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BACKGROUND: Despite the availability of current antibiotic and surgical treatment options, infective endocarditis (IE) remains associated with a high mortality rate. Even though two-dimensional (2D) transesophageal echocardiography (TOE) is a major criteria in the diagnosis of IE, it is constrained by the single-plane orientation. Since three-dimensional (3D) TOE provides a comprehensive understanding of the cardiac architecture by allowing for a realistic visualization of the underlying structures in 3D space, it has attracted considerable interest in recent years. AIM: The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss the advantages and pitfalls of 3D TOE in patients with IE, as well as to address emerging photo-realistic 3D techniques that have the potential to enhance the visualization of cardiac structures in this setting. RESULTS: According to recent research, 3D TOE acquisitions outperform 2D acquisitions in terms of vegetation identification accuracy and embolism risk assessment. By reporting a variety of findings that are missed with 2D TOE, but which are validated by surgical examination, 3D TOE further improves the ability to identify endocarditis complications on both native and prosthetic valves. In addition to conventional 3D TOE, future developments in 3D technology led to the development of transillumination and tissue-transparency rendering, which may improve anatomical understanding and depth perception. Due to the use of both conventional and novel 3D techniques, there are more patients who require surgical intervention, indicating that 3D TOE may have a clinical relevance on the surgical management. CONCLUSION: 3D TOE might fill the gaps left by 2D TOE in the diagnosis of IE.
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Ecocardiografia Tridimensional , Endocardite , Humanos , Ecocardiografia Transesofagiana/métodos , Ecocardiografia/métodos , Endocardite/diagnóstico por imagem , Endocardite/complicações , Ecocardiografia Tridimensional/métodos , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
[(Z)-2'-{2-C6H5-(4H)-oxazol-5-one}CHC6H4]2Se (5, L1) and [(Z)-4'-{2-C6H5-(4H)-oxazol-5-one}CHC6H4]2Se (6, L2) were prepared, structurally characterized and used as ligands to obtain new metal complexes of types [MX(Ln)] [L1: M = Ag, X = OTf (7); M = Au, X = Cl (13); L2: M = Ag, X = OTf (8); M = Au, X = Cl (14)], [(MX)2(Ln)] [M = Ag, X = OTf, L1 (9); L2 (10)], [ZnCl2(Ln)] [L1 (15); L2 (16)] and [Ag(Ln)][PF6] [L1 (11); L2 (12)]. The silver complexes 7 and 8 were ionic species (1:1 electrolytes) in a MeCN solution, while in the solid state, the triflate fragments were bonded to the silver cations. Similarly, the 2:1 complexes 9 and 10 were found to behave as 1:2 electrolytes in a MeCN solution, but single-crystal X-ray diffraction demonstrated that compound 9 showed the formation of a dimer in the solid state: a tetranuclear [Ag(OTf)]4 built through bridging triflate ligands was coordinated by two bridging organoselenium ligands through the nitrogen from the oxazolone ring and the selenium atoms in a 1κN:2κSe fashion. Supramolecular architectures supported by intermolecular C-Hâââπ, C-HâââO, ClâââH and FâââH interactions were observed in compounds 4, 5 and 9. The compounds exhibited similar photophysical properties, with a bathochromic shift in the UV-Vis spectra caused by the position of the oxazolone ring on the phenyl ring attached to the selenium atoms.
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Design of conformationally stable compounds with planar chirality is a topic of great interest mainly because of their potential applications as enantioselective ligands or other functional materials. Herein, we present the design and synthesis of novel planar chiral cyclophanes, obtained by ortho, orthoâ³ anchoring of the p,p'-terphenyl unit, with bridges of different lengths and rigidities, along with their nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and X-ray characterizations. We investigated the influence of the structural particularities of the bridges over the stability of the enantiomers, by means of nuclear magnetic resonance and chiral high-performance liquid chromatography as well as by density functional theory calculations. We also demonstrated the ability of one of the cyclophanes to preferentially bind arginine with Ka > 110 M-1 (ΔG > -11 kJ mol-1) in acetonitrile solutions containig 10 % water, in the presence of other amino acids.
