Treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by codelivery of disease associated Peptide and dexamethasone in acetalated dextran microparticles.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that can cause loss of motor function and is thought to result, in part, from chronic inflammation due to an antigen-specific T cell immune response. Current treatments suppress the immune system without antigen specificity, increasing the risks of cancer, chronic infection, and other long-term side effects. In this study, we show treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS, by coencapsulating the immunodominant peptide of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) with dexamethasone (DXM) into acetalated dextran (Ac-DEX) microparticles (DXM/MOG/MPs) and administering the microparticles subcutaneously. The clinical score of the mice was reduced from 3.4 to 1.6 after 3 injections 3 days apart with the coencapsulated microparticulate formulation (MOG 17.6 µg and DXM 8 µg). This change in clinical score was significantly greater than observed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), empty MPs, free DXM and MOG, DXM/MPs, and MOG/MPs. Additionally, treatment with DXM/MOG/MPs significantly inhibited disease-associated cytokine (e.g., IL-17, GM-CSF) expression in splenocytes isolated in treated mice. Here we show a promising approach for the therapeutic treatment of MS using a polymer-based microparticle delivery platform.

[The temporal bone of lamb and pig as an alternative in ENT-education]. / Die Felsenbeine von Lamm und Schwein als Alternative in der HNO-chirurgischen Ausbildung.

BACKGROUND: Usually temporal bone dissections are done with human temporal bones. Unfortunately human donors are rare. The analysis of animals' ear morphology might help to improve the quality of surgical training. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Temporal bones of the lamb and pig were drilled and measured under surgical aspects. The analysis focused on the outer morphology, the external ear canal, the mastoid and the middle ear. The data was compared to human anatomy in order to verify the lamb's and pig's temporal bone concerning suitability in ENT-education. RESULTS: The temporal bone of the young sheep is smaller than the human one. The hypotympanon is pronounced in a bullous manner. Tympanic membrane and middle ear are very similar to the human one. The outer ear canal is smaller and shorter. The pig has a long and narrow external ear canal but a very similar middle ear anatomy compared to humans. The mastoid in both animals is not pneumatized. DISCUSSION: The middle ear and the tympanic membrane of both animals are morphologically equal to the structures found in human ears. The lamb's middle ear can be used for teaching anatomy although some structures are smaller than in human ears. The pig's ear is not useful for training mastoidectomy but can be used for surgical exercises on the ossicular chain.

[Current concepts in the surgical management of otosclerosis]. / Aktuelle Aspekte zur chirurgischen Therapie der Otosklerose.

Otosclerosis can be of viral origin and in 25-50% of cases a familiar accumulation can be seen. Typically patients develop a progressive middle ear hearing loss which starts in young adulthood and which can affect one as well as both ears in up to 80% of cases. The surgical procedures of choice are stapedotomy and stapedectomy. Complications of surgery are persistent vertigo, secondary facial nerve palsy and the most severe complication is deafness in up to 1% of the cases. Even if the operation risks are low, the alternative use of a hearing aid must be offered in the initial consultation. A new technique of stapes surgery is laser-assisted stapedotomy. Necrosis of the incus process with dislocation of the prosthesis is the most common finding which necessitates stapes revision surgery. The aim of this article is to present the current scientific concept, diagnostics and therapy of otosclerosis with an emphasis on surgical treatment options.

[The relevance of anatomical courses in ENT-education]. / Die Bedeutung von Präparationskursen in der HNO-Heilkunde.

