Epidemiology of TB in prisoners: a metanalysis of the prevalence of active and latent TB.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) in prisons usually occurs at higher rates than in the general population, especially in developing countries. TB has been reported as the most common cause of death among prisoners. Studies have shown limitations for early detection of TB in prisons that seem to result from mistaken concepts about TB, delayed diagnosis mainly due to the naturalization of lack of healthcare for this population METHODS: A scoping review was performed using the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute to assess "What are the scientific evidences on the epidemiology of TB in the prison system?". Then, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the prevalence of TB (active and latent) TB in prisoners. The results are presented as prevalence, in percentage, through random effects models, with a confidence interval of 95%. RESULTS: Regarding active TB, the results of the metanalysis showed that countries with a high burden of TB had a prevalence of 3.54% [2.71; 4.63], countries not considered to be high burden TB countries had a prevalence of 1.43% [0.86; 2.37]. Latent TB had a prevalence of 51.61% [39.46; 63.58] in high TB burden countries and a prevalence of 40.24% [23.51; 59.61] in countries with low TB burden. In terms of development, in low- and lower-middle-income countries, the prevalence of active TB was 3.13% [1.84; 5.29] and in high- and upper-middle income countries the prevalence was 2.25% [1.70; 2.99]. The prevalence of latent TB in high- and middle-income countries was 43.77% [28.61; 60.18] and of 49.42% [45.91; 52.94] in low and lower middle-income countries. CONCLUSION: Our analysis suggests that TB, and probably other infectious diseases, find fertile ground in prisons where previous acquire social disadvantages seem to thrive-therefore, TB in prisons is a global public health problem and effective strategies are needed to control the disease are needed targeting the prison environment, including rapid health assessments to understand each context and to implement tailored and precision interventions.

Assessment instruments and depression rates in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To identify, describe, differentiate and qualify the instruments used to evaluate depression and also identify the percentage and average rates of depression in people with spinal cord injury. METHOD: This is a systematic review of the literature implementing a qualitative approach. SciELO, LILACS, PubMed and PsycINFO databases were consulted. Original articles were classified according to the variables (Spinal Cord Injury, Depression and Assessment instruments). The studies are presented according to the instruments in recent publications in the past 11 years. RESULTS: Five evaluation instruments were found. PHQ-9, a screening instrument for diagnosing depression was used in most studies, with all being performed in the United States and having a higher impact factor and number of participants. Studies with PHQ-9 presented a total score of people who met the criteria for depression without grading by severity with an average of 17.6% ± 7.3%, while BDI presented 51.6% ± 15.1% and the HADS showed 37.5% ± 31% of people with some degree of depression. CONCLUSION: This study was important in identifying which instruments can be used to assess depression, the description of each, some of their differences, which ones are used in the best studies and o the depression rates in different parts of the world. It was also important to show how the PHQ-9 is an important instrument, but is limited to being used in the USA.

Depression or anxiety symptoms associated with occupational role transitions in Brazilian adults with a traumatic spinal cord injury: A multivariate analysis.

BACKGROUND: Psychological morbidity is commonly experienced by people with a spinal cord injury (SCI), but whether it is associated with occupational role transitions in is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether anxiety or depression symptoms are independently associated to increased likelihoods of role transitions in adults with SCI. METHODS: Cross-sectional study; multivariate analysis using a heteroscedastic Dirichlet regression. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty persons with traumatic SCI. MEASURES: Role Checklist (e.g. role transitions: dependent variables) and Beck's Depression Inventory and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (independent variables), adjusted for socio-demographic, functional, and injury-level confounders. RESULTS: Greater depression symptoms independently increased the likelihood of occupational role transitions, either for roles loss [adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI):1.009-1.080] or roles gain [AOR: 1.07; 95% CI:1.02-1.13], as opposed to continued occupational roles. Higher anxiety as a trait, in turn, independently reduced the likelihood of occupational roles gain [AOR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.869-0.992]. The "worker" role was the one lost more frequently (83%). CONCLUSION: Psychological morbidity is associated to occupational role transitions, as opposed to continued roles. Further research (e.g. with larger samples, longitudinal design, using structural equation modelling) should elucidate on the intricate relationships between mental health status and occupational role transitions in people experiencing SCI.