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The irradiation of 2-aryl-4-(E-3'-aryl-allylidene)-5(4H)-oxazolones 1 with blue light (456 nm) in the presence of [Ru(bpy)3](BF4)2 (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, 5% mol) gives the unstable cyclobutane-bis(oxazolones) 2 by [2+2]-photocycloaddition of two oxazolones 1. Each oxazolone contributes to the formation of 2 with a different C=C bond, one of them reacting through the exocyclic C=C bond, while the other does so through the styryl group. Treatment of unstable cyclobutanes 2 with NaOMe/MeOH produces the oxazolone ring opening reaction, affording stable styryl-cyclobutane bis(amino acids) 3. The reaction starts with formation of the T1 excited state of the photosensitizer 3[Ru*(bpy)3]2+, which reacts with S0 of oxazolones 1 through energy transfer to give the oxazolone T1 state 3(oxa*)-1, which is the reactive species and was characterized by transient absorption spectroscopy. Measurement of the half-life of 3(oxa*)-1 for 1a, 1b and 1d shows large values for 1a and 1b (10-12 µs), while that of 1d is shorter (726 ns). Density functional theory (DFT) modeling displays strong structural differences in the T1 states of the three oxazolones. Moreover, study of the spin density of T1 state 3(oxa*)-1 provides clues to understanding the different reactivity of 4-allylidene-oxazolones described here with respect to the previously reported 4-arylidene-oxazolones.
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Ciclobutanos , Oxazolona , Aminoácidos , Reação de Cicloadição , Fármacos FotossensibilizantesRESUMO
The irradiation of (Z)-2-phenyl-4-aryliden-5(4H)-oxazolones 1 in deoxygenated CH2Cl2 at 25 °C with blue light (465 nm) in the presence of [Ru(bpy)3](BF4)2 (5% mole ratio) as a triplet photocatalyst promotes the [2+2] photocycloaddition of the CâC bonds of the 4-arylidene moiety, thus allowing the completely regio- and stereoselective formation of cyclobutane-bis(oxazolone)s 2 as single stereoisomers. Cyclobutanes 2 have been unambiguously characterized as the µ-isomers and contain two E-oxazolones coupled in an anti-head-to-head form. The use of continuous-flow techniques in microreactors allows the synthesis of cyclobutanes 2 in only 60 min, compared with the 24-48 h required in batch mode. Ring opening of the oxazolone heterocycle in 2 with a base affords the corresponding 1,2-diaminotruxinic bis-amino esters 3, which are also obtained selectively as µ-isomers. The ruthenium complex behaves as a triplet photocatalyst, generating the reactive excited state of the oxazolone via an energy-transfer process. This reactive excited state has been characterized as a triplet diradical 3(E/Z)-1* by laser flash photolysis (transient absorption spectroscopy). This technique also shows that this excited state is the same when starting from either (Z)- or (E)-oxazolones. Density functional theory calculations show that the first step of the [2+2] cycloaddition between 3(E/Z)-1* and (Z)-1 is formation of the C(H)-C(H) bond and that (Z) to (E) isomerization takes place at the 1,4-diradical thus formed.
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Ciclobutanos , Rutênio , Aminoácidos , Oxazolona/química , Rutênio/química , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a rare yet particularly aggressive infective endocarditis pathogen. We describe a case of successfully managed double-valve P. aeruginosa infective endocarditis, in which the presumed source of bacteremia was a long-term tunneled central venous catheter used for hemodialysis.
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Bacteriemia , Endocardite Bacteriana , Endocardite , Bacteriemia/complicações , Endocardite/complicações , Endocardite/terapia , Endocardite Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Endocardite Bacteriana/etiologia , Endocardite Bacteriana/terapia , Humanos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Diálise Renal/efeitos adversosRESUMO
The irradiation of (Z)-2-phenyl-4-aryliden-5(4H)-thiazolones 2 with blue light (465 nm) in CH2Cl2 solution promotes [2 + 2]-photocycloaddition of the exocyclic CâC bonds and the formation of the dispirocyclobutanes 3. This reaction takes place with high stereoselectivity, given that the ε-isomer (1,3 head-to-tail syn coupling) is formed in more than 90% yield in most of the cases. However, irradiation of 5(4H)-thiazolones 2 with blue light (456 nm) in dry MeOH in the presence of BF3·OEt2 leads to the monospirocyclobutanes 4 with full stereoselectivity, also affording the ε-isomer. A ring-opening reaction of only one of the thiazolone rings appears to have taken place in 4 upon methanolysis, leading to the corresponding ester and thioamide groups. The treatment of free 4-aryliden-5(4H)-thiazolones 2 with a base in alcohol (NaOR/ROH) also produces a ring-opening reaction of the heterocycle by methanolysis, although, under these reaction conditions, further intramolecular S-attack at the exocyclic C(H)âC bond and cyclization is observed, forming the dihydrothiazoles 5 or 6 as mixtures of cis (RS/SR)- and trans (RR/SS)-isomers with high diastereomeric excess. trans-(RR/SS)-Dihydrothiazoles 6 can be isolated as pure diastereoisomers by column chromatography. Surprisingly, dihydrothiazoles 5 can also be obtained by the treatment of 4-aryliden-5(4H)-thiazolones 2 with BF3·OEt2 in methanol in the absence of a base.
