In Silico Analysis of Genes Associated with the Pathogenesis of Odontogenic Keratocyst.

Odontogenic keratocyst (OK) is a benign intraosseous cystic lesion characterized by a parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelial lining with palisade basal cells. It represents 10-12% of odontogenic cysts. The changes in its classification as a tumor or cyst have increased interest in its pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE: Identify key genes in the pathogenesis of sporadic OK through in silico analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The GSE38494 technical sheet on OK was analyzed using GEOR2. Their functional and canonical signaling pathways were enriched in the NIH-DAVID bioinformatic platform. The protein-protein interaction network was constructed by STRING and analyzed with Cytoscape-MCODE software v 3.8.2 (score > 4). Post-enrichment analysis was performed by Cytoscape-ClueGO. RESULTS: A total of 768 differentially expressed genes (DEG) with a fold change (FC) greater than 2 and 469 DEG with an FC less than 2 were identified. In the post-enrichment analysis of upregulated genes, significance was observed in criteria related to the organization of the extracellular matrix, collagen fibers, and endodermal differentiation, while the downregulated genes were related to defensive response mechanisms against viruses and interferon-gamma activation. CONCLUSIONS: Our in silico analysis showed a significant relationship with mechanisms of extracellular matrix organization, interferon-gamma activation, and response to viral infections, which must be validated through molecular assays.

NTRK Gene Expression Analysis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Mexican Population.

Oral cancer holds the sixth position in malignancies worldwide; 90% correspond to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Diverse reports suggest that NTRK genes and their receptors are key oncogenesis regulators to tumor progression in human cancers. Objective: To analyze the NTRK and Trk expression and their association with clinicopathological features of OSCC in Mexican patients' samples. Material and Methods: We analyzed 95 OSCC cases of pan-trk immunoexpression through a software-assisted method. Gene expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR employing the ΔΔCT method. Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman's correlation tests were performed. Results: Our mean age was 62.4 (±16.9) years. A total of 37 cases were tumors in the lateral border of the tongue. Age was significantly associated with the anatomical site. 42% (40 of 95) cases were pan-trk positive. A total of 21 cases showed intense immunoexpression predominantly in poorly differentiated OSCC, with a significant correlation between immunoexpression and age and gender. Gene expression showed that poorly differentiated cases exhibited higher NTRK2 expression, while well-differentiated cases demonstrated NTRK3 significantly higher expression. Conclusions: Our results suggest that NTRK family expression is present in OSCC, with differential expression related to differentiation degree. Additional information about their activation or mutational status could reinforce their potential as a possible primary or adjuvant treatment target.

LRP5, SLC6A3, and SOX10 Expression in Conventional Ameloblastoma.

Cell proliferation and invasion are characteristic of many tumors, including ameloblastoma, and are important features to target in possible future therapeutic applications. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was the identification of key genes and inhibitory drugs related to the cell proliferation and invasion of ameloblastoma using bioinformatic analysis. METHODS: The H10KA_07_38 gene profile database was analyzed by Rstudio and ShinyGO Gene Ontology enrichment. String, Cytoscape-MCODE, and Kaplan-Meier plots were generated, which were subsequently validated by RT-qPCR relative expression and immunoexpression analyses. To propose specific inhibitory drugs, a bioinformatic search using Drug Gene Budger and DrugBank was performed. RESULTS: A total of 204 significantly upregulated genes were identified. Gene ontology enrichment analysis identified four pathways related to cell proliferation and cell invasion. A total of 37 genes were involved in these pathways, and 11 genes showed an MCODE score of ≥0.4; however, only SLC6A3, SOX10, and LRP5 were negatively associated with overall survival (HR = 1.49 (p = 0.0072), HR = 1.55 (p = 0.0018), and HR = 1.38 (p = 0.025), respectively). The RT-qPCR results confirmed the significant differences in expression, with overexpression of >2 for SLC6A3 and SOX10. The immunoexpression analysis indicated positive LRP5 and SLC6A3 expression. The inhibitory drugs bioinformatically obtained for the above three genes were parthenolide and vorinostat. CONCLUSIONS: We identify LRP5, SLC6A3, and SOX10 as potentially important genes related to cell proliferation and invasion in the pathogenesis of ameloblastomas, along with both parthenolide and vorinostat as inhibitory drugs that could be further investigated for the development of novel therapeutic approaches against ameloblastoma.

Bioinformatic Analysis for Mucoepidermoid and Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Therapeutic Targets.

