Evaluation of prostate specific antigen acceleration for prostate cancer diagnosis.

PURPOSE: Prostate specific antigen acceleration can be calculated as the slope of log prostate specific antigen vs time, where log is the natural logarithm. We determined the best interval in which prostate specific antigen acceleration can be calculated with the best result in terms of specificity and sensitivity for prostate cancer diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Entered in the study were 741 men who underwent transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy with 12 or more cores and at least 3 prior consecutive prostate specific antigen measurements in at least 365 days. Prostate specific antigen acceleration was calculated as the slope of log prostate specific antigen vs time using a minimum of 3 prostate specific antigen measurements. Acceleration was evaluated at different intervals, including within 1 year (365 days), 2 years (730 days), 3 years (1,095 days), 4 years (1,460 days), 5 years (1,825 days) and 6 years (2,190 days) before the last measurement. RESULTS: A total of 255 cancers (34.4%) were found. On ROC analysis the AUC of prostate specific antigen acceleration (0.728, 95% CI 0.694-0.760) was better than that of prostate specific antigen, prostate specific antigen velocity and prostate specific antigen doubling time. The highest AUC of prostate specific antigen kinetics was for prostate specific antigen acceleration calculated within 3 to 4 years (731 to 1,460 days) before the last measurement. CONCLUSIONS: Three or more prostate specific antigen measurements within 3 to 4 years (731 to 1,460 days) before the last measurement enabled more accurate calculation of prostate specific antigen acceleration than measurement within 1 to 2 years (0 to 730 days).

Adjustable bulbourethral male sling: Experience after 30 cases of moderate to severe male stress urinary incontinence.

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience using the Argus perineal sling from July 2015 to April 2018 for male stress urinary incontinence (SUI) after prostatic surgery. To evaluate the safety, efficacy and healthrelated quality of life in patients undergoing this procedure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The positioning of an adjustable bulbourethral male sling provides a perineal incision, exposure of the bulbospongiosus muscle and the application of the sling bearing on it with transobturator passage of the two extremities with out-in technique. To modulate the bearing tension on the urethra, with a rigid cystoscope the Retrogade Leak Point Pressure is measured, increasing it by 10-15 cm of H20 from baseline. We retrospectively evaluated the results of this implant performed by the same operator on 30 patients who presented post-operative SUI from medium to severe (> = 2 pads/day, pad test at one hour > = 11 g). Mean operative time and possible intra and postoperative complications were evaluated. Postoperatively each patient was reassessed according to the following parameters: number of pads consumed/ die, pad tesy at one hour, ICQS-F, any related side effects. RESULTS: After the intervention, 21 of 30 patients (70% of the total) were totally continent (< 1 pad / day, pad test at 1 h < 1-2 g, ICQS-F < 11), out of them 4 required a single adjustment at 3 months in order to achieve this result. 9 of 30 patients (30 %) achieved a clinically significant improvement without obtaining total continence (mean reduction of the n° pads/day: -2.5 ± 1 DS; average reduction of the pad test at 1 h: -20 g ± 4 DS; ICQS-F average reduction: -6 points ± 2 DS), out of them 5 required a 3 month adjustment to obtain these improvements resulting, 4 needed 2 adjustments resulting because the first adjustment was not satisfactory and one who ameliorated from severe to moderate incontinence decided to live in this clinical condition. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study show that the positioning of this sling represents a valid treatment for the moderate and severe post-surgical male SUI. The possibility of adjusting the tension of the sleeve in a "second look" makes the intervention adaptable according to the results obtained. Only multicentric clinical trials on larger series would clarify and eventually confirm the clinical benefits of this sling in post-surgical male SUI.

Right open nephrectomy under combined spinal and peridural operative anesthesia and analgesia (CSE): A new anesthetic approach in abdominal surgery.

A case of right open nephrectomy performed under combined spinal and epidural anesthesia and analgesia was presented. This new anesthetic technique gives significant advantages to the patient by avoiding endotracheal intubation with mechanical ventilation and curare administration and by reducing the use of opioids.

A novel nomogram to predict the probability of prostate cancer on repeat biopsy.

PURPOSE: We developed a predictive model that incorporates clinical data and prostate specific antigen kinetic from general practice to detect prostate cancer in patients with a previously negative prostate biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2001 to January 2007 data on 419 men who underwent repeat prostate biopsy with 12 or more cores were used to develop the nomogram. From February 2007 to June 2007 data on 63 men with the same criteria were used to validate the nomogram. The factors that we evaluated for the risk of a positive repeat prostate biopsy were patient age, digital rectal examination findings, total prostate specific antigen, the free-to-total prostate specific antigen ratio, prostate specific antigen density and slope, and previous high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. RESULTS: On multivariate logistic regression all factors except age and prostate specific antigen showed significant ability to predict the outcome of 12-core repeat prostate biopsy. In the validation group the AUC of the predicted results from the model was 0.856 (95% CI 0.744-0.931), better than that of prostate specific antigen, the free-to-total prostate specific antigen ratio, and prostate specific antigen density and slope (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We successfully developed an accurate model to predict the outcome of repeat prostate biopsy. Adding the free-to-total prostate specific antigen ratio, digital rectal examination, prostate specific antigen and slope, and history of high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia sharply improves the accuracy of our model.

Adjuvant low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) plus interferon-α (IFN-α) in operable renal cell carcinoma (RCC): a phase III, randomized, multicentre trial of the Italian Oncology Group for Clinical Research (GOIRC).