BACKGROUND: Dissection-courses have become an important element in ENT-education. They are offered covering different subjects. Until now no study exists that verifies the acceptance and efficiency of those courses. METHODS: We consulted the trainees of three surgical anatomical courses with a multiple choice form for their opinion on courses visited in the past. The acquired data was analyzed quantitatively and examined for statistically significant correlation between age, gender and professional experience. RESULTS: In our study 73 participants filled in our questionnaire. The average age was 32 years. The satisfaction concerning the currently offered courses is high. The dissection-exercises were rated as 'good' and 'very good' by 72%. The strongest point of criticism (49%) related to the price of the dissection-courses. The improvement of surgical skills showed to be the main motivation for visiting anatomical dissection-courses (46%). Most respondents had registered for dissection-courses of the temporal bone and the paranasal sinuses. A correlation between professional experience and the type of courses visited could be found for the courses on nerval- and blood vessel reconstruction. DISCUSSION: The courses offered currently in ENT are appreciated as beneficial and effective. The fact that these courses are visited frequently and that the benefit in daily practice is highly appreciated indicate a well thought out educational concept. It seems unlikely that fees for these courses can be reduced as hoped for by many participants. The economic pressure on the organizational team is very high. Surprisingly the interest in CME-points is relatively low.

Cycloheximide inhibits cellular, but not SV40, DNA replication.

We have prepared extracts from cycloheximide-treated cells for the study of simian-virus-40 (SV40)-DNA replication in vitro. When supplemented with the viral initiator protein (large T antigen), these extracts fully supported SV40-DNA replication. We also determined that SV40-DNA replication in vivo is much more resistant to cycloheximide than cellular DNA replication. SV40 encodes its own initiator protein, T antigen, which also functions as a DNA helicase, but depends on cellular functions for all additional replication reactions. Therefore, it appears to be quite likely that cycloheximide affects cellular DNA replication by blocking the synthesis of (a) cellular function(s) that is(are) performed by T antigen in SV40-DNA replication. Indeed, DNA fiber autoradiography and alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation of pulse-labeled cellular DNA showed that cycloheximide treatment almost completely suppressed replicon initiation and reduced the rate of replication fork movement to about one third of the control.

Staurosporine suppresses replicon initiation in mammalian cells.

Replication in cellular replicons of mouse Ehrlich ascites, human CCRF-CEM and hamster BHK-21 cells was analyzed, after exposition of the cells to staurosporine, by measuring the overall DNA synthesis rate, by alkaline sedimentation analysis of length distributions of growing daughter strand DNA and by DNA fibre autoradiography. The results consistently indicated that micromolar concentrations of staurosporine caused, in all three cell lines, a fast suppression of replicon initiation which was reversible if the drug treatment did not exceed about 2 h. The inhibition of initiation was accompanied by a slight reduction of rates of propagation of replication forks. The data are interpreted in terms of the existence of a so far unknown factor which seems to be involved relatively directly in the initiation process of cellular replicons and has to be activated, like the large T antigen of SV 40 for the replication initiation in the viral genome, by a specific phosphorylation event. Unlike several other protein phosphorylations of cellular regulation, the kinase concerned here seems to be inhibited only by relatively high staurosporine concentrations.

AMP deaminase inhibitors. 3. SAR of 3-(carboxyarylalkyl)coformycin aglycon analogues.

N3-Substituted coformycin aglycon analogues with improved AMP deaminase (AMPDA) inhibitory potency are described. Replacement of the 5-carboxypentyl substituent in the lead AMPDA inhibitor 3-(5-carboxypentyl)-3,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1, 3]diazepin-8-ol (2) described in the previous article with various carboxyarylalkyl groups resulted in compounds with 10-100-fold improved AMPDA inhibitory potencies. The optimal N3 substituent had m-carboxyphenyl with a two-carbon alkyl tether. For example, 3-[2-(3-carboxy-5-ethylphenyl)ethyl]-3,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[4, 5-d][1,3]diazepin-8-ol (43g) inhibited human AMPDA with a K(i) = 0. 06 microM. The compounds within the series also exhibited >1000-fold specificity for AMPDA relative to adenosine deaminase.

The induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis by antihistamines in primary hepatocyte cultures.