Salivary gland neoplasms are a heterogeneous neoplasm group, including mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MECa), adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC), and many others. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to identify new critical genes of MECa and AdCC using bioinformatics analysis. METHODS: Gene expression profile of GSE153283 was analyzed by the GEO2R online tool to use the DAVID software for their subsequent enrichment. Protein-protein interactions (PPI) were visualized using String. Cytoscape with MCODE plugin followed by Kaplan-Meier online for overall survival analysis were performed. RESULTS: 97 upregulated genes were identified for MECa and 86 for AdCC. PPI analysis revealed 22 genes for MECa and 63 for AdCC that were validated by Kaplan-Meier that showed FN1 and SPP1 for MECa, and EGF and ERBB2 for AdCC as more significant candidate genes for each neoplasm. CONCLUSION: With bioinformatics methods, we identify upregulated genes in MECa and AdCC. The resulting candidate genes as possible therapeutic targets were FN1, SPP1, EGF, and ERBB2, and all those genes had been tested as a target in other neoplasm kinds but not salivary gland neoplasm. The bioinformatic evidence is a solid strategy to select them for more extensive research with clinical impact.

Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of Cystatin C on human gingival fibroblast incubated with Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Background: Periodontal disease is considered one of the most prevalent chronic infectious diseases, often leading to the disruption of tooth-supporting tissues, including alveolar bone, causing tooth mobility and loss. Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered the major etiological agent of this disease, having a plethora of virulence factors, including, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), hemolysins, and proteinases. Antimicrobial peptides are one of the main components of the innate immune response that inhibit the growth of P. gingivalis. The aim of this study was to analyze the antimicrobial activity of cystatin C and to assess the effect on the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, the production of reactive oxygen species, and in the release of nitric oxide by human gingival fibroblasts incubated with P. gingivalis in the presence and absence of cystatin C. Methods: P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 was exposed to cystatin C for 24h and co-cultured with human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) ATCC CRL-2014. The effect of cystatin on growth of P. gingivalis and HGFs was evaluated. Pro-inflammatory (TNFα, IL-1ß) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines were determined by ELISA in the supernatants of HGFs incubated with P. gingivalis exposed to cystatin C. Additionally, nitrites and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were evaluated. Results: Cystatin Cinhibited the growth of P. gingivalis without affecting HGFs. Incubation of HGFs with P. gingivalis led to a significant increase of TNF-α and IL-1ß. In contrast, HGFs incubated with P. gingivalis exposed to cystatin C showed a decreased production of both cytokines, whereas IL-10 was enhanced. Incubation of HGFs with P. gingivalis led to an increase of nitric oxide (NO) and ROS production, which was reduced in the presence of the peptide. Conclusions: Cystatin C inhibits the growth of P. gingivalis and decreases the inflammatory cytokines, ROS, and NO production during infection of HGFs with P. gingivalis. Knowledge on the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties of cystatin C could aid in the design of new therapeutic approaches to facilitate the elimination of this bacterium to improve the treatment of periodontal disease.

Multiple approaches to oral epithelial dysplasia degree analyses: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) is the presence of cells of an abnormal type within a tissue, which may signify a stage preceding the development of cancer. Our aim was to determine the interrelation between the expression of multiple molecular markers and the histological features of oral dysplasia. METHODS: Fifteen samples of OED (five for each severity degree) were analyzed through software assisted image cytometry nuclear morphology. p53 (wild-type and mutated form), Bax and Bcl2 expression was immunohistochemically determined, and the gene expression of MMP1, MMP2, MMP9 and hTERT was determined by RT-PCR. The mean, standard deviation, ANOVA and Fisher's Exact Test (P<0.05) were performed. RESULTS: Our analysis indicated congruence between the software-assisted measurement of nuclear morphology and severity degree. Only five samples were positive to p53-mutated form; and Bax was more expressed than Bcl-2. hTERT expression was significantly expressed in relation to severity, and MMP1 was predominantly expressed, followed by MMP9 and MMP2. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reinforce that software-assisted measurement is an alternative to severity degree determination. MMP1 is an important marker for severity dysplasia degree; however, the predominant expression of Bax over Bcl-2 suggests that this pro-apoptotic state could be used to minorize the progression, perhaps, as a future therapeutic target.

Epstein-Barr virus-positive ulcer in the oral cavity.

Epstein-Barr virus-positive ulcer (EBV + U) is a recently reported B cell lymphoproliferative disorder in the oral cavity, oropharynx, gastrointestinal tract and skin, principally in immunosuppressed patients. A 53-year-old female patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate, presenting ulcers of unknown duration on the dorsum and the lateral left border of the tongue. Excisional biopsy, histopathological analysis and histochemical stains for syphilis (Warthin-Starry), mycotic diseases (Grocott silver methenamine), tuberculosis (Ziehl-Neelsen), immunohistochemistry tests for herpesvirus type 8 (CMV), EBV (LMP-1) and DNA extraction for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to CMV, EBV and herpes simplex virus-1 were performed. Posterior to PCR assay, the final diagnosis was EBV + U in the oral cavity. Acyclovir® was prescribed, showing clinical improvement. A case of EBV + U with clinical characteristics similar to other lesions or conditions has been reported. Special assays are necessary for an accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Overexpression and extra-mitochondrial localization of the chaperonin Hsp60 in ameloblastoma.