There is currently no standard therapy to reduce the recurrence rate after surgery for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The aim of this study was to assess efficacy and safety of adjuvant treatment with low doses of interleukin-2 (IL-2)+interferon-α (IFN-α) in operable RCC. The patients were randomized 1:1 to receive a 4-week cycle of low-dose IL-2+IFN-α or observation after primary surgery for RCC. Treatment cycles were repeated every 4 months for the first 2 years and every 6 months for the subsequent 3 years. The primary endpoint was recurrence-free survival (RFS); safety; and overall survival (OS) were secondary endpoints. ClinicalTrials.gov registration number was NCT00502034. 303/310 randomized patients (156 in the immunotherapy arm and 154 in the observation group) were evaluable at the intention-to-treat analyses. The 2 arms were well balanced. At a median follow-up of 52 months (range, 12-151 mo), RFS, and OS were similar, with an estimated hazard ratio (HR) of 0.84 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.54-1.31; P=0.44] and of 1.07 (95% CI, 0.64-1.79; P=0.79), respectively in the 2 groups. Unplanned, subgroup analysis showed a positive effect of the treatment for patients with age 60 years and younger, pN0, tumor grades 1-2, and pT3a stage. Among patients with the combined presence of ≥ 2 of these factors, immunotherapy had a positive effect on RFS (HR=0.44; 95% CI, 0.24-0.82; P ≤ 0.01), whereas patients with <2 factors in the treatment arm exhibited a significant poorer OS (HR=2.27; 95% CI, 1.03-5.03 P=0.037). Toxicity of immunotherapy was mild and limited to World Health Organization grade 1-2 in most cases. Adjuvant immunotherapy with IL-2+IFN-α showed no RFS or OS improvement in RCC patients who underwent radical surgery. The results of subset analysis here presented are only hypothesis generating.

[PLFT and TUMT long-term clinical results in Italy]. / Risultati a lungo termine del trattamento dell'adenoma prostatico mediante TUMT-PLFT.

Microwaves are electromagnetic radiations with wavelengths ranging from 300 MHz (0.3 GHz) and 300 GHz. Microwaves treatment reduces prostate tissue using the heat produced by microwaves. When the tissue absorbs the energy from the microwaves it coagulates and tissue necrosis occours. During hyperthermia the intraprostatic temperatures reached 40-45 °C with symptomatic improvement due to destruction of the alpha-adrenergic nerve fibers around the prostate. The term 'thermotherapy' was therefore coined to describe treatment temperatures above 45°C and hyperthermia for those below this level. Unlike thermotherapy, high-energy (thermotherapy) can achieve temperatures greater than 70°C (158°F), causing thermoablation of prostatic tissue. The authors report their experience with PLFT over a period of 8 years. They describe the technique of the treatment, the goal and its results. Many of these patients, however, were older, had a larger prostate volume, and had more surgical comorbidities, making this subset more likely to benefit from a minimally invasive option. With PLFT-TUMT, patients have a less-invasive therapy, with a catheter-free rate of 82-91% in selected patients, although the majority must also continue medical therapy.

Optimal measure of PSA kinetics to identify prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To compare different tools for evaluate prostate-specific antigen (PSA) kinetics before prostate biopsy, such as PSA velocity, PSA slope, natural logarithm PSA slope (lnPSA slope), and PSA doubling time (PSADT). METHODS: This study was conducted involving 325 male patients evaluated with transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of prostate. Patients with at least three consecutive PSA measurements taken in at least 24 months entered in the study. We estimated PSA slope from the slope of the least squares regression line fit to PSA versus time in years; PSA velocity was calculated as the running average of the rate of change during at least three consecutive assays. The acceleration of PSA (lnPSA slope) was calculated as the slope of lnPSA versus time, where ln is the natural logarithm. PSADT was calculated using the formula: PSADT = ln 2/(lnPSA slope). RESULTS: We found a total of 74 cancers at the ultrasound guided prostate biopsies. At the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, lnPSA slope (area under the curve [AUC], 0.793) evidenced better results than PSA (AUC, 0.585; P <0.001), PSA velocity (AUC, 0.734; P <0.009), PSA slope (AUC, 0.752; P <0.043), and PSADT (AUC, 0.516; P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results for PSA, PSA velocity, PSA slope, and lnPSA slope were significantly higher in patients with prostate cancer than in controls. The results of the present study suggest that lnPSA slope may be useful for prostate cancer diagnosis. At the ROC analyses, the lnPSA slope AUC was better than that of PSA, PSA velocity, PSA slope, and PSADT.

Prospective evaluation of p53 as a prognostic marker in T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively evaluate p53 overexpression as a predictor of survival in patients with a first diagnosis of T1 transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder, as several reports implicate p53 as an important prognostic marker for progression and survival, but all previous studies were retrospective, giving conflicting and irreproducible results, rendering inappropriate any attempt at integrating p53 into clinical decision-making. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with a first diagnosis of T1 TCC of the bladder were enrolled; p53 overexpression was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using both monoclonal antibody 1801 and DO7. The pathological stage and IHC score were assigned by one pathologist, and the markers were scored categorically. RESULTS: Of the 89 patients who were evaluable, 53 had p53-positive tumours. The median follow-up for the survivors was 52 months. Eighty-two patients had high-grade tumours, using the World Health Organisation/International Society of Urological Pathology 1998 grading system. Fifty-eight patients had unifocal tumours and 34 had associated carcinoma in situ. The 3 year and 5 year overall survival rates were 81% (95% Cl: 73%, 90%) and 68% (95% Cl: 56%, 80%) respectively. The 3 year and 5 year disease specific survival rates were 87% (95% Cl: 79%, 94%) and 79% (95% Cl: 70%, 89%) respectively. There was no difference in disease-specific survival between patients with and without p53 over expression (p=0.56) [corrected] CONCLUSIONS: p53 tissue typing by IHC in a prospective cohort of patients with T1 bladder cancer was not clinically useful as a prognostic marker in a contemporary series of T1 tumours.