Therapeutic follow-up and network intervention as a strategy in psychosocial care.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze Therapeutic Follow-Up (TF) and Network Intervention (NI) as devices for social network/Psychosocial Care Center (CAPS - Centro de Atenção Psicossocial) user staff construction. METHOD: an ethnographic study. Data collection instruments were participant observation, field diary, semi-structured interviews and Sluzki's Minimal Map of Relationships. The research site was at a CAPS II of the city of São Paulo. Participants were CAPS user, their family network, professionals and other users. Data analysis took place through Minayo's thematic content analysis framework and Sluzki's personal maps. RESULTS: TF and NI led to greater social participation, autonomy and reorganization of family roles and treatment in CAPS. CONCLUSION: the TF associated with NI was potent in strengthening the user's personal/social network and in including them in community activities.

Therapeutic follow-up and network intervention as a strategy in psychosocial care / Acompañamiento terapéutico y la intervención de red como estrategia en la atención psicosocial / Acompanhamento terapêutico e intervenção em rede como estratégia na atenção psicossocial

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze Therapeutic Follow-Up (TF) and Network Intervention (NI) as devices for social network/Psychosocial Care Center (CAPS - Centro de Atenção Psicossocial) user staff construction. Method: an ethnographic study. Data collection instruments were participant observation, field diary, semi-structured interviews and Sluzki's Minimal Map of Relationships. The research site was at a CAPS II of the city of São Paulo. Participants were CAPS user, their family network, professionals and other users. Data analysis took place through Minayo's thematic content analysis framework and Sluzki's personal maps. Results: TF and NI led to greater social participation, autonomy and reorganization of family roles and treatment in CAPS. Conclusion: the TF associated with NI was potent in strengthening the user's personal/social network and in including them in community activities.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el Acompañamiento Terapéutico (AT) y la Intervención en Red (IR) como dispositivos para la construcción de la red social/personal de usuarios del Centro de Atención Psicosocial (CAPS - Centro de Atenção Psicossocial). Método: un estudio etnográfico. Los instrumentos de recolección de datos fueron: observación participante, diario de campo, entrevistas semiestructuradas y Mapa de relaciones mínimas de Sluzki. La ubicación de la investigación fue en un CAPS II de la ciudad de São Paulo. Los participantes fueron usuarios de CAPS, su red familiar, profesionales y otros usuarios. El análisis de datos se realizó a través del marco de análisis de contenido temático de Minayo y los mapas personales de Sluzki. Resultados: el AT y RI llevaron a una mayor participación social, autonomía y reorganización de los roles familiares y el tratamiento en el CAPS. Conclusión: el AT asociado con el IR fue potente para fortalecer la red personal/social del usuario y para incluirlos en las actividades de la comunidad.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o Acompanhamento Terapêutico (AT) e a Intervenção em Rede (IR) como dispositivos para construção da rede social/pessoal de usuário do Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS). Método: estudo etnográfico. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram: observação participante, diário de campo, entrevistas semiestruturadas e Mapa Mínimo das Relações de Sluzki. Local da pesquisa foi em um CAPS II da cidade de São Paulo. Os participantes foram um usuário do CAPS, sua rede familiar, profissionais e outros usuários. Análise dos dados ocorreu através do referencial da Análise de Conteúdo Temático de Minayo e Mapas Pessoais de Sluzki. Resultados: o AT e a IR levaram a maior participação social, autonomia e reorganização dos papéis familiares e tratamento nos CAPS. Conclusão: o AT associado à IR mostrou-se potente no fortalecimento da rede pessoal/social do usuário e na inclusão dos mesmos em atividades comunitárias.

