Prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity and associated factors in Peru.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of and factors associated with childhood overweight and obesity among a cohort of children 7-8 years of age in Peru. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional secondary analysis of data from the Young Lives longitudinal study of childhood poverty. The sample was a cohort of 1 737 children 7-8 years of age in 2009. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was assessed using body mass index-forage Z-scores. Logistic regression was used to determine associations with a number of individual, household, and community factors. RESULTS: Prevalences of overweight and obesity were 19.2% and 8.6%, respectively. A prevalence of 32.0% and 23.5% overweight and obesity was found among males and females, respectively. High socioeconomic status, living in Lima, having a mother who was overweight or obese, being male, and being an only child or having only one sibling were associated with being overweight and obese at this age. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows a high prevalence of childhood and maternal overweight and obesity in Peru. In contrast to findings in many high-income countries, the findings in Peru indicate that children from wealthier households were more likely to be overweight or obese than those from poorer households. In addition, there is something particularly obesogenic about the Lima environment that merits further investigation, and several key issues to consider when targeting future interventions and research.

More than just needles: an evidence-informed approach to enhancing harm reduction supply distribution in British Columbia.

BACKGROUND: The BC Harm Reduction Strategies and Services (HRSS) policy states that each health authority (HA) and their community partners will provide a full range of harm reduction (HR) services to their jurisdictions and these HR products should be available to all who need them regardless of where they live and choice of drug. Preliminary analysis revealed wide variations between and within HAs. METHODS: The objective of this study is to analyze distribution of HR products by site using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and to investigate the range, adequacy and methods of HR product distribution using qualitative interviews. The BC Centre for Disease Control pharmacy database tracks HR supplies distributed to health units and community agencies. Additionally, eleven face-to-face interviews were conducted in eight mainland BC communities using an open-ended questionnaire. RESULTS: There is evidence in BC that HR supplies are not equally available throughout the province. There are variations within jurisdictions in how HR supplies are distributed, adequacy of current HR products, collection of used needles, alternative uses of supplies and community attitudes towards HR. GIS illustrates where HR supplies are ordered but with secondary distribution, true reach and availability of supplies cannot be determined. CONCLUSION: Currently, a consultant is employed to develop a 'best practice' document; relevant health files, standard training and protocols within HAs are also being developed. There is a need to enhance the profile and availability of culturally appropriate HR services for Aboriginal populations. Distribution of crackpipe mouthpieces is being investigated.

Transmission of drug-resistant HIV-1 from an infected individual to a caregiver.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a suspected case of intrafamilial transmission of drug-resistant HIV-1 from an infected individual to his caregiver. METHODS: HIV-1 protease, reverse transcriptase, nef and gp41 DNA sequences were determined from plasma samples after RNA extraction and nested RT-PCR. Phylogenetic trees were generated using neighbour-joining methods. RESULTS: HIV-1 infection was diagnosed in an individual (index) following the death of her HIV-infected adopted son (source). The index case cared for her son in the 9 months prior to his death. No obvious instances of contact with bodily secretions or other traditional risk factors for HIV transmission were identified, although the index case had mild eczema. At time of death, the source case's HIV plasma viral load was > 1,000,000 HIV copies/ml. Genotyping of the protease and reverse transcriptase of both the source and index samples revealed similar drug-resistance mutations despite the index case being antiretroviral-naive. Both source and index V3 genotypes were consistent with syncytium-inducing virus. The mean pairwise amino acid identity between the source and index samples was 97.0%, 99.2%, 92.6% and 94.6% in protease, reverse transcriptase, nef and gp41, respectively. The source and index sequences clustered together on phylogenetic trees when compared with 50 randomly selected sequences from British Columbia. CONCLUSION: Although exceptionally rare, our case demonstrates transmission of drug-resistant HIV-1 from an infected individual to his caregiver in the absence of traditional risk factors. It should be noted that the source had a very high viral load during the terminal phase of his illness.

Prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity and associated factors in Peru / Prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad infantiles y de sus factores asociados en el Perú

Objective. To determine the prevalence of and factors associated with childhood overweight and obesity among a cohort of children 7–8 years of age in Peru. Methods. This was a cross-sectional secondary analysis of data from the Young Lives longitudinal study of childhood poverty. The sample was a cohort of 1 737 children 7–8 years of age in 2009. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was assessed using body mass index-forage Z-scores. Logistic regression was used to determine associations with a number of individual, household, and community factors. Results. Prevalences of overweight and obesity were 19.2% and 8.6%, respectively. A prevalence of 32.0% and 23.5% overweight and obesity was found among males and females, respectively. High socioeconomic status, living in Lima, having a mother who was overweight or obese, being male, and being an only child or having only one sibling were associated with being overweight and obese at this age. Conclusions. This study shows a high prevalence of childhood and maternal overweight and obesity in Peru. In contrast to findings in many high-income countries, the findings in Peru indicate that children from wealthier households were more likely to be overweight or obese than those from poorer households. In addition, there is something particularly obesogenic about the Lima environment that merits further investigation, and several key issues to consider when targeting future interventions and research.

Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad infantiles y de sus factores asociados en una cohorte de niños de 7 y 8 años de edad en el Perú. Métodos. El presente estudio es un análisis secundario, de tipo transversal, de los datos generados por el ensayo longitudinal sobre la pobreza en la niñez conocido por Vidas jóvenes. La muestra se compuso de una cohorte de 1 737 niños que tenían 7 y 8 años de edad en 2009. La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad se evaluó mediante el uso de la puntuación z del índice de masa corporal para la edad. Se llevó a cabo una regresión logística con objeto de detectar posibles asociaciones con diversos factores individuales, domésticos y comunitarios. Resultados. El sobrepeso y la obesidad mostraron prevalencias de 19,2% y 8,6%, respectivamente. Se halló una prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad de 32,0% y 23,5% en niños y niñas, respectivamente. Varios factores mostraron una asociación con el sobrepeso y la obesidad a esta edad: pertenecer a un estrato socioeconómico alto; vivir en Lima; tener una madre con sobrepeso u obesidad; ser de sexo masculino; y ser hijo único o tener un solo hermano o hermana. Conclusiones. El presente estudio pone de manifiesto la alta prevalencia de obesidad materna e infantil en el Perú. Los resultados observados en este país, que contrastan con los provenientes de muchos países de ingresos altos, apuntan a una mayor propensión al exceso de peso o a la obesidad entre los niños de hogares más ricos que entre los de hogares más pobres. Además, existe algún factor especialmente obesógeno en el ambiente de Lima que debe investigarse más a fondo, así como varios factores esenciales que deberán tenerse en cuenta a la hora de determinar cómo enfocar las intervenciones e investigaciones en un futuro.

Prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity and associated factors in Peru / Prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad infantiles y de sus factores asociados en el Perú

OBJECTIVE:To determine the prevalence of and factors associated with childhood overweight and obesity among a cohort of children 7-8 years of age in Peru. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional secondary analysis of data from the Young Lives longitudinal study of childhood poverty. The sample was a cohort of 1 737 children 7-8 years of age in 2009. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was assessed using body mass index-forage Z-scores. Logistic regression was used to determine associations with a number of individual, household, and community factors. RESULTS: Prevalences of overweight and obesity were 19.2% and 8.6%, respectively. A prevalence of 32.0% and 23.5% overweight and obesity was found among males and females, respectively. High socioeconomic status, living in Lima, having a mother who was overweight or obese, being male, and being an only child or having only one sibling were associated with being overweight and obese at this age. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows a high prevalence of childhood and maternal overweight and obesity in Peru. In contrast to findings in many high-income countries, the findings in Peru indicate that children from wealthier households were more likely to be overweight or obese than those from poorer households. In addition, there is something particularly obesogenic about the Lima environment that merits further investigation, and several key issues to consider when targeting future interventions and research.

OBJETIVO:Determinar la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad infantiles y de sus factores asociados en una cohorte de niños de 7 y 8 años de edad en el Perú. MÉTODOS: El presente estudio es un análisis secundario, de tipo transversal, de los datos generados por el ensayo longitudinal sobre la pobreza en la niñez conocido por Vidas jóvenes. La muestra se compuso de una cohorte de 1 737 niños que tenían 7 y 8 años de edad en 2009. La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad se evaluó mediante el uso de la puntuación z del índice de masa corporal para la edad. Se llevó a cabo una regresión logística con objeto de detectar posibles asociaciones con diversos factores individuales, domésticos y comunitarios. RESULTADOS: El sobrepeso y la obesidad mostraron prevalencias de 19,2% y 8,6%, respectivamente. Se halló una prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad de 32,0% y 23,5% en niños y niñas, respectivamente. Varios factores mostraron una asociación con el sobrepeso y la obesidad a esta edad: pertenecer a un estrato socioeconómico alto; vivir en Lima; tener una madre con sobrepeso u obesidad; ser de sexo masculino; y ser hijo único o tener un solo hermano o hermana. CONCLUSIONES: El presente estudio pone de manifiesto la alta prevalencia de obesidad materna e infantil en el Perú. Los resultados observados en este país, que contrastan con los provenientes de muchos países de ingresos altos, apuntan a una mayor propensión al exceso de peso o a la obesidad entre los niños de hogares más ricos que entre los de hogares más pobres. Además, existe algún factor especialmente obesógeno en el ambiente de Lima que debe investigarse más a fondo, así como varios factores esenciales que deberán tenerse en cuenta a la hora de determinar cómo enfocar las intervenciones e investigaciones en un futuro.