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Different Pd-complexes containing orthometallated push-pull oxazolones were inserted by supramolecular Pd-amino acid coordination on two genetically engineered modified variants of the thermoalkalophilic Geobacillus thermocatenolatus lipase (GTL). Pd-lipase conjugation was performed on the solid phase in the previously immobilized form of GTL under mild conditions, and soluble conjugated Pd-GTL complexes were obtained by simply desorbing by washing with an acetonitrile aqueous solution. Three different Pd complexes were incorporated into two different genetically modified enzyme variants, one containing all the natural cysteine residues changed to serine residues, and another variant including an additional Cys mutation directly in the catalytic serine (Ser114Cys). The new Pd-enzyme conjugates were fluorescent even at ppm concentrations, while under the same conditions free Pd complexes did not show fluorescence at all. The Pd conjugation with the enzyme extremely increases the catalytic profile of the corresponding Pd complex from 200 to almost 1000-fold in the hydrogenation of arenes in aqueous media, achieving in the case of GTL conjugated with orthopalladated 4a an outstanding TOF value of 27 428 min-1. Also the applicability of GTL-C114 conjugated with orthopalladated 4b in a site-selective C-H activation reaction under mild conditions has been demonstrated. Therefore, the Pd incorporation into the enzyme produces a highly stable conjugate, and improves remarkably the catalytic activity and selectivity, as well as the fluorescence intensity, of the Pd complexes.
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Complexos de Coordenação/química , Fluorescência , Lipase/química , Oxazolona/química , Paládio/química , Engenharia de Proteínas , Adsorção , Catálise , Complexos de Coordenação/síntese química , Complexos de Coordenação/metabolismo , Geobacillus/enzimologia , Lipase/genética , Lipase/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Oxazolona/metabolismo , Paládio/metabolismoRESUMO
The goal of the work reported here was to amplify the fluorescent properties of 4-aryliden-5(4H)-oxazolones by suppression of the hula-twist non-radiative deactivation pathway. This aim was achieved by simultaneous bonding of a Pd center to the N atom of the heterocycle and the ortho carbon of the arylidene ring. Two different 4-((Z)-arylidene)-2-((E)-styryl)-5(4H)-oxazolones, the structures of which are closely related to the chromophore of the Kaede protein and substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of the arylidene ring (1a OMe; 1b F), were used as starting materials. Oxazolones 1a and 1b were reacted with Pd(OAc)2 to give the corresponding dinuclear orthometalated palladium derivates 2a and 2b by regioselective C-H activation of the ortho-position of the arylidene ring. Reaction of 2a (2b) with LiCl promoted the metathesis of the bridging carboxylate by chloride ligands to afford dinuclear 3a (3b). Mononuclear complexes containing the orthopalladated oxazolone and a variety of ancillary ligands (acetylacetonate (4a, 4b), hydroxyquinolinate (5a), aminoquinoline (6a), bipyridine (7a), phenanthroline (8a)) were prepared from 3a or 3b through metathesis of anionic ligands or substitution of neutral weakly bonded ligands. All species were fully characterized and the X-ray determination of the molecular structure of 7a was carried out. This structure has strongly distorted ligands due to intramolecular interactions. Fluorescence measurements showed an increase in the quantum yield (QY) by up to one order of magnitude on comparing the free oxazolone (QY < 1%) with the palladated oxazolone (QY = 12% for 6a). This fact shows that the coordination of the oxazolone to the palladium efficiently suppresses the hula-twist deactivation pathway.