Assessment instruments and depression rates in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review / Instrumentos de avaliação e taxas de depressão em pessoas com lesão da medula espinhal: uma revisão sistemática / Instrumentos de evaluación y tasas de depresión en personas con lesión de la médula espinal: una revisión sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify, describe, differentiate and qualify the instruments used to evaluate depression and also identify the percentage and average rates of depression in people with spinal cord injury. Method: This is a systematic review of the literature implementing a qualitative approach. SciELO, LILACS, PubMed and PsycINFO databases were consulted. Original articles were classified according to the variables (Spinal Cord Injury, Depression and Assessment instruments). The studies are presented according to the instruments in recent publications in the past 11 years. Results: Five evaluation instruments were found. PHQ-9, a screening instrument for diagnosing depression was used in most studies, with all being performed in the United States and having a higher impact factor and number of participants. Studies with PHQ-9 presented a total score of people who met the criteria for depression without grading by severity with an average of 17.6% ± 7.3%, while BDI presented 51.6% ± 15.1% and the HADS showed 37.5% ± 31% of people with some degree of depression. Conclusion: This study was important in identifying which instruments can be used to assess depression, the description of each, some of their differences, which ones are used in the best studies and o the depression rates in different parts of the world. It was also important to show how the PHQ-9 is an important instrument, but is limited to being used in the USA.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar, descrever, diferenciar e qualificar os instrumentos usados para avaliar a depressão e também identificar a porcentagem e as taxas médias de depressão em pessoas com lesão da medula espinhal. Método: Esta é uma revisão sistemática da literatura implementando uma abordagem qualitativa. Os bancos de dados SciELO, LILACS, PubMed e PsycINFO foram consultados. Artigos originais foram classificados de acordo com as variáveis (lesão da medula espinhal, depressão e instrumentos de avaliação). Os estudos são apresentados de acordo com os instrumentos em publicações recentes dos últimos 11 anos. Resultados: Cinco instrumentos de avaliação foram encontrados. PHQ-9, um instrumento de triagem para o diagnóstico da depressão foi usado na maioria dos estudos, tudo realizado nos Estados Unidos e com fator de impacto e número de participantes mais altos. Estudos com PHQ-9 apresentaram um score total de pessoas que atingiram os critérios para depressão sem classificar-se por gravidade com uma média de 17,6% ± 7,3%, ao passo que a BDI apresentou 51,6% ± 15,1% e a HADS mostrou 37,5% ± 31% das pessoas com algum grau de depressão. Conclusão: Este estudo foi importante na identificação de quais instrumentos podem ser usados para avaliar a depressão, a descrição de cada um, algumas das suas diferenças, os quais são usados nos melhores estudos, e as taxas de depressão em diferentes partes do mundo. Também foi importante demonstrar como o PHQ-9 é um instrumento importante, mas seu uso está limitado aos EUA.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar, describir, diferenciar y calificar los instrumentos utilizados para evaluar la depresión y también identificar el porcentaje y las tasas medias de depresión en personas con lesión de la médula espinal. Método: Esta es una revisión sistemática de la literatura aplicándose un abordaje cualitativo. Los bancos de datos SciELO, LILACS, PubMed y PsycINFO fueron consultados. Artículos originales fueron clasificados conforme a las variables (lesión de la médula espinal, depresión e instrumentos de evaluación). Los estudios se presentan de acuerdo con los instrumentos en publicaciones recientes de los últimos 11 años. Resultados: Cinco instrumentos de evaluación fueron encontrados. Se utilizó el PHQ-9, un instrumento de cribado para el diagnóstico de la depresión, en la mayoría de los estudios, todo siendo llevado a cabo en los Estados Unidos y con factor de impacto y número de participantes más altos. Estudios con el PHQ-9 presentaron un score total de personas que alcanzaron los criterios para depresión sin clasificarse por severidad con un promedio del 17,6% ± 7,3%, mientras que la BDI presentó el 51,6% ± 15,1% y la HADS mostró el 37,5% ± 31% de las personas con algún grado de depresión. Conclusión: Este estudio fue importante en la identificación de cuáles instrumentos pueden emplearse para evaluar la depresión-la descripción de cada uno, algunas de sus diferencias-, los cuales se utilizan en los mejores estudios, y las tasas de depresión en distintas partes del mundo. Fue importante asimismo demostrar cómo el PHQ-9 es un instrumento importante, pero su uso está limitado a los EE.UU.