OBJECTIVES: Ameloblastoma is an odontogenic neoplasm of the mandible and maxilla with various histological types and subtypes. It has been reported that some ameloblastomas could arise from dentigerous cyst walls; thus, the development of ameloblastoma from dentigerous cysts may be due to differential protein expression. Our aim was to identify a membrane protein that is differentially expressed in ameloblastomas with respect to dentigerous cysts. METHODS: We analyzed the SDS-PAGE profiles of membrane proteins from ameloblastomas and dentigerous cysts. The protein in a band present in the ameloblastoma sample, but apparently absent in the dentigerous cyst sample was identified via mass spectrometry as the chaperonin Hsp60. We used western blotting and immunohistochemistry to analyze its overexpression and localization in ameloblastoma. RESULTS: We found a differential band of 95 kDa in the membrane proteins of ameloblastoma. In this band, the chaperonin Hsp60 was identified, and its overexpression was corroborated using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Hsp60 was localized in the plasma membrane of all ameloblastoma samples studied; in addition, it was found in the cell nucleus of the plexiform subtype of conventional ameloblastoma. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that Hsp60 may be involved in ameloblastoma development, and could therefore be a potential therapeutic target for ameloblastoma treatment.

Ectodermal and ectomesenchymal marker expression in primary cell lines of complex and compound odontomas: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Odontomas are odontogenic tumors with hamartoma features that are classified as compound or complex. Our objective was to characterize the proliferation of ectodermal and ectomesenchymal profile markers of primary cell cultures of complex and compound odontomas. METHODS: Four samples of compound odontomas (OdCm) and three of complex odontomas (OdCx) were obtained from patients attending the Oral Pathology and Medicine Clinic of the Graduate Dental School, National Autonomous University of Mexico for primary culture generation. MTT, immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR assays of CD34, Sox2, Amel, Ambn, p21, EDAR, Msx1, Msx2, Pax9, RUNX2, BSP, OPN, Barx1 and GAPDH (control) were performed. Additionally, six paraffin-embedded odontomas were obtained for immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR validation assays. The mean and standard deviation were determined, and ANOVA and Kruskall-Wallis tests were performed. RESULTS: Cultured compound odontoma exhibited higher proliferation, and an ectomesenchymal immunocytochemistry profile with predominant expression of Amel, BSP, Pax9, EDAR, Barx and Msx2; in complex cultured odontoma Sox2, CD34, RUNX2 and OPN predominated. Our statistical analysis showed a significant difference in PCR analysis (P<0.05) for OPN and CD34. Paraffin-embedded odontomas showed similar pattern with difference for NGFR and Sox2 for immunohistochemistry and EDAR, BARX1 and PAX9 for RT-PCR assays. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested heterogeneous behavior for both odontoma cell lines, because in compound odontomas predominant biomarkers are related to the enamel knot, late-stage odontogenesis and ectomesenchymal interactions; and in complex odontoma the significant expression of CD34 and OPN could be responsible for the difference behavior and mineralized amorphous structure.

Validation of an instrument to measure the quality of life in children with oropharyngeal mucositis undergoing cancer treatment.

Background: Oropharyngeal mucositis (OM) is one of the primary complications arising during oncological treatment, which significantly reduces the patient's quality of life (QoL). The aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the use of a new Spanish version of the Oropharyngeal Mucositis-Specific Quality-of-Life instrument (OMQoL) for pediatric patients. Methods: A multicentric, cross-sectional validation study was conducted to translate and adapt OMQoL from English to Spanish for its use by children with OM aged 8-16 years. Reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha; content and construct validity, in conjunction with exploratory factor analysis. The convergent validity, with the correlations of the scales for OM defined by the WHO, OMAS (Oropharingeal Mucositis Assessment Scale) and the PedsQL-3 cancer module in Spanish. Results: One hundred and ninety-three children with mean age of 10.91 ± 2.38 years participated in the study, out of which 101 (52.3%) were females. In this sample, 80 children (41.5%) suffered from acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 111 (57.5%) had grade 2 and 3 OM. The factorial analysis resulted in four dimensions with loads >0.40. Among the 31 items of the OMQoL, six were eliminated. Cronbach alpha of OMQoL-Spanish was 0.954. Spearman´s correlations (r) with the OMS and OMAS scales were significant (with r = -0.720 and r = -0.689; p < 0.01, respectively). Moderate correlation was observed with the PedsQL-3 cancer module (r = 0.426; p < 0.01). Conclusions: OMQoL-Spanish demonstrated adequate psychometric properties, resulting in a reliable and valid instrument for measuring QoL in children with MO.