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Complexos de Coordenação/química , Corantes Fluorescentes/química , Proteínas Luminescentes/química , Oxazolona/química , Paládio/química , Complexos de Coordenação/síntese química , Cristalografia por Raios X , Corantes Fluorescentes/síntese química , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
The stereoselective synthesis of truxillic bis-amino esters from polyfunctional oxazolones is reported. The reaction of 4-((Z)-arylidene)-2-(E)-styryl-5(4H)-oxazolones 2 with Pd(OAc)2 resulted in ortho-palladation and the formation of a dinuclear open-book complexes 3 with carboxylate bridges, where the Pd atom is C^N bonded to the oxazolone. In 3 the two exocyclic C=C bonds of the oxazolone are in a face-to-face arrangement, which is optimal for their [2 + 2] photocycloaddition. Irradiation of dimers 3 in CH2Cl2 solution with blue light (465 nm) promoted the chemo- and stereoselective [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of the exocyclic C=C bonds and the formation of cyclobutane-containing ortho-palladated complexes 4. Treatment of 4 with CO in a MeOH/NCMe mixture promoted the methoxycarbonylation of the palladated carbon and the release of the corresponding ortho-functionalized 1,3-diaminotruxillic bis-amino esters 5 as single isomers.
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This work describes an efficient, simple, and ecofriendly sonochemical procedure for the preparation of new α-(arylamino)acetonitrile derivatives C-substituted with phenothiazine or ferrocene units. The synthetic protocol is based on the Strecker reaction of a (hetero)aryl aldimine substrate with trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN) in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) solution. The advantages of the sonochemical versus the conventional α-(arylamino)acetonitrile synthesis are the significantly shorter reaction time (30 min instead of 72 hours), the higher purity and the easier separation of the product that precipitated from the reaction mixture in crystalline form as depicted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis disclosed the arrangement of the α-(arylamino)acetonitrile molecules in the aggregated crystalline state as a racemic mixture. The mutagenic/antimutagenic potential for three representative derivatives containing phenothiazinyl, ferrocenyl, and phenyl units, respectively, was evaluated by the Ames Salmonella/microsome test using S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains with and without metabolic activation. The preliminary screening results pointed out that the C-(hetero)aryl-α-(arylamino)acetonitrile derivatives can be considered genotoxically safe and possibly antimutagenic.
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The reaction of Pd(OAc)2 with (Z)-5-arylidene-4-(4H)-imidazolones (2a-e) and (Z)-4-arylidene-5(4H)-thiazolones (3a-e) in trifluoroacetic acid results in the corresponding orthopalladated dinuclear complexes (4a-e, imidazolones; 11a-d, thiazolones) with trifluoroacetate bridges through regioselective C-H activation at the ortho position of the 4-arylidene group. Compound 4e, which contains an imidazolone substituted at 2- and 4-positions of the arylidene ring with methoxide groups and exhibits strong push-pull charge transfer, is an excellent precursor for the synthesis of fluorescent complexes with green yellowish emission and remarkable quantum yields. Breaking the bridging system with pyridine yields the mononuclear complex 5e (ΦF = 5%), while metathesis of trifluoroacetate ligands with chloride leads to the dinuclear complex 6e, also a precursor of fluorescent complexes by breaking the chloride bridging system with pyridine (7e, ΦF = 7%), or by substitution of chloride ligands with pyridine (8e, ΦF = 15%) or acetylacetonate (9e, ΦF = 2%). In addition to notable photophysical properties, dinuclear complexes 4 and 11 also exhibit significant photochemical reactivity. Thus, irradiation of orthopalladates 4a-c and 11a-c in CH2Cl2 with blue light (465 nm) proceeds via [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of the CîC double bonds of imidazolone and thiazolone ligands, yielding the corresponding cyclobutane-bridging diaminotruxillic derivatives 10a-c and 12a-c, respectively.
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The cardiovascular continuum describes how several cardiovascular risk factors contribute to the development of atherothrombosis, ischemic heart disease, and peripheral arteriopathy, leading to cardiac and renal failure and ultimately death. Due to its multiple valences, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays an important role in all stages of the cardiovascular continuum, starting from a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors, and continuing with the development of atherosclerosis thorough various mechanisms, and culminating with heart failure. Therefore, this article aims to analyze how certain components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (converting enzymes, angiotensin, angiotensin receptors, and aldosterone) are involved in the underlying pathophysiology of the cardiovascular continuum and the possible arrest of its progression.
