcium on the diet presented higher number of spermatic cells (3.00x10(6) 0.90% with comb intact against 9.46x10(5) 0.90% without comb). The 0.90% calcium level was enough to promote a good reproductive performance in broiler breeder males. Males with comb intact had better fertility than the males without comb.

O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar o efeito do nível de cálcio na dieta sobre o peso corporal e as variáveis reprodutivas (volume de sêmen, número de células espermáticas e fertilidade) em reprodutores de corte machos com ou sem crista. Foram utilizados 32 machos Cobb 500, 50% com crista inteira e 50% sem crista. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial 2x2, duas condições de crista (com e sem) e dois níveis de cálcio (0,90 e 1,35%). O sêmen foi coletado pelo método americano, e o número de células espermáticas foi determinado em câmara de Neubauer. Na 42ª, na 43ª e na 44ª semana de idade dos machos, 48 fêmeas para cada tratamento foram inseminadas artificialmente. As inseminações foram realizadas duas vezes por semana, com sêmen fresco, na dose de 0,05mL. Depois de 21 dias de incubação, os ovos não eclodidos foram quebrados e examinados macroscopicamente para análise da fertilidade. Os machos alimentados com 0,90 e 1,35% de cálcio nas dietas tiveram pesos similares. Além disso, na 31ª semana de idade, machos com crista que receberam dietas com 0,90% de cálcio apresentaram maior número de células espermáticas (3,00x10(6) 0,90% com crista contra 9,46x10(5) 0,90% sem crista). O nível de cálcio de 0,90% foi suficiente para promover um bom desempenho reprodutivo em reprodutores de corte machos. Machos com crista inteira tiveram melhor fertilidade que os demais machos sem crista.

Níveis de cálcio no desempenho de machos reprodutores de corte com e sem crista

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of dietary calcium on the body weight and reproductive variables (semen volume, number of spermatic cells and fertility) in broiler breeder males with or without comb. A total of 32 males Cobb 500 were used, 50% combed and 50% not combed males. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 2x2, with two comb conditions (with or without) and two levels of calcium (0.90 e 1.35%). Semen was collected using the American methods and number of spermatic cells was determined in a Neubauer chamber. At 42, 43 and 44 weeks of age, 48 females were artificially inseminated by treatment, twice a week, with dosage of 0.05mL fresh semen. After 21 day of incubation the unhatched eggs were broken and examined macroscopically to analyze the fertility. The roosters that were fed with 0.90 and 1.35% of calcium on the diets had similar weight. Besides, at 31st of age, males with comb that were fed with 0.90% of calcium on the diet presented higher number of spermatic cells (3.00x10(6) 0.90% with comb intact against 9.46x10(5) 0.90% without comb). The 0.90% calcium level was enough to promote a good reproductive performance in broiler breeder males. Males with comb intact had better fertility than the males without comb.

O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar o efeito do nível de cálcio na dieta sobre o peso corporal e as variáveis reprodutivas (volume de sêmen, número de células espermáticas e fertilidade) em reprodutores de corte machos com ou sem crista. Foram utilizados 32 machos Cobb 500, 50% com crista inteira e 50% sem crista. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial 2x2, duas condições de crista (com e sem) e dois níveis de cálcio (0,90 e 1,35%). O sêmen foi coletado pelo método americano, e o número de células espermáticas foi determinado em câmara de Neubauer. Na 42ª, na 43ª e na 44ª semana de idade dos machos, 48 fêmeas para cada tratamento foram inseminadas artificialmente. As inseminações foram realizadas duas vezes por semana, com sêmen fresco, na dose de 0,05mL. Depois de 21 dias de incubação, os ovos não eclodidos foram quebrados e examinados macroscopicamente para análise da fertilidade. Os machos alimentados com 0,90 e 1,35% de cálcio nas dietas tiveram pesos similares. Além disso, na 31ª semana de idade, machos com crista que receberam dietas com 0,90% de cálcio apresentaram maior número de células espermáticas (3,00x10(6) 0,90% com crista contra 9,46x10(5) 0,90% sem crista). O nível de cálcio de 0,90% foi suficiente para promover um bom desempenho reprodutivo em reprodutores de corte machos. Machos com crista inteira tiveram melhor fertilidade que os demais machos sem crista.

Índices produtivos e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas contendo níveis de extrato etanólico de própolis ou promotores de crescimento convencionais