Alterações socioeconômicas e familiares de pacientes com hemiparesia decorrentes de acidente vascular encefálico / Familial and socio-economic changes of patients with hemiparesis stemming from stroke

O acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) é considerado uma doença de grande impacto social porcausar grandes rupturas como a perda do emprego, a diminuição da renda, troca de papéisocupacionais, podendo se tornar um problema familiar grave. Objetivo: Analisar as alterações notrabalho e família, causadas pela hemiparesia em pacientes que sofreram AVE (Acidente VascularEncefálico). Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo onde participaram trinta pacientes comhemiparesia decorrente de AVE no Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto. Os instrumentosutilizados foram a ficha de identificação contendo nome, idade, gênero, profissão atual e profissãoanterior entre outras, e questionário adaptado pelo serviço de Terapia Ocupacional com dezquestões fechadas, onde o participante tinha opção de resposta ??sim?? ou ??não??. Resultados: Apesquisa mostrou que antes da disfunção física 87% dos participantes trabalhavam e recebiamum salário e após a disfunção nenhum realiza atividade remunerada. As relações familiares dosparticipantes são mais comprometidas em pacientes que sofreram disfunção a mais tempo do queoutros pacientes que possuem a disfunção há menos tempo. Conclusão: Este estudo observouque pacientes com hemiparesia decorrente de AVE podem sofrer alterações nas relações laborais,socioeconômicas e familiares e esses dados são relevantes para que os profissionais de saúdepossam auxiliar o retorno desses sujeitos às atividades ocupacionais, após AVE.

A stroke is considered a disease of great social impact that causes major disruptions such asjob loss, decreased income, and changes in occupational roles; it can become a serious familyproblem. Objective: To analyze the changes in work and family caused by hemiparesis in patientswho have experienced a stroke. Methods: This is a quantitative study involving 30 patients withhemiparesis due to stroke in the Hospital de Base of São José do Rio Preto. The instrumentsused were the identification form containing their name, age, gender, and current and previousoccupation, among other things, along with a questionnaire adapted by the Occupational Therapyservice with ten closed questions where the participant could respond either ?yes? or ?no.?Results: The research showed that before having the stroke, 87% of the participants were workingand receiving a salary, and after the stroke none had any paid activity. The family relationships ofthose impaired for a longer time suffered more than of those who were impaired for a shortertime. Conclusion: This study found that patients with hemiparesis due to stroke may undergochanges in industrial, socioeconomic, and family relationships. This data is relevant so that healthprofessionals can assist the return of these subjects to occupational activities after a stroke.

A relação entre ansiedade e depressão e a perda dos papéis ocupacionais de pacientes com lesão medular / The relation between anxiety and depression and the loss of the occupational roles of patients with spinal cord injury

O estudo objetivou analisar sintomas ansiedade e depressão em pacientes com lesão medular e investigar sua correlação com a incidência da perda dos papéis ocupacionais, bem como as estratégias adotadas por profissionais da saúde para a promoção de saúde mental a essa população. Trata-se de um estudo correlacional de corte transversal, com abordagem predominantemente quantitativa, sendo uma etapa qualitativa. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: Ficha de Identificação; Inventário de Depressão de Beck (IDB); Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado (IDATE); Critério de Classificação Econômica do Brasil (CCEB); Lista de Identificação de Papéis Ocupacionais (LIPO); e entrevistas semiestruturadas com profissionais do Serviço de Atendimento Domiciliar (SAD). Participaram do estudo 30 pacientes com lesão medular traumática atendidos no referido serviço, de ambos os sexos, entre 19 anos e 72 anos de idade, e 10 profissionais da saúde do SAD. Para a análise estatística da etapa quantitativa, utilizou-se o programa IBM SPSS Statistic versão 25, e na etapa qualitativa, a Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. Os resultados identificaram média de escores de sintomas de ansiedade média e depressão leve/moderada entre os participantes, sendo que a variável significantemente associada à depressão foi apenas o estado civil; já a variável associada à ansiedadeestado foi o apoio familiar, e à ansiedade-traço, as atividades de autocuidado. Os papéis que sofreram mais perdas foram os de trabalhador e passatempo/amador, e aqueles considerados menos importantes, de estudante e participação em organizações. Importância maior foi atribuída pelos participantes aos papéis de membro da família, amigo, trabalhador e religioso, sendo os dois primeiros os mais desempenhados no passado, presente e com pretensão no futuro. Identificou-se relação entre ansiedade e depressão e perdas de papéis ocupacionais, de modo que aqueles que vivenciaram mais perdas apresentaram mais sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, e aqueles que continuaram exercendo mais papéis após a lesão apresentaram menos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão. Os resultados da etapa qualitativa e referentes às entrevistas com os profissionais evidenciaram a construção de sete categorias analíticas e 12 categorias empíricas. A análise das categorias permitiu verificar que as estratégias adotadas pelos profissionais de saúde para a promoção de saúde mental a essa população ainda se encontram limitadas, dada a ausência de serviços especializados e o difícil encaminhamento para profissionais da área. Além disso, a falta de posturas sociais mais benevolentes para com essa população acentua a dificuldade de assegurar acessibilidade e oportunidades mais igualitárias a essas pessoas. Considera-se necessário conferir maior atenção à associação de doenças físicas a quadros psiquiátricos, visto que perder ou resgatar um papel desempenhado anteriormente pode não estar relacionado apenas à disfunção física, mas também a um quadro psíquico

