Parvalbumin interneuron-derived tissue-type plasminogen activator shapes perineuronal net structure.

BACKGROUND: Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are specialized extracellular matrix structures mainly found around fast-spiking parvalbumin (FS-PV) interneurons. In the adult, their degradation alters FS-PV-driven functions, such as brain plasticity and memory, and altered PNN structures have been found in neurodevelopmental and central nervous system disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, leading to interest in identifying targets able to modify or participate in PNN metabolism. The serine protease tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) plays multifaceted roles in brain pathophysiology. However, its cellular expression profile in the brain remains unclear and a possible role in matrix plasticity through PNN remodeling has never been investigated. RESULT: By combining a GFP reporter approach, immunohistology, electrophysiology, and single-cell RT-PCR, we discovered that cortical FS-PV interneurons are a source of tPA in vivo. We found that mice specifically lacking tPA in FS-PV interneurons display denser PNNs in the somatosensory cortex, suggesting a role for tPA from FS-PV interneurons in PNN remodeling. In vitro analyses in primary cultures of mouse interneurons also showed that tPA converts plasminogen into active plasmin, which in turn, directly degrades aggrecan, a major structural chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) in PNNs. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that tPA released from FS-PV interneurons in the central nervous system reduces PNN density through CSPG degradation. The discovery of this tPA-dependent PNN remodeling opens interesting insights into the control of brain plasticity.

Blood tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) of liver origin contributes to neurovascular coupling involving brain endothelial N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors.

BACKGROUND: Regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) directly influence brain functions and dysfunctions and involves complex mechanisms, including neurovascular coupling (NVC). It was suggested that the serine protease tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) could control CNV induced by whisker stimulation in rodents, through its action on N-methyl-D-Aspartate receptors (NMDARs). However, the origin of tPA and the location and mechanism of its action on NMDARs in relation to CNV remained debated. METHODS: Here, we answered these issues using tPANull mice, conditional deletions of either endothelial tPA (VECad-CreΔtPA) or endothelial GluN1 subunit of NMDARs (VECad-CreΔGluN1), parabioses between wild-type and tPANull mice, hydrodynamic transfection-induced deletion of liver tPA, hepatectomy and pharmacological approaches. RESULTS: We thus demonstrate that physiological concentrations of vascular tPA, achieved by the bradykinin type 2 receptors-dependent production and release of tPA from liver endothelial cells, promote NVC, through a mechanism dependent on brain endothelial NMDARs. CONCLUSIONS: These data highlight a new mechanism of regulation of NVC involving both endothelial tPA and NMDARs.