The autoradiographic identification of chemically-induced, unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes is currently being validated as a predictive test for mutagens/carcinogens. Of 8 antihistaminic drugs tested, 2, pyrilamine maleate and tripelennamine HCl, were positive for unscheduled DNA synthesis. Further investigation of the mutagenic/carcinogenic potential of these compounds in alternate test systems is suggested.

Chemically-induced sister-chromatid exchange in vivo in bone marrow of Chinese hamsters. An evaluation of 24 compounds.

Chemically-induced sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) was measured in vivo in bone marrow of Chinese hamsters. Chemicals were administered either intraperitoneally or orally and increased SCE frequencies were noted with 6 of 6 direct-acting genotoxins and with 9 of 14 activation-dependent genotoxins. Metronidazole, o-toluidine, 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine and 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine, compounds which have shown either mutagenic or carcinogenic activity, did not induce SCE in vivo, 4 non-genotoxins and 4 different control treatments did not induce SCE. The results show that the in vivo SCE method may be useful for the identification of genotoxins and that the outcome of the test is, for certain chemicals, dependent upon the route of exposure.

The in vivo effect of 2,6-xylidine on induction of micronuclei in mouse bone marrow cells.

The ability of 2,6-xylidine to produce chromosome breakage and/or spindle malformation in vivo was evaluated by an assessment of the capacity of the compound to induce micronuclei in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes. Male ICR mice were administered a single oral dose of 350, 175 or 87.5 mg/kg of 2,6-xylidine by oral gavage and bone marrow was extracted from the femurs 24, 48 and 72 h thereafter. The frequency of micronuclei in animals treated with 2,6-xylidine was not different from that observed for the corresponding solvent treated controls.

A procedure for the CHO/HGPRT mutation assay involving treatment of cells in suspension culture and selection of mutants in soft-agar.

A procedure involving treatment of cells in suspension culture and soft-agar cloning was developed for measuring mutation of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to 6-thioguanine (6TG) resistance. The use of suspension cultures precluded the need for trypsinization and also permitted a 5-fold increase in cell population for compound exposure and mutant selection as compared to former monolayer techniques. Soft-agar cloning reduced the opportunity for metabolic cooperation and permitted the use of non-dialyzed fetal calf serum which resulted in spontaneous mutant frequencies of 6.6 +/- 3.2 X 10(-6) and cloning efficiencies of 91 +/- 18%. Relative total growth values were calculated based on suspension growth and cloning efficiencies such that an assessment of toxicity could be estimated from treatment through cloning. Dose-dependent mutagenic responses were observed in CHO cells following treatment with ethyl methanesulfonate, methyl methanesulfonate, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, methylnitrosourea and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Clones of 6TG-resistant cells harvested from soft agar maintained 6TG resistance and methotrexate sensitivity and did not incorporate [3H]hypoxanthine into DNA. These preliminary findings indicate that the use of suspension cultures and soft-agar cloning has improved the efficiency and cost effectiveness of the CHO/HGPRT mutation assay.

An evaluation of the L5178Y TK+/- mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay using 42 chemicals.

The L5178YTK+/- mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) has been utilized in several laboratories as a short-term test for chemical-induced forward mutation in cultured mammalian cells. In order to evaluate several technical modifications to the MLA, 42 chemicals representing 9 chemical classes were tested and the results were compared with those published elsewhere as well as with findings in a genetic toxicology test battery currently used in this laboratory. A positive response for the induction of TK-/- mutants was obtained for 26 chemicals. With the exception of p-aminophenol, all of these compounds were recognized mutagens or carcinogens and were representative of direct-acting and activation-dependent genotoxins. 16 compounds did not induce TK-/- mutants and among these were 5 compounds that were considered to be mutagens or carcinogens. A comparison of the results of this study with those published elsewhere revealed a strong agreement among findings for this test irrespective of minor technical variations. It was concluded that the MLA is a useful system for identifying chemical mutagens in mammalian cells and can serve as a valuable component in a genetic toxicology test battery.

Thymidine kinase activity and trifluorothymidine resistance of spontaneous and mutagen-induced L5178Y cells in RPMI 1640 medium.