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to connect peri-implantitis to cardiovascular diseases, following the association found between periodontitis and cardiovascular conditions in recent years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science online databases were searched up to June 2023, with the exclusion criteria being research written in a language other than English. The MeSH search items were as follows: ["peri-implant health OR peri-implantitis OR peri-implant mucositis OR peri-implant disease"] AND ["cardiovascular diseases"]. Patient/population (P), intervention (I), comparison (C), outcome (O) framework questions were followed to identify the clinical evidence for the systematic review. Only clinical studies that used a control group to compare the relationship between cardiovascular diseases and peri-implantitis were selected. RESULTS: A total of 118 studies were identified through electronic search of the keywords. After removing duplicates, there were 76 records to be screened. Upon exclusion of ineligible titles and abstracts, 27 studies remained for evaluation. Finally, 23 studies were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria, leaving 4 studies to be included in the qualitative analyses. CONCLUSIONS: This study found there is a linear association between mucosal/gingival inflammation and carotid intima-media thickness test (c-IMT) values. Peri-implant mucosal inflammation could be a contributor to the vascular disease burden of an individual; further specific clinical studies should be performed in order to demonstrate this connection.
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Thank you for your comment; it adds value to the article and highlights the importance of molecular testing [...].
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Previously, we showed that after Freund's adjuvant-induced peritonitis, rat mesothelial cells regain their epithelial phenotype through mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) accompanied by autophagy. Since bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are well-known MET-inducers, we were interested in the potential expression of BMPs and BMP-induced pathways. Although mesothelial cells expressed lower amounts of BMP7, its level in the peritoneal cavity and mesothelial synthesis of BMP4 were significantly increased during inflammation. BMPR1A and BMPR2 were also significantly expressed. Expression of transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase (TAK1) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK1-JNK2) were more intense than that of phosphorylated Mothers Against Decapentaplegic homolog 1/5 (p-SMAD1/5), confirming that the non-canonical pathway of BMPs prevailed in our model. JNK signaling through B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) can contribute to Beclin-1 activation. We demonstrated that TAK1-JNK-Bcl-2 signaling was upregulated simultaneously with the autophagy-mediated regeneration. A further goal of our study was to prove the regenerative role of autophagy after inflammation. We used a specific inhibitor, bafilomycin A1 (BafA1), and found that BafA1 treatment decreased the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3B) and resulted in morphological signs of cell death in inflamed mesothelial cells indicating that if autophagy is arrested, regeneration turns into cell death and consequently, mesothelial cells die.
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Proteínas Morfogenéticas Ósseas , Diferenciação Celular , Células Epiteliais , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Ratos , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Morfogenéticas Ósseas/genética , Proteínas Morfogenéticas Ósseas/metabolismo , Proteínas Morfogenéticas Ósseas/farmacologia , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Adjuvante de Freund/farmacologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação para Cima , Receptores de Proteínas Morfogenéticas Ósseas/genética , Células Epiteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Epiteliais/patologia , Células Epiteliais/ultraestrutura , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Regeneração/fisiologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Although transcatheter valve therapy is rapidly evolving, surgical valve replacement is still required in many patients with severe left-side valve stenosis or regurgitation, the mechanical bi-leaflet heart valve being the standard prosthesis type in younger patients. Moreover, the prevalence of valvular heart disease is steadily increasing, especially in industrialized countries, and the problem of lifelong efficient anticoagulation of these patients remains fundamental, especially in the context where vitamin K antagonists continue to be the current standard of anticoagulation despite a level of oscillating anticoagulation. In this setting, avoiding prosthetic valve thrombosis after surgery is the number one objective for both the patient and the responsible physicians. Although rare, this complication is life threatening, with the sudden onset of acute cardiac failure such as acute pulmonary edema, cardiogenic shock, or sudden cardiac death and inadequate anticoagulation remaining the leading cause of prosthesis thrombosis, along with other risk factors. The availability of multimodal imaging techniques enables and encompasses to a full extent the diagnosis of mechanical valve thrombosis. The gold-standard diagnostic methods are transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Moreover, 3D ultrasound has undoubted value in giving a more accurate description of the thrombus's extension. When transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography are uncertain, the multidetector computer tomography examination is an important complementary imaging method. Fluoroscopy is also an excellent tool for evaluating the mobility of prosthetic discs. Each method complements the other to differentiate an acute mechanical valve thrombosis from other prosthetic valve pathologies such as pannus formation or infective endocarditis and aids the physician in accurately establishing the treatment method (surgical or pharmaceutical) and its optimal timing. The aim of this pictorial review was to discuss from an imagistic perspective the mechanical prosthetic aortic and mitral valve thrombosis and to provide an overview of the essential role of non-invasive exploration in the treatment of this severe complication.