Introducción: La mucositis orofaríngea (MO) es una de las principales complicaciones del tratamiento oncológico que reduce significativamente la calidad de vida (CV) del paciente. El objetivo fue traducir, adaptar de manera cultural y validar una nueva versión en español del instrumento Oropharyngeal Mucositis­Specific Quality-of-Life (OMQoL) en pacientes pediátricos. Métodos: Estudio transversal de validación, multicéntrico, realizado para la traducción y adaptación del OMQoL del inglés al español en pacientes de entre 8 y 16 años con MO. Se midió la confiabilidad mediante el Alfa de Cronbach; la validez del contenido y el constructo, con un análisis factorial exploratorio; y la validez convergente, con las correlaciones de las escalas para MO de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la Oropharingeal Mucositis Assessment Scale (OMAS) y con el Pediatric Quality of Life-3 (PedsQL-3) módulo cáncer en español. Resultados: Participaron en el estudio 193 niños con una media de edad de 10.91 ± 2.38 años, de los cuales 101 (52.3%) fueron de sexo femenino. En esta muestra, 80 niños (41.5%) presentaron leucemia aguda linfoblástica y 111 (57.5%) presentaron MO grado 2 y 3. El análisis factorial resultó con cuatro dimensiones con cargas > 0.40. De los 31 ítems del OMQoL, seis fueron eliminados. El Alfa de Cronbach del OMQoL español fue de 0.954. Las correlaciones de Spearman (r) con las escalas de la OMS y OMAS fueron significativas (r = −0.720 y r = −0.689; p<0.01, respectivamente); con el PedsQL-3 módulo cáncer existió una moderada correlación (r = 0.426; p < 0.01). Conclusiones: La nueva versión del OMQoL en español demostró propiedades psicométricas adecuadas, y resulta un instrumento confiable y válido para medir la CV en niños con MO.

[Effect of the management of class I obesity with metformin on metalloproteinase activity in patients with chronic periodontitis]. / Efecto del manejo de la obesidad clase I con metformina sobre actividad de metaloproteinasas en pacientes con periodontitis crónica.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: in Mexico the main problem in public health is obesity and other diseases that are associated whit this condition, including oral health. Objective: to evaluate the effect of metformin treatment in patients with class I obese on the activity of metalloproteinases present in periodontium with chronic periodontitis. Methods: a clinical study was conducted in 68 patients with class I obesity and periodontal disease. They were divided into 4 groups. 2 of them, in addition to the periodontal treatment, were administered metformin 850 mg per day for six weeks; 2 samples were taken per patient of periodontal tissue before and after each treatment, body mass index, plaque index and inflammation were measured. Acrylamide gel zymography was used to measure the activity of metalloproteinases in the sample of tissue collected. The data obtained were analyzed by descriptive statistics, student t for related samples and one-way ANOVA was performed considering p < 0.01 as statistically significant. Results: in the group of patients who were administered metformin at the end of the treatment, there was a decrease in the body mass index, the degree of inflammation and lower metalloproteinase activity, compared with the control group (65% vs 25%; < 0.01). Conclusions: treatment with metformin in patients with obesity class I and periodontal disease decreases BMI, improves the symptoms of chronic periodontitis and decreases the activity of metalloproteinases 1, 3, 8, V present in periodontium of these patients.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el principal problema de salud pública en México es la obesidad y sus enfermedades asociadas, incluyendo las bucales. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del tratamiento con metformina en pacientes obesos de clase I sobre la actividad de las metaloproteinasas presentes en el periodonto con periodontitis crónica. Métodos: se realizó un estudio clínico con 68 pacientes mujeres con obesidad de clase I y enfermedad periodontal. Se dividieron en 4 grupos; a 2 de ellos, además del tratamiento periodontal, se les administro metformina de 850 mg al día durante seis semanas. Se tomaron 2 muestras por paciente de tejido periodontal antes y después de cada tratamiento y se midió el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice de placa dentobacteriana y de inflamación. Mediante zimografía en gel de acrilamida se midió la actividad de las metaloproteinasas en la muestra de tejido recolectada. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva t de student para muestras relacionadas y se realizó ANOVA de una vía considerando p < 0,01 como estadísticamente significativa. Resultados: en el grupo de pacientes a las que se les administro metformina al final del tratamiento se observó una disminución del índice de masa corporal, del grado de inflamación y menor actividad de metaloproteinasas respecto al grupo control (65% frente a 25%; p < 0,01). Conclusiones: el tratamiento con metformina en pacientes con obesidad de clase I y enfermedad periodontal disminuye el IMC, mejora los síntomas de la periodontitis crónica y disminuye la actividad de las metaloproteinasas 1, 3, 8 y V presentes en el periodonto de estos pacientes.