L5178Y/TK+/- cells were treated with 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) in order to obtain thymidine-kinase-deficient mutants (TK-/-) which were resistant to trifluorothymidine (TFTr). Clones of TK-/- cells were harvested from soft agar and adapted to growth in suspension culture. The phenotype of the TK-/- and TK+/- clones was confirmed by measuring thymidine kinase activity. These studies were undertaken with cells from 16 3MC-induced large colony clones (lambda TK-/-), 21 3MC-induced small colony clones (sigma TK-/-), and 51 spontaneous sigma TK-/- clones. Thymidine kinase activity was absent in all of the lambda TK-/- and sigma TK-/- 3MC-induced clones and also in 49 of 51 sigma TK-/- spontaneous clones. After at least 50 generations in suspension culture, TFTr was retained by 80% of the 3MC-induced lambda TK-/- cells, by 75% of the 3MC-induced sigma TK-/- cells, and by 89% of the spontaneous sigma TK-/- cells. The collective results showed that 86 of the 88 TFTr colonies examined lacked thymidine kinase activity and indicate that at least 98% of all TFTr colonies seen in the L5178Y assay are true TK-/- mutants.

Quantification of unscheduled DNA synthesis by a whole cell counting method.

A procedure was developed for the quantification of the autoradiographic assay for unscheduled DNA synthesis. Relative to commonly used practices for grain counting, this procedure provides a more accurate net nuclear grain count by eliminating the subjectivity currently associated with selection of the areas to be counted for the cytoplasmic background count. Briefly, the object area and aperture area modes of an ARTEK 880 colony counter are used to collect values for the total number of silver grains over a particular cell (nuclear and cytoplasmic counts), as well as for the nuclear and cytoplasmic areas. These values are then employed in a short algorithm to determine the net nuclear grain count. This new method provides greater sensitivity for defining weak UDS responses and the data collected readily lends itself to statistical analysis.

A protocol and guide for the in vitro rat hepatocyte DNA-repair assay.

The in vitro rat-hepatocyte DNA-repair assay is a valuable tool in assessing the genotoxic activity of chemical agents. An advantage of the assay is that the target cells themselves are metabolically competent, so that the patterns of metabolic activation and detoxification closely reflect those in the whole animal. This article provides a typical procedure and guidelines for conducting the rat in vitro hepatocyte DNA-repair assay.

A protocol and guide for the in vivo rat hepatocyte DNA-repair assay.

The in vivo rat hepatocyte DNA-repair assay is a valuable tool in assessing the genotoxic activity of chemical agents. An advantage of the system is that it reflects the complex patterns of uptake, distribution, metabolism, detoxification and excretion that actually occur in the whole animal. This article provides a typical procedure and guidelines for conducting the rat in vivo hepatocyte DNA-repair assay.

Mutagenicity evaluation of HC Blue No. 1 and HC Blue No. 2, II. Effect on the in vitro induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat, mouse, rabbit, hamster, and monkey primary hepatocytes.

2 hair dyes, HC Blue No. 1 and HC Blue No. 2, were evaluated for the in vitro induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in primary hepatocytes of rat, mouse, hamster, rabbit and monkey. NC Blue No. 1, which is identified as a carcinogen by the National Toxicology Program, induced UDS in all 5 systems. HC Blue No. 2, which is identified as a non-carcinogen, induced UDS in rat, mouse, hamster and rabbit primary hepatocytes. 3-Methylcholanthrene and methyl methanesulfonate were used as positive controls to determine the sensitivity of the test system.

ICH-harmonised guidances on genotoxicity testing of pharmaceuticals: evolution, reasoning and impact.