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the addition of different levels of propolis ethanolic extract (EEP) or conventional growth promoters in the broiler chickens diets. Broiler chickens males (924), Ross, from 1 to 42 days of age were evaluated. The broilers were randomly divided in six treatments of seven replicates each. All birds were provided ad libitum access to feed and water. A uniform basal diet was mixed and aliquots were used to prepare the test diets. The birds were fed a corn-soybean meal diet with identical nutrient levels that contained different growth promoters (T1 - negative control, without promoter; T2 - 0.1% of EPP; T3 - 0.2% EEP; T4 - 0.3% EEP; T5 - 0.3% Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate (BMD) and T6 - diet containing 0.005% Olaquindox and Clorotetraciclin). Feed consumption was affected significantly (P 0.05) in the growth phase, where birds submitted to T6 diet had lowest feed consumption. At 35 and 42 days, birds that received the diet without growth promoter or containing 0.1% EEP, obtained higher body weights (P 0.05) than those that received the diet with Olaquindox and Clorotetraciclin, but similar to the other treatments. It was observed that in diets without promoter and containing 0.1% EEP, the earnings medium diary was superior to the one that it contained Olaquindox and Clorotetraciclin (P 0.05). The feed conversion and mortality were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). With relationship to the carcass characteristics, the yield and breast weight were only affected, where the diet containing Olaquindox and Clorotetraciclin was inferior to the diets without promoter, containing 0.1% EEP or BMD. According to the performance results, it can be concluded that the broilers fed with 0.3% propolis etanolic extract had similar performance with negative control.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a adição de níveis de extrato etanólico de própolis ou promotores de crescimento convencionais nas dietas de frangos de corte, de 1 a 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 924 frangos de corte machos, Ross, compondo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos de sete repetições cada. Os frangos receberam dietas isonutritivas que continham diferentes promotores de crescimento (T1 - controle negativo, sem promotor;T2 - 0,1% de Extrato Etanólico de Própolis (EEP);T3 - 0,2% EEP;T4 - 0,3% EEP;T5 - 0,03% Bacitracina Metileno Dissalicilato (BMD) e T6 - dieta contendo 0,005% Olaquindox mais Clorotetraciclina). O consumo alimentar diferiu significativamente (P 0,05) apenas na fase de crescimento, na qual o menor valor observado foi das aves que receberam dieta contendo Olaquindox mais Clorotetraciclina. Aos 35 e 42 dias, aves que receberam a dieta sem promotor e contendo 0,1% EEP obtiveram pesos superiores (P 0,05) às aves que receberam a dieta com Olaquindox mais Clorotetraciclina, mas similares à dos demais tratamentos. Observou-se que, em dietas sem promotor e contendo 0,1% EEP, o ganho médio diário foi superior à que continha Olaquindox mais Clorotetraciclina (P 0,05). A Conversão alimentar não foi afetada (P>0,05), e a mortalidade ocorrida não foi relacionada aos tratamentos. Quanto às características de carcaça, somente o rendimento e peso de peito foram afetados, sendo que a dieta contendo Olaquindox mais Clorotetraciclina foi inferior às dietas sem promotor, contendo 0,1% EEP ou BMD. Conforme desempenho geral dos animais avaliados, conclui-se que a utilização de extrato etanólico de própolis em até 0,3% na dieta de frangos de corte proporcionou desempenho similar ao controle negativo.

Índices produtivos e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas contendo níveis de extrato etanólico de própolis ou promotores de crescimento convencionais

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the addition of different levels of propolis ethanolic extract (EEP) or conventional growth promoters in the broiler chickens diets. Broiler chickens males (924), Ross, from 1 to 42 days of age were evaluated. The broilers were randomly divided in six treatments of seven replicates each. All birds were provided ad libitum access to feed and water. A uniform basal diet was mixed and aliquots were used to prepare the test diets. The birds were fed a corn-soybean meal diet with identical nutrient levels that contained different growth promoters (T1 - negative control, without promoter; T2 - 0.1% of EPP; T3 - 0.2% EEP; T4 - 0.3% EEP; T5 - 0.3% Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate (BMD) and T6 - diet containing 0.005% Olaquindox and Clorotetraciclin). Feed consumption was affected significantly (P 0.05) in the growth phase, where birds submitted to T6 diet had lowest feed consumption. At 35 and 42 days, birds that received the diet without growth promoter or containing 0.1% EEP, obtained higher body weights (P 0.05) than those that received the diet with Olaquindox and Clorotetraciclin, but similar to the other treatments. It was observed that in diets without promoter and containing 0.1% EEP, the earnings medium diary was superior to the one that it contained Olaquindox and Clorotetraciclin (P 0.05). The feed conversion and mortality were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). With relationship to the carcass characteristics, the yield and breast weight were only affected, where the diet containing Olaquindox and Clorotetraciclin was inferior to the diets without promoter, containing 0.1% EEP or BMD. According to the performance results, it can be concluded that the broilers fed with 0.3% propolis etanolic extract had similar performance with negative control.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a adição de níveis de extrato etanólico de própolis ou promotores de crescimento convencionais nas dietas de frangos de corte, de 1 a 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 924 frangos de corte machos, Ross, compondo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos de sete repetições cada. Os frangos receberam dietas isonutritivas que continham diferentes promotores de crescimento (T1 - controle negativo, sem promotor;T2 - 0,1% de Extrato Etanólico de Própolis (EEP);T3 - 0,2% EEP;T4 - 0,3% EEP;T5 - 0,03% Bacitracina Metileno Dissalicilato (BMD) e T6 - dieta contendo 0,005% Olaquindox mais Clorotetraciclina). O consumo alimentar diferiu significativamente (P 0,05) apenas na fase de crescimento, na qual o menor valor observado foi das aves que receberam dieta contendo Olaquindox mais Clorotetraciclina. Aos 35 e 42 dias, aves que receberam a dieta sem promotor e contendo 0,1% EEP obtiveram pesos superiores (P 0,05) às aves que receberam a dieta com Olaquindox mais Clorotetraciclina, mas similares à dos demais tratamentos. Observou-se que, em dietas sem promotor e contendo 0,1% EEP, o ganho médio diário foi superior à que continha Olaquindox mais Clorotetraciclina (P 0,05). A Conversão alimentar não foi afetada (P>0,05), e a mortalidade ocorrida não foi relacionada aos tratamentos. Quanto às características de carcaça, somente o rendimento e peso de peito foram afetados, sendo que a dieta contendo Olaquindox mais Clorotetraciclina foi inferior às dietas sem promotor, contendo 0,1% EEP ou BMD. Conforme desempenho geral dos animais avaliados, conclui-se que a utilização de extrato etanólico de própolis em até 0,3% na dieta de frangos de corte proporcionou desempenho similar ao controle negativo.