Prevalence and distribution of odontogenic cysts in a Mexican sample. A 753 cases study.

BACKGROUND: Odontogenic cysts (OC) are the most frequent lesions of the jaws and their constant epidemiological update is necessary and indispensable. Therefore the principal objective of this report was To determine prevalence and clinical-demographical characteristics of OC in a Mexican sample. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 753 cases of OC coming from the archive of a head and neck histopathological teaching service, from January 2000 to December 2013, were included. OC cases were re-assessed according 2005 WHO classification. Chi square test was used to establish possible associations (p<0.05IC95%). RESULTS: From 753 OC, 369 were female and 384 male; 52.9% of them were in their 2nd- 4th decade of life. The most common location (41%) was the mandibular posterior area. Radicular cysts were more frequent in maxillary anterior zone of females (p 0.0002) at their fourth decade of life. Dentigerous cysts were more frequent in the mandibular posterior zone of males (p 0.0000) in their second decade of life. Six cases of periodontal lateral cyst; 4 cases of paradental cysts; 4 eruption cysts and 4 cases of adult gingival cyst, as well were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Radicular cyst and dentigerous cyst are the most prevalent odontogenic cyst in this Mexican sample. Due to their etiology, dental pulpar necrosis and impacted teeth, radicular cyst and dentigerous cyst could be prevenible. Therefore, it is necessary to establish preventive strategies to diminish dental decay and programs of prophylactic extractions of impacted teeth, to in consequence decrease the prevalence of odontogenic cysts. Key words:Cyst, dentigerous cyst, mexican, odontogenic cyst, radicular cyst.

Microarray and bioinformatic analysis of conventional ameloblastoma: an observational analysis

Abstract Ameloblastoma is a highly aggressive odontogenic tumor, and its pathogenesis is associated with many participating genes. Objective We aimed to identify and validate new critical genes of conventional ameloblastoma using microarray and bioinformatics analysis. Methodology Gene expression microarray and bioinformatic analysis were performed using CHIP H10KA and DAVID software for enrichment. Protein-protein interactions (PPI) were visualized using STRING-Cytoscape with MCODE plugin, followed by Kaplan-Meier and GEPIA analyses that were used for the candidate's postulation. RT-qPCR and IHC assays were performed to validate the bioinformatic approach. Results 376 upregulated genes were identified. PPI analysis revealed 14 genes that were validated by Kaplan-Meier and GEPIA resulting in PDGFA and IL2RA as candidate genes. The RT-qPCR analysis confirmed their intense expression. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that PDGFA expression is parenchyma located. Conclusion With bioinformatics methods, we can identify upregulated genes in conventional ameloblastoma, and with RT-qPCR and immunoexpression analysis validate that PDGFA could be a more specific and localized therapeutic target.

Instruments to measure the quality of life in patients with oral mucositis undergoing oncological treatment: a systematic review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Oral mucositis (OM) is an inflammatory reaction of the oropharyngeal mucosa to cumulative chemotherapy (CT) and radiation therapy (RT), affecting one or more parts of the digestive tract along with the quality of life (QoL) of the patient. The goal of this study was to identify valid and reliable tools to evaluate QoL related to OM. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was conducted up to May 2016. Articles were selected by peers using the PubMed database through a search following the inclusion and exclusion criteria and STAndards for the Reporting of Diagnostic accuracy studies (STARD) checklist with a cut-off point ≥ 70%. RESULTS: We identified four relevant articles that described instruments to assess the QoL related to OM in patients undergoing cancer treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of the QoL in patients with OM is a difficult scenario because of its multiple variables. The knowledge of this relationship is limited because general instruments of oral health or cancer therapy are commonly used for evaluation. However, valid instruments are already available for estimating the impact of OM on the QoL from the patient's perspective.