The International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) has convened an expert working group which consisted of the authors of this paper and their respective committees, consulting groups and task forces. Two ICH guidances regarding genotoxicity testing have been issued: S2A, 'Guidance on Specific Aspects of Regulatory Genotoxicity Tests' and S2B, 'Genotoxicity: A Standard Battery for Genotoxicity Testing of Pharmaceuticals.' Together, these guidance documents now form the regulatory backbone for genotoxicity testing and assessment of pharmaceuticals in the European Union, Japan, and the USA. These guidances do not constitute a revolutionary new approach to genotoxicity testing and assessment, instead they are an evolution from preexisting regional guidelines, guidances and technical approaches. Both guidances describe a number of specific criteria as well as a general test philosophy in genotoxicity testing. Although these guidances were previously released within the participating regions in their respective regulatory communiqués, to ensure their wider distribution and better understanding, the texts of the guidances are reproduced here in their entirety (see Appendix A) and the background for the recommendations are described. The establishment of a standard battery for genotoxicity testing of pharmaceuticals was one of the most important issues of the harmonisation effort. This battery currently consists of: (i) a test for gene mutation in bacteria, (ii) an in vitro test with cytogenetic evaluation of chromosomal damage with mammalian cells or an in vitro mouse lymphoma tk assay, (iii) an in vivo test for chromosomal damage using rodent hematopoietic cells. A major change in testing philosophy is the acceptance of the interchangeability of testing for chromosomal aberrations in mammalian cells and the mouse lymphoma tk assay. This agreement was reached on the basis of the extensive review of databases and newly generated experimental data which are in part described in this publication. The authors are fully aware of the fact that some of the recommendations given in these ICH guidances are transient in nature and that the dynamic qualities and ongoing evolution of genetic toxicology makes necessary a continuous maintenance process that would serve to update the guidance as necessary.

The genetic toxicology of Kathon biocide, a mixture of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one.

Kathon biocide, an aqueous solution containing a mixture of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one in an approximate ratio of 3:1, was tested for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium, L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells in culture and Drosophila melanogaster. Tests also were conducted for chromosome aberrations in vivo on mouse bone marrow cells, for DNA damage/repair in primary rat hepatocytes in culture, and for morphological transformation in C3H 10T1/2 cells in culture. Kathon biocide produced point mutations in the absence of a rat-liver metabolizing system in bacteria (strain TA 100) and mammalian cells in culture. In the presence of rat-liver metabolizing system a 10-fold higher concentration was required to induce point mutations in mammalian cells in culture. No mutagenic activity was observed with the metabolizing system and S. typhimurium. Negative results were obtained in the sex-linked recessive lethal assay in Drosophila, the in vivo cytogenetic assay in mice, the unscheduled DNA synthesis assay in cultured rat hepatocytes, and the in vitro cell transformation assay.

Results of surgical treatment of pulmonary metastases.

Surgical removal of one or several metastases with a potentially curative aim is possible in the case of isolated pulmonary metastases. Surgery is part of a combined oncological concept. Between 1972 and 1986, surgical resection was indicated in 368 patients and 419 thoracotomies were carried out. Of the patients, 38% had more uni- or bilateral metastases than expected even after the most careful preoperative diagnostic examinations. The 5-year survival probability of all patients operated on was 33%. Corresponding to a differentiation between potentially curative and non-curative resections, the operation was classified as potentially curative in 73%. In this group, the 5-year survival was 39%. Differentiation into tumour groups (carcinomas of caval type, carcinomas of portal type and sarcomas) revealed no statistically significant differences in prognosis. Due to the excellent chemotherapeutical regimens, testicular teratomas achieved the best results in the early postoperative years. Long-term survival is decisively influenced by the removal of all visible and palpable metastases. If complete removal of all tumour tissue is possible, the number of metastases does not influence survival significantly. Besides radicality, the duration of the disease-free interval showed prognostic differences which were statistically significant (P less than 0.001). Considering the metastatic route and the type of primary tumour, there were slight prognostic differences which were not statistically significant. Recently, the median sternotomy has become the preferred method of access. Predominating resection procedures are wedge and segmental resections which yield the best survival rates.