The study´s aim was to analyze anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with spinal cord injury, their correlation with the incidence of the loss of occupational roles and what was the exist strategies of health professionals to promote their mental health. This research is based on the correlation between cross-section and a quantitative approach predominantly, this being a qualitative stage. The instruments used for evaluation were: Identification Card; Beck Depression Inventory (IDB); TraitState Anxiety Inventory (IDATE); Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria (CCEB); Identification List of the Occupational Roles (LIPO) and semi-structured interview with the of the Home Care Service´s professionals (SAD). A total of 30 subjects with traumatic spinal cord injury, had participated, both male and female, aged 19 years and 72 years, attended by SAD, and also 10 health service professionals in the study. For the statistical analysis the quantitative´s stage, the IBM SPSS Statistics version 25 program was used, in the qualitative step the Bardin Content Analysis was used. The results has identified a average symptoms of medium anxiety and mild to moderate depression scores among participants, in which the variable significantly associated with depression was related only the marital status; the variable associated with anxiety-state was correlated with family support and the anxiety-trait self-care with activities. The roles who suffered the most losses were the roles of worker and hobbyist /amateur. The roles who was considered less important were student and participation in organizations; the most important roles were family member, friend, worker and religious, the first two were the ones most played in the past, present and as a future ambition. We had identify the connexion between anxiety and depression with occupational roles´s loss, in which those who had with more losses they showed more anxiety and depression symptoms and those who continued to have varied roles after the injury presented fewer symptoms of anxiety and depression. According with the results of the qualitative stage, relative to the interviews with the professionals, seven analytical categories were found and 12 empirical categories were deployed. The analysis of the categories has allowed to verify that the strategies for the mental health´s promotion in this population are limited yet, since, there are not specialized services and the referencing to area specialty professional is difficult to access, besides, the lack of social attitudes to benefit this population which corroborate the with the difficulty in their accessibility and opportunities. More attention are needed regarding the association of physical diseases with psychiatric conditions, since the loss of a role played or the recovery of it, may not be related only to physical dysfunction, but also to psychic dysfunction

Avaliação da independência funcional em pacientes com hemiparesia decorrente de ave / Independence functional evaluation in patients with hemiparesis arising out of stroke

Objetivo: Avaliar a independência funcional de pacientes com hemiparesia decorrente de acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) e verificar as dificuldades encontradas por essa população. Métodos: Participaram trinta pacientes atendidos no Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a ficha de identificação e a Medida de Independência Funcional. Resultados: O estudo mostrou que 60% dos participantes necessitam de assistência mínima, onde realizaram 75% das atividades funcionais comandadas pelo terapeuta (dependência modificada). O estudo mostra também que os pacientes que mais possuem cuidadores são os com menos tempo de disfunção e que quanto maior o tempo da lesão, mais independência funcional o paciente adquire. Conclusão: Este estudo foi importante para avaliar a independência funcional de pacientes com hemiparesia, destacando a importância de uma melhor compreensão das dificuldades dessa população por parte dos profissionais de saúde.

Objective: To evaluate the functioality and independence of patients with hemiparesis due to cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and verify the difficulties found by this population. Methods: Participants were thirty patients treated at Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto. The instruments used were the identification aheet and the Functional Independence Measure. Results: The survey showed that 60% of participants require minimal assistance, where they held 75% of the functional activities controlled by the therapist (modified dependence). Research also shows that the patients who have more caregivers are less time dysfunction, and the longer the time of injury, the more the participant acquires functional independence. Conclusion: This study was important to assess the functional independence of patients with hemiparesis, highlighting the importance of a better uderstanding of the difficulties if this population by health professionals.