Inmunoexpresión de p53 y su relación con el grado de severidad en displasia epitelial oral / Immunoexpression of p53 and its relationship with the degree of severity in oral epithelial dysplasia

Introducción: La displasia epitelial oral (DEO) es la presencia de alteraciones celulares y tisulares, lo que puede significar una etapa anterior al desarrollo del cáncer. Múltiples marcadores han sido considerados para estimar su potencial neoplásico y evolución a carcinoma, incluyendo a la molécula p53, se considera como participe de diversos fenómenos de la homeostasis celular. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la inmunoexpresión de p53 DO-7 y PAb 240 con el grado de severidad de la displasia epitelial oral. Material y métodos: Se analizaron nueve muestras de DEO (tres para cada grado de severidad). La inmunoexpresión de p53 tipo silvestre (DO-7) y forma mutada (PAb 240), fue determinada a través de ensayo de inmunohistoquímica por peroxidasa. Se obtuvieron la media y desviación estándar y se realizó la prueba χ2 (p < 0.05). Resultados: La edad media fue de 65.7 ± 11.4 años, la zona anatómica con mayor presencia de DEO es el borde lateral de la lengua. Ocho de nueve muestras fueron positivas para DO-7 y solo dos para PAb 240. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados indican que, aunque la expresión de p53 DO-7 podría estar relacionada parcialmente con la patogénesis de la displasia epitelial, no todas las displasias presentaron la forma mutada de p53 (PAb 240). Lo cual coincide con el comportamiento biológico incierto de las displasias al poder permanecer sin cambios, involucionar o transformarse

Introduction: Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) is the presence of cellular and tissue alterations, which may mean a stage prior to the development of cancer. Multiple markers have been considered to estimate its pathogenic potential and evolution to neoplasms, including the p53 molecule, considered as participating in various phenomena of cellular homeostasis. Objective: To determine the relationship between the immunoexpression of p53 DO-7 and PAb 240 with the degree of severity of oral epithelial dysplasia. Material and methods: Nine OED samples were analyzed (three for each degree of severity). The immunoexpression of wild-type p53 (DO-7) and mutated form (PAb 240) was determined through a peroxidase immunohistochemical assay. The mean and standard deviation were obtained, and χ2 test (p < 0.05) were performed. Results: The mean age was 65.7 ± 11.4 years, with a greater presence of OED in the anatomical area of the lateral side of the tongue. Eight out of nine samples were positive for DO-7 and only two for PAb 240. Conclusions: Our results indicate that, although the expression of p53 DO-7 could be partially related to the pathogenesis of epithelial dysplasia, not all dysplasias presented the mutated form of p53 (PAb 240), which coincides that not all dysplasias have a potential for malignant transformation and that could be related to other oncogenic mechanisms (AU)

Effect of zinc on oropharyngeal mucositis in children with acute leukemia undergoing chemotherapy

BACKGROUND: Oropharyngeal mucositis (OM) is one of the main side-effects of oncological therapy. There is no treatment to prevent its occurrence, but some zinc-based therapies have been proven to help in decreasing its in-tensity. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of zinc in OM in children with acute leukemia in the early stages of oncological treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This quasi-experimental study evaluated OM in 2 groups (control group: conventional hospital management, and experimental group: administration of 50 mg of zinc gluconate daily plus conventional hospital management). OM severity was recorded at a two-month follow-up. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients (26 in the control group and 23 in the experimental group) were included. The mean age of the patients was 11.1 ± 2.7 years; 65.3% had a diagnosis of pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The incidences of OM in the control group and the experimental group were 46.2% and 26.1%, respectively, but the difference was not significant. Based on a negative binomial regression model, females had, on average, 1.5 more days with OM (p = 0.002), and patients assigned to the experimental group had, on average, 2 less days with OM than the control group (p = 0.001). The pain score was higher in the control group (p = 0.0009), as was the mean score on the WHO scale (p = 0.0012). CONCLUSIONS: Zinc facilitated a reduction in the severity and duration of OM; further studies focusing on children are needed to confirm the effects of this trace element

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Sialolipoma of minor salivary glands: presentation of five cases and review of the literature with an epidemiological analyze.

UNLABELLED: Sialolipoma is rare benign neoplasm arise from salivary glands (majors and minors) characterized by neoplastic adipose tissue with scattered non-neoplastic salivary gland acinus. To date 60 cases (including 5 cases reported in the present paper) have been reported in scientific literature. This article presents 5 new cases of sialolipoma affecting minor salivary glands (MiSG) and additionally reviews and analyzes the previously published cases to assess possible demographical differences between sialolipoma from minor and from major salivary glands. CASE REPORTS: 5 cases (3 females; 2 males; age means 63.8 years), of sialolipoma from MiSG, are reported. 2 of them were located in buccal mucosa, 1 in upper lip mucosa, 1 in floor of the mouth and 1 in retromolar area. All tumors were composed by neoplastic adipocytes cells interlaced with normal salivary gland acinus cover it by a fibrous tissue capsule. Analyzes of literature showed that MiSG sialolipoma is most frequent in females over 60 years old, therefore and in conclusion this article assess different demographical profile of sialolipoma in respect to their topography.