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BACKGROUND: Stent enhancement techniques allow adequate visualization of stent deformation or incomplete stent expansion at the ostium of the side branch. Measuring the stent enhancement side branch length (SESBL) could reflect procedural success in terms of optimal stent expansion and apposition with better long-term outcomes. A longer SESBL may reflect a better stent apposition at the polygon of confluence and at the side branch (SB) ostium. METHODS: We evaluated 162 patients receiving the left main (LM) provisional one-stent technique and measured the SESBL, dividing them into two groups: SESBL≤ 2.0 mm and SESBL > 2.0 mm. RESULTS: The mean SESBL was 2.0 ± 1.2 mm. More than half of the bifurcations had both main and side branch lesions (Medina 1-1-1) (84 patients, 51.9%) and the length of the SB disease was 5.2 ±1.8 mm. Kissing balloon inflation (KBI) was performed in 49 patients (30.2%). During follow-up (12 months), there was a significantly higher rate of cardiac death in the SESBL ≤ 2.0 mm group (p = 0.02) but no significant difference in all major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) (p = 0.7). KBI did not influence the outcomes (p = 0.3). CONCLUSION: Suboptimal SESBL is positively correlated with worse outcomes and SB compromise. This novel sign could aid the LM operator to assess the level of stent expansion at the ostium of the SB in the absence of intracoronary imaging.
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Infective endocarditis (IE) is common in patients with corrected congenital heart disease (CHD) with a residual lesion, but is rarely found on surgical patches used to close atrial septal defects (ASDs). This is also reflected in the current guidelines that do not recommend antibiotic therapy for patients with a repaired ASD with no residual shunt six months after closure (percutaneous or surgical). However, the situation could be different in the case of mitral valve endocarditis, which causes leaflet disruption with severe mitral insufficiency and could seed the surgical patch. We present herein a 40-year-old male patient with a past medical history of a complete surgically corrected atrioventricular canal defect performed in childhood who presented with fever, dyspnea and severe abdominal pain. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography (TTE and TEE) revealed vegetation at the level of the mitral valve and the interatrial septum. The CT scan confirmed ASD patch endocarditis and multiple septic emboli, guiding the therapeutic management. An accurate evaluation of cardiac structures should be mandatory when a systemic infection is detected in CHD patients, even if the defects were surgically corrected, because the detection and eradication of such infectious foci as well as a surgical reintervention are particularly difficult to achieve in this subpopulation.
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Background: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) became the leading therapeutic strategy for aortic valve replacement in older patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. Echocardiographic parameters that mark the left ventricle and right ventricle reverse remodeling after the TAVR are not well established. The aim of the current study is to describe the dynamics of both left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV) strain derived from speckle tracking echocardiography in elderly patients at 3-months after the TAVR procedure. Methods: We enrolled 52 consecutive patients (77 ± 4.9 years old, median STS score of 3.1) who underwent transfemoral TAVR at our tertiary care center. All patients were evaluated at baseline and 3 months following TAVR. Results: The LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) 3-month following TAVR was significantly improved compared with baseline values (-16 ±4.2% vs -16 ±4.2%; p < 0.001) but no significant changes in the RV GLS 3 and 6 segments model following TAVR were registered. The LV ejection fraction was significantly improved 3-months after the TAVR procedure. LV-GLS at baseline demonstrated a strong positive correlation with LV-GLS at 3 months (r = 0.69) and a moderate correlation with RV strain parameters (r = 0.38 and r = 0.56), but also a negative correlation with LVEF at follow-up (r=-0.61). Interestingly, in contrast to LVEF, none of the strain parameters correlated with age. NT-proBNP values were correlated with both LV-GLS (r = 0.37) and LVEF (r=-0.5) at baseline. However, at follow-up, baseline NT-proBNP values remained correlated only to LV-GLS at 3-months (r = 0.24), but the correlation was weak.