Análisis de microdensidad vascular y factores de crecimiento en carcinoma oral de células escamosas / Analysis of vascular microdensity and growth factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Introducción: El carcinoma oral de células escamosas (COCE) es una neoplasia epitelial maligna que se presenta frecuentemente entre la quinta y sexta década de la vida. Su compleja patogénesis incluye el proceso de angiogénesis y la regulación del microambiente tumoral como mecanismos de progresión tumoral. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre las variables clínicas e histológicas del COCE con la inmunoexpresión de VEGF, FGF-1, FGFR-1, TGFB-1, TGFBR-II y CD105. Material y métodos: Nueve casos de COCE; tres bien (BD), tres moderado (MD) y tres pobremente diferenciados (PD) obtenidos del Departamento de Patología y Medicina Bucal, División de Estudios de Postgrado e Investigación. Se aplicó la técnica de inmunohistoquímica por peroxidasa para identificar la expresión de VEGF, FGF-1, FGFR- 1, TGFB-1, TGFBR-II y CD105. El análisis de inmunoexpresión se realizó con el programa ImageJ. Se aplicó la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y correlación de Spearman (p < 0.05). Resultados: La inmunoexpresión de VEGF fue mayor en los COCE PD, FGFR-1 fue positivo en los BD, mientras que FGF, TGFB-1 y TGFBR-II fueron negativos. El análisis de microdensidad vascular (MVD) indicó mayor número de vasos CD105 positivos en los carcinomas BD, seguidos de los PD y MD. Conclusión: Considerando los resultados obtenidos podemos concluir que la angiogénesis es un fenómeno constante independiente del grado de diferenciación que durante el proceso de transformación de una neoplasia requerirá la formación de vasos sanguíneos y que este proceso puede ser modulado por factores de crecimiento tales como los analizados en este trabajo (AU)

Introduction: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a malignant epithelial neoplasm that frequently occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. Its complex pathogenesis includes the angiogenesis process and the regulation of the tumor microenvironment as mechanisms of tumor progression. Objective: To determine the relationship between the clinical and histological variables of OSCC with the immunoexpression of VEGF, FGF-1, FGFR-1, TGFB- 1, TGFBR-II and CD105. Material and methods: Nine cases of OSCC; three well (WD), three moderate (MD) and three poorly differentiated (PD) obtained from the Oral Medicine and Pathology Department, Division of Graduate Studies and Research. The peroxidase immunohistochemistry technique was performed to identify the expression of VEGF, FGF-1, FGFR-1, TGFB-1, TGFBR-II and CD105. The immunoexpression analysis was performed with the ImageJ software. The Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation test were performed (p < 0.05). Results: VEGF immunoexpression was higher in PD OSCC, while FGFR-1 was predominantly positive in WD; FGF, TGFB-1 and TGFBR-II were negative. Vascular microdensity analysis (MVD) indicated a greater number of CD105 positive vessels in WD carcinomas, followed by PD and MD. Conclusion: Considering the results obtained, we can conclude that angiogenesis is a constant phenomenon independent of the degree of differentiation; that during the transformation process of a neoplasm it will require the formation of blood vessels and that this process can be modulated by growth factors such as those analyzed in this work (AU)

Validación de un instrumento para medir la calidad de vida en niños con mucositis orofaríngea en tratamiento por cáncer / Validation of an instrument to measure the quality of life in children with oropharyngeal mucositis undergoing cancer treatment

Resumen Introducción: La mucositis orofaríngea (MO) es una de las principales complicaciones del tratamiento oncológico que reduce significativamente la calidad de vida (CV) del paciente. El objetivo fue traducir, adaptar de manera cultural y validar una nueva versión en español del instrumento Oropharyngeal Mucositis-Specific Quality-of-Life (OMQoL) en pacientes pediátricos. Métodos: Estudio transversal de validación, multicéntrico, realizado para la traducción y adaptación del OMQoL del inglés al español en pacientes de entre 8 y 16 años con MO. Se midió la confiabilidad mediante el Alfa de Cronbach; la validez del contenido y el constructo, con un análisis factorial exploratorio; y la validez convergente, con las correlaciones de las escalas para MO de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la Oropharingeal Mucositis Assessment Scale (OMAS) y con el Pediatric Quality of Life-3 (PedsQL-3) módulo cáncer en español. Resultados: Participaron en el estudio 193 niños con una media de edad de 10.91 ± 2.38 años, de los cuales 101 (52.3%) fueron de sexo femenino. En esta muestra, 80 niños (41.5%) presentaron leucemia aguda linfoblástica y 111 (57.5%) presentaron MO grado 2 y 3. El análisis factorial resultó con cuatro dimensiones con cargas > 0.40. De los 31 ítems del OMQoL, seis fueron eliminados. El Alfa de Cronbach del OMQoL español fue de 0.954. Las correlaciones de Spearman (r) con las escalas de la OMS y OMAS fueron significativas (r = −0.720 y r = −0.689; p<0.01, respectivamente); con el PedsQL-3 módulo cáncer existió una moderada correlación (r = 0.426; p < 0.01). Conclusiones: La nueva versión del OMQoL en español demostró propiedades psicométricas adecuadas, y resulta un instrumento confiable y válido para medir la CV en niños con MO.

Abstract Background: Oropharyngeal mucositis (OM) is one of the primary complications arising during oncological treatment, which significantly reduces the patient's quality of life (QoL). The aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the use of a new Spanish version of the Oropharyngeal Mucositis-Specific Quality-of-Life instrument (OMQoL) for pediatric patients. Methods: A multicentric, cross-sectional validation study was conducted to translate and adapt OMQoL from English to Spanish for its use by children with OM aged 8-16 years. Reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha; content and construct validity, in conjunction with exploratory factor analysis. The convergent validity, with the correlations of the scales for OM defined by the WHO, OMAS (Oropharingeal Mucositis Assessment Scale) and the PedsQL-3 cancer module in Spanish. Results: One hundred and ninety-three children with mean age of 10.91 ± 2.38 years participated in the study, out of which 101 (52.3%) were females. In this sample, 80 children (41.5%) suffered from acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 111 (57.5%) had grade 2 and 3 OM. The factorial analysis resulted in four dimensions with loads >0.40. Among the 31 items of the OMQoL, six were eliminated. Cronbach alpha of OMQoL-Spanish was 0.954. Spearman´s correlations (r) with the OMS and OMAS scales were significant (with r = −0.720 and r = −0.689; p < 0.01, respectively). Moderate correlation was observed with the PedsQL-3 cancer module (r = 0.426; p < 0.01). Conclusions: OMQoL-Spanish demonstrated adequate psychometric properties, resulting in a reliable and valid instrument for measuring QoL in children with MO.

Terapia láser de baja frecuencia en el manejo del dolor en pacientes con osteonecrosis mandibular / Low level laser therapy in the management of pain in patients with osteonecrosis of the jaw

La terapia láser de baja frecuencia (TLBF) o fotobioestimulación es aquella que cuya luz provoca la regeneración y remodelación ósea, la restauración de la función neural, la disminución del dolor y la modulación del sistema inmune; esta terapia es un coadyuvante junto a la terapia conservadora y/o quirúrgica. Se considera un estándar de oro para el manejo del dolor en la osteonecrosis en aquellos pacientes que consumen o han consumido bifosfonatos como terapia para inhibir la resorción ósea. La Sociedad Americana de Investigación de Hueso y Minerales (SAIHM) definió la osteonecrosis mandibular como «un área de hueso expuesto en la región maxilofacial que no cicatriza dentro de las ocho semanas posteriores a la identificación, en un paciente que está recibiendo o ha estado expuesto a bifosfonatos y que no ha recibido radioterapia en la región craneofacial¼. En este reporte presentamos dos casos de pacientes con osteonecrosis mandibular relacionada a bifosfonatos tratados con TLBF. Se evaluó el dolor antes y después de la terapia con la escala visual análoga (EVA). Ambos casos tuvieron disminución del dolor al 100%. Se presentan los métodos de diagnóstico clínico y radiográfico, el tratamiento elegido y los resultados obtenidos (AU)

Low level laser therapy (LLLT) or photobiostimulation is one whose light causes bone regeneration and remodeling, restoration of neural function, reduction of pain, and modulation of the immune system; this therapy is an adjuvant together with conservative and / or surgical therapy. It is considered a gold standard for pain management in osteonecrosis in those patients who consume or have used bisphosphonates as antiresorptive therapy. The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) defined osteonecrosis of the jaw as «an area of exposed bone in the maxillofacial region that does not heal within eight weeks after identification by a health care provider, in a patient who was receiving or had been exposed to a BP and who has not received radiation therapy to the craniofacial region¼. In this report we present two cases of patients with mandibular osteonecrosis related to bisphosphonates treated with LLLT. Pain before and after visual analogue scale (VAS) was evaluated. Both cases had pain reduction at 100%. The methods of clinical and radiographic diagnosis, the treatment chosen and the results obtained are presented (AU)